Vegetable. Solutions for the Growing World

Transcription

1 Vegetable POCKET GUIDE Solutions for the Growing World

2 VEGETABLE CROP PROTECTION The gross value of Australian vegetable production has climbed steadily over the past 10 years and today is estimated to be well in excess of $3 billion, this production coming from less than 5000 vegetable growing units. While production figures are impacted by seasonal conditions, the value of production has risen in most vegetable categories over the last four years. Despite a number of challenges facing the industry, beyond the farm gate the industry continues to benefit from longterm trends in vegetable consumption. Fifty years ago, the average Australian consumed around 130 kilograms of vegetables annually. Today per capita consumption has risen to approximately 160 kilograms, representing a 25 percent increase. If vegetable consumption continues to grow at the same rate, then per capita consumption could approach around 190 kilograms by

3 The judicious use of selective pesticides to control insect pests, weeds and diseases plays an important role in increasing vegetable production, improving the quality of Australia s vegetable crops and enabling growers to earn reasonable returns on their investments. This pocket guide focuses on brassicas, cucurbits, green leafy vegetables, potatoes and tomatoes and provides growers and advisors with information that will assist in the identification of the key pests and diseases and their control. 03

4 Table of contents Dow AgroSciences VEGETABLE pocket guide 02 Vegetable Crop Protection 05 Disease Management 06 Anthracnose 07 Alternaria leaf spot 08 Cercospora leaf spot 09 Downy mildew 10 Early blight 11 Gummy stem blight 12 Late blight 13 Leaf mould 14 Powdery mildew 15 Ring spot 16 Rust 17 Sclerotinia 18 Septoria spot 19 Dithane Rainshield Neo Tec Fungicide 20 Crop Disease Ready Reference Guide 22 Pest Management 23 Aphids 24 Cabbage white butterfly 25 Cutworms 26 Diamondback moth 27 Fruit fly 28 Heliothis 29 Loopers 30 Potato leaf moth 31 Thrips 32 Weevils 33 Wireworm 34 Success NEO Insecticide 35 Crop Pest Ready Reference Guide 37 Prodigy Insecticide 38 Crop Pest Ready Reference Guide 39 Naturalure Fruit Fly Bait Concentrate 40 Lorsban 500EC Insecticide 41 Crop Pest Ready Reference Guide 43 Weed Management 44 GoalTender Herbicide 45 Kerb Herbicide 46 Ripper 480 Herbicide 47 Product Compatibility Guidelines 48 Product Withholding Period

5 Disease Management 05

6 ANTHRACNOSE (Colletotrichum spp.) Disease management Susceptible Crops Cucurbits and tomatoes Source and Spread Survives on crop residues. Warm, humid weather favours development. Spores are spread by splashing water usually associated with rain or irrigation. Symptoms Cucurbits: On leaves, small brown circular areas surrounded by a yellowish halo develop, then enlarge to form circular to elongated dark brown to black spots. Runners develop pale brown slightly sunken, elongated areas. Tomatoes: On ripe fruit, small, circular, slightly sunken water-soaked spots develop and become pink in colour. Symptoms on tomato (10) Anthracnose on watermelon leaf (11) 06

7 ALTERNARIA LEAF SPOT (Leaf blight) (Alternaria spp.) Disease management Susceptible Crops Brassicas and cucurbits (most commonly in cucumbers and pumpkins) Source and Spread Survives on crop residues in the soil for many years. Warm, moist weather favours disease development. Spores are spread by wind. Symptoms Brassicas: Small black spots develop into dark brown circular areas scattered over the upper surface of leaves. Concentric rings form in the older, larger spots giving a bull s eye effect. Cucurbits: Small tan coloured spots develop on leaves that enlarge to roughly circular, brown areas which sometimes have concentric ring markings. Infected cabbage leaf (12) Symptoms on cantaloupe (10) 07

8 CERCOSPORA LEAF SPOT (Cercospora spp.) Disease management Susceptible Crops Beans, beetroot, carrots and silver beet Source and Spread Survives on crop residues in the soil. Moist conditions favour disease development. Spores are spread by wind. Symptoms BEANS: Leaves develop circular or slightly angular, greyish spots, sometimes with reddish margins. Spots may dry and portions may fall out, giving the leaf a ragged shothole appearance. Older leaves are particularly susceptible. CARROTS: Leaves develop circular, tan or grey spots. Young leaves are most susceptible. BEETROOT AND SILVER BEET: Small brown flecks develop on leaves and expand to 4 mm in diameter, with an ash-grey centre and a reddish border. Infected sugar beet leaf (12) Symptoms on corn (16) 08

9 DOWNY MILDEW (Various pathogens) Disease management Susceptible Crops Many vegetable crops Source and Spread The fungus survives on crop residues and weeds. Moist conditions favour rapid development of the fungus. Spores are spread by wind and water. Symptoms Brassicas and lettuce: Light green to yellowish angular spots develop which later turn brown, sometimes becoming soft and slimy. In moist weather, a white downy fungal growth is present on the underside of the spots. Cucurbits: Infection is indicated by pale yellowish, irregular shaped spots whilst a white downy fungal growth is often present on the underside of the spots. Signs of infection (10) Symptoms on lower leaf (10) 09

10 EARLY BLIGHT (Target spot) (Alternaria solani) Disease management Susceptible Crops Potatoes and tomatoes Source and Spread Common sources are crop residues and diseased plants. Warm weather conditions favour the spread of the disease. Spores are spread by wind, rain and irrigation water. Symptoms Early symptoms are small, brown to black spots on lower leaves. In potatoes, if not treated, spots can enlarge to 20 mm in diameter, often with a concentric ring pattern. In tomatoes, if not treated, spots can enlarge to between 6 and 12 mm in diameter with definite margins and yellow edges. Stems and fruit are also affected in tomatoes. Symptoms on tomato (10) Symptoms on tomato leaf (10) 10

11 GUMMY STEM BLIGHT (Didymella bryoniae and Phoma cucurbitacearum) Disease management Crops Cucurbits Source and Spread The fungus can be seed-borne or soil borne. The disease thrives in warm, wet weather. Spores are spread by wind and splashing water. Symptoms On leaves, roughly circular brown spots appear which grow up to 20 mm in diameter. These spots may tear and drop out thereby giving leaves a tattered appearance. The most important form of the disease is crown rot which may kill plants. Pale-brown, then bleached areas develop on stems, and a reddish gum oozes from the cracks. Affected areas are studded with small black dots. Symptoms on vines (10) Signs on leaf (10) 11

12 LATE BLIGHT (Irish blight) (Phytophthora infestans) Disease management Crops Potatoes and tomatoes Source and Spread The disease survives on plant residues. Cool, wet weather conditions favour infection and rapid development of the disease. Spores are spread by wind. Symptoms Potatoes: Leaves develop large, pale-green areas with indefinite margins which become water- soaked and dark in colour. A white, downy fuzz may be visible on affected areas in moist weather. Tomatoes: Large, dark-brown to black areas develop on leaves. In moist weather, affected leaves develop a downy growth on the underside. Fruit are affected at the stem scar where small greenish-brown spots develop. Potato leaf showing infection (12) Heavily infected potato (5) 12

13 LEAF MOULD (Fulvia [Cladosporium] fulva) Disease management Susceptible Crops Tomatoes Source and Spread Survives on both crop residues and in the soil. Thrives in warm humid weather. Spores are spread by wind. Symptoms Yellow spots develop on the top surface of leaves with a dark, velvety growth of the fungus on the underside of the leaf. Affected areas die quickly, leaving the plant with a tattered appearance. Symptoms on tomato leaf (10) Signs of infection 13

14 POWDERY MILDEW (Various pathogens) Disease management Susceptible Crops Many vegetable crops Source and Spread Powdery mildew survives on living plant tissue. Warm, dry weather favours disease development. Moderate temperatures (16 to 27 C) and shade favour development. The spores are spread by wind. Symptoms Early symptoms are small, circular, white thread-like powdery patches forming on leaves. These patches gradually spread over a large area of the leaves, runners and stalks. If left untreated, leaves gradually turn completely yellow, die and fall off, exposing fruit to sunburn. Severely infected plants may have reduced yields, fruit with little flavour and a shortened production period. Infected pumpkin leaf (12) Powdery Mildew on Watermelon (11) 14

15 RING SPOT (Mycosphaerella brassicicola) Disease management Susceptible Crops Brassicas (particularly cauliflower and cabbage) Source and Spread Survives in crop residues in the soil. Cool, moist weather conditions favour development. Spores are spread by wind and rain. Symptoms Early symptoms are small, round to oval, black-grey/brownish spots on the upper surface of leaves measuring 0.5 to 2 cm, with a narrow water soaked ring surrounding each spot. On closer examination, small black fruiting bodies can be seen on the surface of the spots. Tomato spotted wilt virus (13) Tomato transplants with ring spot on leaves (14) 15

16 RUST (Uromyces spp.) Disease management Susceptible Crops Beans and peas Source and Spread A common source is diseased crops left after harvesting. Cool, damp weather favours development. Spores spread by wind and air movement. Symptoms A scattering on leaves and pods of initially light green pustules that later become reddish-brown. The circular pustules vary in size from 1 to 2 mm in diameter, with larger pustules often surrounded by a halo of yellow host tissue. Bean rust (10) Symptoms on common bean (12) 16

17 SCLEROTINIA Disease management Susceptible Crops Most vegetable crops Source and Spread The fungus develops in infected plants and survives in the soil for many years as hard black sclerotia. Cool, wet weather favours the disease. Spores are spread by wind. Symptoms Typical symptoms are water-soaked rotting of leaves, stems and fruit with a white, fluffy fungus covering affected areas. Large, compact resting bodies of the fungus then develop, these are white at first but then become black and hard. Stem infection results in a pale or dark brown lesion which is quickly covered by white cottony patches of fungus. Infected lettuce leaves (10) Mould at base of plant (11) 17

18 SEPTORIA SPOT (Septoria spp.) Disease management Susceptible Crops Celery, cucurbits and lettuce Source and Spread Crop residues are a common source of infection. Cool, moist weather conditions favour disease spread. Spores are spread by wind and rain. Symptoms Celery: Small yellowish spots first appear on lower, older leaves. These enlarge, turn brown and become studded with small, black fruiting bodies. Cucurbits: Small brown leaf spots develop which enlarge. The centre eventually dries out and becomes studded with small, black fruiting bodies. In pumpkins, the fruit develop lesions in the form of small, circular, light-brown raised scabs. Diseased leaf (8) Disease on lower foliage (8) 18

19 Dithane Rainshield NEO TEC FUNGICIDE Product Profile Active ingredient Formulation Fungicide group Target diseases Activity Packaging Application rate Mancozeb Water dispersible granule Group Y Many diseases in a wide range of vegetable crops Protectant 20 kg bag g/100 L DISEASE management Key Features Well established reputation of proven product performance (the world s largest selling protectant fungicide). Multi-site activity (very effective disease resistance management program partner). New improved formulation providing improved rainfastness and superior wetting, spreading and sticking properties. Low dust levels. Application and Use Treatments should begin prior to disease infection and continue until threat of disease has passed. Reduce the spray interval when wet weather conditions favour disease development. 19

20 Dithane Rainshield NEO TEC FUNGICIDE Disease management Crop disease ready reference guide Beetroot Broadbean/ Faba bean Broccoli Brussel sprout Cabbage Capsicum Carrot Cauliflower Celery Cucumber Green bean Lettuce Onion and garlic Pea Potato Pumpkin Rhubarb Silver beet Spinach Squash Tomato Zucchini Anthracnose Angular leaf spot Alternaria leaf spot Alternaria spot Cercospora leaf spot Chocolate spot Downy mildew Early blight (Target spot) 20

21 Disease management Crop disease ready reference guide Beetroot Broadbean/ Faba bean Broccoli Brussel sprout Cabbage Capsicum Carrot Cauliflower Celery Cucumber Green bean Lettuce Onion and garlic Pea Potato Pumpkin Rhubarb Silver beet Spinach Squash Tomato Zucchini Grey leaf spot Gummy stem blight Late blight (Irish blight) Leaf mould Phoma rot Purple blotch Ring spot Rust Septoria spot (Leaf blight) Septoria spot 21

22 PEST Management 22

23 APHIDS (Cabbage aphid and Green peach aphid) (Brevicoryne brassicae and Myzus persicae) PEST management Host Crops Brassicas and tomatoes Description and Life Cycle Cabbage aphid: The cabbage aphid is distinguished from other aphids by its green-grey colour and thick, whitish, waxy appearance. The adult is 2.5 mm long with two lines of black spots down its back. Green peach aphid: Wingless adults are shiny and colours range from pale yellow-green to pinkish red. Winged adults are more a yellowish brown or reddish colour with long antennae and a recognisable dark patch in the centre of their back. Female aphids can reproduce without fertilisation and many generations can occur throughout a season. Larvae and adults (1) Damage Aphids suck plant sap from growing shoots and young leaves causing leaves to turn yellow, Adult aphid (2) twist and distort, thereby leading to stunted plant growth. Fruit becomes covered with an unsightly sticky secretion (honeydew). Equally importantly, aphids transmit many viruses. 23

24 CABBAGE WHITE BUTTERFLY (Pieris rapae) PEST management Host Crops Brassicas Description and Life Cycle The butterfly is cream to yellowish in colour, with distinctive black-tipped forewings and central spots; the wingspan is 40 to 50 mm. Caterpillars are yellowish white in colour with 4 distinct black dots on their back. When fully grown, caterpillars are about 30 mm long, velvety green with faint yellow stripes down the back and along each side. Up to 3 generations occur between spring and autumn. A life cycle typically takes about a month to complete. Damage Caterpillars feed voraciously, chewing large irregular holes in the leaves. Seedlings are especially at risk and can be easily destroyed. Older caterpillars will also move to the centre of the plant and eat out the growing shoot. Caterpillars also burrow inside fruit creating large holes which are then contaminated with frass (droppings). Adult butterfly Mature larvae 24

25 CUTWORM (Agrotis spp.) PEST management Host Crops Most vegetable crops Description and Life Cycle Adult moths are stout bodied with drab colouring and wingspans of between 30 and 55 mm. Caterpillars are smooth-bodied and 25 to 50 mm long when fully grown. They can be coloured grey, grey-green, blackish, or brown with a pinkish red tinge. When picked up, they coil up tightly and remain still. In warm moist conditions, eggs hatch in 3 days with full caterpillar development completed in 4 weeks. Damage Seedling plants are particularly at risk as caterpillars feed on stems and foliage near ground level. Fruit touching the ground can be damaged. Cutworms feed mainly at night and during the day they hide in the soil, just below the surface, usually near damaged plants. Caterpillar in soil (1) Cutworm eggs (3) 25

26 DIAMONDBACK MOTH (Cabbage moth) (Plutella xylostella) PEST management Host Crops Brassicas Description and Life Cycle The adult moth is small, grey to greyish brown in colour. With its wings folded it displays three diamonds or triangles along its back. Fully grown caterpillars are 10 to 12 mm long. When disturbed, they wriggle violently and can often be see hanging off a leaf attached to a silk thread. The life cycle is completed in 2.5 to 4 weeks so several generations can occur in a single crop. Damage Initially young caterpillars (1st and 2nd instar) feed like leaf miners inside the leaf tissue for 2 to 3 days. Larger caterpillars feed on the underside of leaves or tunnel into the plant where they cause serious damage in the crop heads. Heavy infestations can cause complete defoliation and destroy small seedlings. At harvest, produce can be found to be badly contaminated by caterpillars and pupae. Damaged leaf (1) Adult moth (4) 26

27 FRUIT FLY (Queensland fruit fly and Mediterranean fruit fly) (Bactrocera tryoni and Ceratitis capitata) PEST management Host Crops Capsicum and tomatoes Description and Life Cycle Queensland fruit fly: The adult is red-brown with yellow markings and about 8 mm long. Queensland fruit flies hold their wings outstretched in a horizontal position when walking, flicking them in a characteristic manner. Mediterranean fruit fly: The adult is slightly smaller than a housefly. Its back is mottled with shiny and dull black and yellowish-white areas whilst the abdomen is yellowish to brown with two pale cross bands. The wings of the Mediterranean fruit fly are marked with brownish bands and spots and when resting the wings sit in a characteristic semi-spread position. Maggots of both species are creamy white and about 7 mm long when mature. Activity is greatest in warm humid conditions and the life cycle takes about 2.5 weeks during summer. Damage Affected ( stung ) fruit are readily recognised. The skin around the sting becomes discoloured and rotting develops rapidly. Mediterranean fruit fly (5) Queensland fruit fly (6) 27

28 HELIOTHIS (Helicoverpa spp.) PEST management Host Crops Brassicas, lettuce and tomatoes Description and Life Cycle Adult moths are dull brown and have wingspans of between 30 and 45 mm. They are often seen flying in crops at dusk. Caterpillars grow to between 40 and 50 mm long and may range in colour between green and black, often with a broad yellowish white stripe along each side of the body and a dark-edged whitish line down the middle of the back. Caterpillars have conspicuous body hairs. The complete life cycle takes between 30 and 50 days and they are most prevalent during summer and autumn. Damage Caterpillars prefer to feed on flowers and developing fruit but they may also feed on the outer leaves of young plants or burrow into the hearts of older plants. Caterpillar on tomato (10) Late instar larva found on corn (1) 28

29 LOOPERS (Chrysodeixis spp.) PEST management Host Crops Most vegetable crops Description and Life Cycle Adult moths are brown in colour with silvery marks on their forewings. Caterpillars grow to approximately 30 mm in length and are smooth and hairless. They are light green in colour and may have a white stripe along each side of the body. Loopers move with a distinctive habit of arching their bodies when they crawl or loop. Damage Young caterpillars eat through to the upper epidermis of the leaf, leaving window pane-like holes while older caterpillars chew large, ragged holes in leaves. Seedlings can be damaged to the point where they are stunted and fail to develop further. Yellow to green frass (droppings) may cause contamination of harvested produce. Adult caterpillar (4) The recognisable loop (2) 29

30 POTATO MOTH (Tomato leaf miner) (Phthorimaea opercullela) PEST management Crops Potatoes and tomatoes Description and Life Cycle The adult moth has a wingspan of between 12 and 16 mm, is brownish grey in colour and has tiny dark scattered marks on the forewings. Newly emerged caterpillars are about 1 mm long and very active. Fully developed caterpillars are 12 mm long, with a dark brown head and a body which is greenish if the larvae develop in foliage or pinkish grey if they develop in a potato tuber. There are several generations during a season and a life cycle takes about 4 weeks during summer. Damage Caterpillars mine in the leaves causing unsightly brown blistering. The caterpillars can web leaves together and mine within them, or tunnel into leaf stalks and main stems. Young caterpillars often mine growing points of terminal shoots or in the axils of leaves. As they develop they may tunnel into the stem for up to 50 mm. Heavily infested plants die prematurely. Caterpillars that develop in the tubers or fruit can leave tunnels up to 80 mm long. Larvae (15) Potato moth (15) 30

31 THRIPS (Western flower thrip) (Frankliniella occidentalis) PEST management Crops Most vegetable crops particularly tomatoes, lettuce, potatoes and capsicum Description and Life Cycle Western flower thrips breed on a wide range of flowering plants including weeds, vegetable crops and fruit trees. Immature thrips are pale yellow, thin, wingless and up to 1 mm in length. Adult thrips are about 1.5 to 2 mm in length, thin, with a yellowish head, dark abdomen and two feathery wings. The length of the life cycle depends on temperature. At 30 C the life cycle is approximately 12 days while at 20 C it is 19 days. Damage Transmits tomato spotted wilt virus. In fruiting vegetables, its feeding can cause scarring and deformations on leaves and fruit, with seedlings and soft tissue particularly prone to feeding damage. Adult thrip (7) Immature thrip (3) 31

32 WEEVIL (Vegetable weevil) (Listroderes difficilis) PEST management Crops Most vegetable crops Description and Life Cycle The adult weevil has a typical weevil snout and is 10 mm long. It is dull grey-brown in colour with two small white blazes on its back which form a distinct V-shaped mark. The larvae are small, yellow to green in colour with a flattened slug-like body and a small brown head. Vegetable weevils are usually found associated with capeweed and hence the potential for damage is the greatest where that weed is present. Vegetable weevil is most active in late autumn and winter. Damage Initially leaves show numbers of small irregular holes, especially in the crowns of the plant. Later these become more extensive and larger and the foliage may be almost completely devoured. Root crops may be attacked below ground level and the fleshy roots gouged or furrowed. Damage to leaf (10) Adult weevil (2) 32

33 WIREWORM (Species of the family Elateridae) PEST management Crops Most vegetable crops Description and Life Cycle Wireworms are the larvae of click beetles. Wireworms are slender, 10 to 40 mm long, with a hard, often shiny and distinctly segmented cylindrical to flattened body. They have three pairs of short legs on segments near the head which are barely visible. Larvae vary in colour from cream to red-brown, usually with darker brown heads and tails. Wireworms occur in early plantings and are more common where the soil has a high organic content. Damage The young fibrous roots and stems of seedlings are eaten by larvae causing plant death, resulting in the emerging crop being patchy and stunted. In root and tuber vegetables, the surface is pitted with round to irregular crater-like holes or shallow cavities, usually less than 5 mm deep. Damage to onion seedling (9) Wireworms in soil (3) 33

34 Success NEO INSECTICIDE Product Profile Active ingredient Spinetoram Formulation Suspension concentrate Insecticide group Group 5 Target pests Chewing pests in a range of vegetable crops Activity Contact and ingestion Packaging 1 L, 5 L and 10 L containers Application rate ml/ha or dilute ml/100 L water PEST management Key Features Unique mode of action (effective insect resistance management program partner). Safe to beneficial insects (ideal for use in IPM programmes). Short withholding period. Highly favourable toxicology profile. Application and Use Target sprays against mature eggs and newly-hatched larvae when numbers exceed spray thresholds. Apply repeat applications at 7-14 day intervals as new infestations occur. DO NOT apply more than 4 applications per season. As part of a western flower thrip resistance management strategy, make only 3 consecutive applications per season. As part of IPM programmes for potato moth, heliothis and diamond back moth, plough crops in immediately after harvest. 34

35 Success NEO INSECTICIDE CROP PEST READY REFERENCE GUIDE PEST management Brassica vegetables Brassica leafy vegetables Cucurbits Fruiting vegetables Leafy vegetables Legume vegetables Root and tuber vegetables Stalk and stem vegetables Radishes Swedes Turnips Cabbage centre grub Cabbage cluster caterpillar Cabbage white butterfly Cucumber moth Diamondback moth Heliothis Lightbrown apple moth Looper Potato moth (Tomato leaf miner) Western flower thrip 35

36 Brassica vegetables include: Broccoli, Brussels sprouts, Cabbage, Cauliflower, Radishes, Swedes, Turnips Brassica leafy vegetables include: Bok choi, Choi sum, Chinese broccoli, Chinese cabbage, Gai choi/am choi, Indian mustard, Kale, Leafy mustard, Milbuna, Mustard spinach, Pak choi, Tat soi Cucurbits include: Cucumbers, Squash, Zucchini Fruiting vegetables include: Eggplant, Okra, Peppers (sweet-capsicums, chillies), Tomatoes Leafy vegetables include: Endive, Lettuce, Silverbeet, Spinach Legume vegetables include: Beans, Peas, Snow peas, Sugar snap peas Root and tuber vegetables include: Beetroot, Carrots, Celeriac, Galangal, Parsnips, Potatoes, Radishes, Sweet potato, Swedes, Turnips Stalk and stem vegetables include: Celery, Rhubarb PEST management 36

37 Prodigy INSECTICIDE Product Profile Active ingredient Formulation Methoxyfenozide Insecticide group Group 18 Target pests Activity Packaging Application rate Suspension concentrate Native budworm, Tomato grub and Cluster caterpillar Contact and ingestion (ovicidal and larvicidal) 1 L and 5 L containers 125 or 170 ml/100 L or 1.25 or 1.7 L/ha Key Features PEST management Alternative mode of action (effective product for use in insect resistance management programmes). Extremely safe to beneficial insects (ideal for IPM programmes). Extended residual control. Unique ovicidal action which controls eggs whether it is applied before or after they are laid. No withholding period for tomatoes when used as directed. Excellent environmental and OH&S profile. Highly stable in water within a ph range of 4.0 and 9.0. Non-scheduled product. 37

38 Prodigy INSECTICIDE Application and Use Use the higher rate under heavy egg pressure. Apply Prodigy to brown eggs or at egg hatch when pest numbers reach treatment thresholds as determined by field checks. Maintain field checks and re-apply after 7 days if necessary. Ensure thorough coverage of plants. Larvae in protected feeding sites (e.g. flowers) will not be controlled. Feeding ceases almost immediately but death of larvae can take 4-6 days. DO NOT apply more than 3 applications per season in any single crop. PEST management CROP PEST READY REFERENCE GUIDE Eggplant Okra Peppers (Capsicum and Chilli) Tomato Cluster caterpillar Native budworm Tomato grub 38

39 Naturalure Fruit Fly Bait Concentrate Product Profile Active ingredient Spinosad Formulation Concentrate Insecticide group Group 5 Target pests Fruit flies including Queensland fruit fly and mediterranean fruit fly Activity Ingestion Packaging 4 L and 208 L containers Application rate 1 L/ha PEST management Key Features Approved for use on organic crops by Biological Farmers of Australia (2005AI). Unique mode of action (very effective insect resistance management program partner). Ideal for use in IPM programmes (very safe to beneficial insects). Safe to crops. A nil withholding period. Highly favourable toxicology profile. Application and Use Begin application as soon as monitoring traps indicate flies are present and repeat every 7 days or sooner if rain washes off the deposit. A large droplet size of µ (4-6 mm) is recommended to optimise duration of the bait s attractiveness to flies. Can be applied as a band or spot spray. Re-application is required if rain washes bait from foliage. 39

40 Lorsban 500EC Insecticide Product Profile Active ingredient Formulation Insecticide group Target pests Activity Packaging Application rate Chlorpyrifos Emulsifiable concentrate Group 1B multiple pests in a number of vegetable crops (see label) Contact 1 L, 5 L and 20 L containers See label as rates vary with pest and crop PEST management Key Features Fast acting. Low persistence after application. Well established reputation of proven product performance (35 year history). Application and Use Important: Please refer to the Lorsban 500EC label and READ the INSTRUCTIONS that relate to the soil pest and crop situation for which you are going to use this product. 40

41 Lorsban 500EC INSECTICIDE PEST management CROP PEST READY REFERENCE GUIDE Bean Beetroot Broccoli Brussel sprout Cabbage Capsicum Carrot Cauliflower Celery Choko Cucumber Eggplant Pea Potato Radish Pumpkin Rhubarb Shallot Silver beet Squash Sweet potato Tomato Turnip Zucchini African black beetle Blue oat mite Cabbage aphid Cabbage moth Cabbage white butterfly Cluster caterpillar Corn earworm Cutworm False wireworm Field cricket 41

42 PEST management CROP PEST READY REFERENCE GUIDE Bean Beetroot Broccoli Brussel sprout Cabbage Capsicum Carrot Cauliflower Celery Choko Cucumber Eggplant Pea Potato Radish Pumpkin Rhubarb Shallot Silver beet Squash Sweet potato Tomato Turnip Zucchini Green peach aphid Green vegetable bug Lightbrown apple moth Mole cricket Native budworm Redlegged earth mite Tomato grub Vegetable weevil Whitefly Whitefringed weevil Wingless grasshopper Wireworm 42

43 WEED Management 43

44 GoalTender HERBICIDE WEED management Product Profile Active ingredient Formulation Herbicide group Crops Target weeds Activity Packaging Application rate Oxyfluorfen Suspension concentrate Group G Brassica crops (broccoli, cabbages and cauliflower) Broadleaf weeds and some grass weeds Residual 10 L containers L/ha Weed free soil prior to crop transplanting (refer to label to ensure appropriate intervals are followed) Key Features Depending on use rate, provides knockdown and/or extended weed control for up to 4 months. Outstanding control of hard to kill weeds including marshmallow and annual nettles. Binds tightly to soil and will not leach to groundwater. New improved low odour S5 formulation. Application and Use Brassica crops: Apply GoalTender to prepared ground 4-7 days before transplanting (activate with irrigation or rainfall) and ensure minimal soil disturbance during transplanting. Excessive soil disturbance will reduce herbicidal activity. Use the higher rate in situations where weed pressure is known to be heavy. 44

45 Kerb HERBICIDE Product Profile Active ingredient Formulation Herbicide group Crops Target weeds Activity Packaging Application rate Propyzamide Suspension concentrate Group D Lettuce Grass weeds and some broadleaf weeds Contact and residual 5 L containers 4.5 L in L water (all states) 2.3 L in L water (Victoria only rate for light sandy soils low in organic matter) Key Features Highly selective to lettuce. No soil residue build-up. No plant-back restrictions on subsequent crops. Application and Use WEED management Best results are obtained when Kerb is applied to cool wet soil. Apply pre-emergence immediately after sowing or immediately after transplanting to well prepared seedbeds free of clods. Sprinkler irrigation after application is desirable. DO NOT use on heavy red or peat soils. 45

46 Ripper 480 HERBICIDE Product Profile Active ingredient Formulation Herbicide group Crops Target weeds Activity Packaging Application rate Glyphosate Soluble concentrate Group M All vegetable crops Grass and broadleaf weeds Nonselective translocated 20 L containers See label for weed and use situation Key Features WEED management Controls an extensive range of annual and perennial grass and broadleaf weeds. Rapid foliar uptake. Low environmental impact. Excellent compatibility profile. No residual efficacy. Initial visible effects on annual weeds take 3-7 days to show. Rainfast within 6 hours. Application and Use Ripper can be used prior to the sowing or transplanting of any vegetable crop with the exception of transplanting tomato seedlings. When applying prior to transplanting crops into plastic mulch, ensure residues are removed from plastic via 2 cm of rain or sprinkler irrigation prior to transplanting. 46

47 PRODUCT compatibility guidelines Dithane Rainshield Success NEO Lorsban 500EC Naturalure GoalTender Kerb Ripper 480 Prodigy Compatible with most commonly used fungicides and insecticides Fungicides: Bupirimate, chlorothalonil, carbendazim, copper, difenoconazole, dithianon, Dithane, dodine, fenarimol, flusilazole, iprodione, kresoxim-methyl, metalaxyl, metiram, pyridaben, pyrimethanil, tebuconazole, tebufenpyrad, thiram and sulphur Insecticides: Beta-cyfluthrin, buprofezin, diazinon, dimethoate, imidacloprid, methamidophos, methomyl and pirimicarb Fungicides: Chlorothalonil, thiram, triadimefon, zineb and ziram Insecticides and Miticides: Acephate, carbaryl, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, dimethoate, endosulfan, fenvalerate, maldison, methidathion, methomyl, oxythioquinox, parathion, tetradifon and trichlorfon DO NOT mix with any other pesticides Compatible with glyphosate products, oryzalin, diquat, paraquat and diquat/paraquat DO NOT mix with any other pesticides Compatible with GoalTender, oryzalin, pendamethalin, simazine and trifluralin Compatible with most commonly used fungicides and insecticides, incompatible with mineral spray oils Note: Since product formulation specifications of other manufactures products may change without Dow AgroSciences being notified, a physical check prior to application is recommended. 47

48 PRODUCT WITHHOLDING PERIODS Dithane Rainshield Success NEO Lorsban 500EC Naturalure GoalTender Kerb Ripper 480 Prodigy Harvest Withholding Period Beetroot, Capsicum, Lettuce, Rhubarb, Silver beet and Spinach 14 days; Beans, Broccoli, Brussels sprouts, Cabbage, Carrots, Cauliflower, Celery, Onions, Garlic, Peas and Tomatoes 7 days All vegetable crops 3 days; Tomatoes, Celery and Rhubarb 1 day Asparagus and Celery 14 days; Broccoli, Brussels sprouts, Cabbage and Cauliflower 5 days; Cucumber, Pumpkin and Zucchini 5 days; Tomatoes 3 days Not required when used as directed Not required when used as directed 25 days Not required when used as directed All vegetable crops not required when used as directed; Crops intended for export see label 48

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50 Solutions for the Growing World (1) Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org (2) R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company Slide Set, R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, Bugwood.org (3) Frank Peairs, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org (4) Russ Ottens, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org (5) USDA ARS Photo Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Bugwood.org (6) Natasha Wright, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Bugwood.org (7) Jack T. Reed, Mississippi State University, Bugwood.org (8) ISU Plant Disease Clinic (9) Alton N. Sparks, Jr., University of Georgia, Bugwood.org (10) Clemson University USDA Cooperative Extension Slide Series, Bugwood.org (11) David B. Langston, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org (12) Howard F. Schwartz, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org (13) G. Marchoux, INRA Station de Pathologie Végétale, Bugwood.org (14) Division of Plant Industry Archive, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Bugwood.org (15) The State of Queensland, Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, 2008 (16) Department of Plant Pathology Archive, North Carolina State University, Bugwood.org # Orchard and Vineyard Spraying Handbook for Australia and New Zealand. Geoffrey O Furness with contributions from a range of other authors. South Australian Research and Development Institute, February For more information contact your local Dow AgroSciences representative on TOLL FREE Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company ( Dow ) or an affiliated company of Dow.