Registration of Santa Fe Pinto Bean

Transcription

1 Published January, 2010 CULTIVAR Registration of Santa Fe Pinto Bean James D. Kelly,* Gregory V. Varner, and Brian Long ABSTRACT Santa Fe pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) (Reg. No. CV-291, PI ), developed by the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station, was released in 2008 as an upright, midseason, disease-resistant cultivar. An F 4 derived line developed using pedigree selection was advanced on the basis of superior yield performance, upright plant architecture and improved disease resistance. Over 4 yr of testing ( ), Santa Fe was advanced from the F 7 to F 10 and yield tested at 32 locations in mid-michigan and at locations in Colorado, North Dakota, Nebraska, Washington and Ontario. Santa Fe combines competitive yield potential (2729 kg ha 1 ) with erect type II architecture while retaining midseason maturity (91 d) in a pinto seed type. Santa Fe has resistance to lodging, making it suitable for direct harvest under narrow-row production systems. The upright architecture also contributes to avoidance to white mold [caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary], a disease aggravated by narrow rows. Santa Fe possesses resistance to specific races of rust [incited by Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.:Pers.) Unger], virus, and anthracnose [caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. & Magnus) Lams.-Scrib]. Santa Fe has a large mottled dry bean seed (40.4 g 100 seed 1 ) that meets the standards and canning quality of the pinto bean seed class. anta Fe pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) (Reg. No. SCV-291, PI ), developed by the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station, was released in 2008 as an upright, midseason, disease-resistant cultivar. Pinto beans represent the largest commercial bean class grown in the United States (Singh et al., 2008; Teran et al., 2009), but pinto production is limited in Michigan in part because of the decumbent plant habit and disease susceptibility of contemporary cultivars (Kelly, 2000). Traditional pinto cultivars bred for the semiarid intermountain production areas possess a viney prostrate growth habit that is very J.D. Kelly and B. Long, Dep. of Crop and Soil Sciences, Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI 48824; G.V. Varner, Michigan Dry Bean Production Research Advisory Board, 3066 S. Thomas Rd., Saginaw, MI Research supported by Michigan Crop Improvement Association, Michigan Dry Bean Production Research Advisory Board, and the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station. Registration by CSSA. Received 29 Dec *Corresponding author (kellyj@msu.edu). Abbreviations: BCMNV, bean common mosaic necrosis virus; GN, great northern; MSU, Michigan State University. Published in the Journal of Plant Registrations 4:12 16 (2010). doi: /jpr crc Crop Science Society of America 677 S. Segoe Rd., Madison, WI USA All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or trans mitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher. productive under irrigated conditions. In addition, western-bred cultivars possess little disease resistance to fungal and bacterial pathogens endemic in the more humid Midwest (Teran et al., 2009). The bean breeding program at Michigan State University (MSU) has been developing adapted upright pinto types suitable for direct harvest since the early 1980s (Kelly and Adams, 1987). New cultivars released with improved architecture in the pinto bean seed class include Sierra, Aztec, and Kodiak (Kelly et al., 1990, 1992, 1999a). This germplasm has been widely used by bean breeders to improve plant architecture of contemporary pinto cultivars (Osorno et al., 2008). Since the type III growth habit of traditional pinto cultivars combines high yield potential with earliness, one of the challenges in the development of upright type II plant habit is to retain early maturity. To ensure adequate height for direct harvest of upright types, the first pods should be set on the third or fourth nodes. Selection against pod-set on the first nodes results in delayed maturity in the upright type II growth habit. Since a taller more erect plant type is desirable, more nutrients are needed to develop the upright plant structure, leaving less nutrients for partitioning and translocation to the economic yield. To produce sufficient yield in a type II pinto, greater biomass is needed resulting in an associated delay in maturity. The lack of adoption of upright cultivars Sierra, Aztec and Kodiak was associated with longer maturity (7 10 d) over Othello, an early-season, decumbent type III cultivar preferred by growers. The most recent upright pinto cultivars, La Paz, Lariat, and Stampede, exhibit longer maturity. A second challenge to adapting pintos to the more humid conditions is the absence of resistance to the pathogens that cause white mold and rust 12 Journal of Plant Registrations, Vol. 4, No. 1, January 2010

2 epidemics in the Midwest. Breeding for resistance to rust [incited by Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.:Pers.) Unger] and white mold [caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary] is essential to expand pinto production in the more humid Midwest. Developing an upright plant structure helps reduce the severity of white mold infection through plant avoidance, but a lack of physiological resistance in pinto germplasm makes them vulnerable when macroclimatic conditions negate architectural avoidance (Kolkman and Kelly, 2002). The focus of the MSU breeding program is to shorten the growing season of new pinto cultivars while still retaining the upright habit with pod load concentrated in the mid-canopy. In addition, selecting for yield under conditions of severe white mold ensures that physiological resistance is enhanced in future cultivars. To combine this diversity of characteristics in future pinto bean cultivars, Matterhorn, a great northern cultivar, was used as a genetic bridge as it combines high-yield, upright habit and midseason maturity in a medium-sized seed (Kelly et al., 1999b). Methods Santa Fe, tested as MSU pinto bean breeding line P04205, was developed from the cross made in 2000 between two MSU breeding lines: P99119/G P99119 (P94211/ Matterhorn) is an upright pinto, and G99750 (BelDakMi- RMR-11/Matterhorn) is an upright great northern (GN) line. Both breeding lines exhibit avoidance to white mold and are half-sibs with the GN cultivar Matterhorn as the common parent. F 1 plants were selfed in the greenhouse, and single plant selection no. 6 was made in the F 2 nursery at Saginaw, MI, in 2001 on the basis of pinto bean seed traits and agronomic traits for upright type II growth habit, short vine development, lodging resistance, mid-season maturity, and uniform dry down. A single F 2:3 progeny row was grown and mass selected for seed and agronomic traits at Saginaw in Traits selected included upright short vine, lodging resistance, good pod load, pinto bean seed with bright color, and freedom from diseases. In 2003 single plant selection no. 4 was made in the F 2:4 progeny row at Saginaw for upright architecture, lodging resistance, acceptable pod load and placement, uniform mid-season maturity, and commercial pinto bean seed traits. All future selections are F 4 derived as the line was mass selected in later generations. A single F 4:5 progeny row was grown at Isabela, PR, during winter ( ) and mass selected on the basis of agronomic and seed traits, similar to those described in the F 4 generation. Remnant seed was screened for resistance to the NL-3 strain of bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV) in the greenhouse, and resistance was confirmed in the F 4:5 progeny row. An F 4:6 breeding line, coded 00P , was entered in replicated yield trials at Saginaw in 2004 with the permanent code number P04205, and canning tests were initiated. The line was advanced on the basis of superior yield performance and excellent canning quality. Over 4 yr of testing ( ), Santa Fe was advanced from the F 7 to F 10 and yield tested at 32 locations in mid-michigan and at locations in Colorado, North Dakota, Nebraska, Washington, and Ontario, Canada. Screening for white mold was conducted under natural infection in field conditions for 4 yr at Montcalm, MI, and rust screening was conducted by inoculation in field at Beltsville MD. Anthracnose [caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. & Magnus) Lams.-Scrib] resistance was evaluated against races 7 and 73 using controlled spray inoculation on seedling plants in the greenhouse at MSU following procedure of Balardin et al. (1997). Canning tests were conducted on seed produced at most Michigan locations following protocols described by Hosfield et al. (1984) and Hosfield and Uebersax (1980) in the pilot canning laboratory in the Department of Food Science at MSU. Characteristics Santa Fe was tested for 5 yr ( ) over 33 locations in cooperation with colleagues in Michigan, North Dakota, Colorado, Nebraska, Idaho, Washington, and Ontario. The combined yield data comparisons with different pinto bean cultivars and Matterhorn are shown in Table 1. Over all 33 locations, Santa Fe yielded 2729 kg ha 1. Yield ranged from a high of 4805 kg ha 1 in Montcalm County, MI, to a low of 1579 kg ha 1 under stress in Presque Isle County in Under the narrow-row (50-cm) width testing combined with direct harvest, Santa Fe yielded 3147 kg ha 1 in 2008 and appears well suited to this increasingly popular management system. La Paz pinto was the only cultivar that was higher yielding (107%), but it was only compared at a limited number (7) of locations as the cultivar is new and was not available for prior testing. No significant differences were detected in yield in comparisons with Matterhorn GN. Comparison with Matterhorn is important as it was a grandparent on both sides of the original cross and Matterhorn is recognized for its consistent performance throughout the United States (Singh, 2007). In 2008 no significant differences in yield were observed between Santa Fe and seven other pinto bean cultivars (Table 2). Data from the Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery conducted across nine locations in North America illustrate the similarity in yield among contemporary pinto cultivars. Mean yields ranged from 3024 to 3288 kg ha 1, and Santa Fe yielded at 3142 kg ha 1. The decision that growers make in choosing a pinto cultivar appears to be based on criteria other than yield. Santa Fe exhibits the type II upright short vine (indeterminate) growth habit combined with good resistance to lodging. Santa Fe exhibits an overall upright appearance similar to Matterhorn and is more erect than either Buster or Othello. The differences in erectness are reflected in the higher lodging scores for both Buster (3.1) and Othello (3.5) when compared with Santa Fe (2.0), and La Paz (2.0; Table 3). Plants of Santa Fe average 49 cm in height and are taller than Buster and Othello but slightly shorter than La Paz and Stampede. Santa Fe is a midseason bean maturing 91 d after planting, 2d later than Buster, 5 d later than Othello, 1 d earlier than Stampede, and 2 d earlier than La Paz. The range in maturity is from 88 to 92 d depending on season and location. Santa Fe has demonstrated the same uniform maturity and dry-down similar to Matterhorn but has a higher agronomic acceptance rating due to its upright habit, resistance to lodging, and excellent pod load and favorable higher pod placement in the plant Journal of Plant Registrations, Vol. 4, No. 1, January 2010 CULTIVAR 13

3 Table 1. Yield of five pinto and one great northern bean cultivar grown for five years ( ) over 33 locations. Year Test location Santa Fe Buster Othello La Paz Stampede Matterhorn Test mean LSD 0.05 kg ha B&B B&B MRF B&B MRF Presque Isle, MI B&B B&B MRF Gratiot, MI Sanilac, MI Gratiot, MI, organic Gratiot, MI, conventional Mitchell, NE Johnstown, ND Ft. Collins, CO B&B B&B B&B B&B EL MRF MRF Bay, MI Gratiot, MI Huron, MI Montcalm, MI Sanilac, MI Tuscola, MI Northwood, ND St Thomas, ND Kippen, ON Elora, ON Mean 33 locations * 18 locations NS 17 locations NS 7 locations * 6 locations NS 22 locations NS Yield percentage *P B&B, Saginaw Valley Bean and Sugar Beet Research Farm, Saginaw MI; MRF, Montcalm Research Farm, Entrican, MI; EL, East Lansing Research Farm, MI; followed by experiment number. First number of each experiment is test year, e.g is Gratiot, MI, organic, and Gratiot, MI, conventional, paired plots grown under two management systems in Gratiot, MI. NS, nonsignificant. canopy. The differences in plant structure and erectness between Santa Fe and other pintos are reflected in the higher selection index for Santa Fe. The new cultivars La Paz and Stampede exhibit many of the same desirable upright traits but are later in maturity, which is reflected in a lower selection index. Santa Fe possesses the single dominant hypersensitive I gene, which conditions resistance to seed-borne bean common mosaic virus but is sensitive to the temperature-insensitive, necrosis-inducing strains of BCMNV like NL 3 and NL 8, which are known to occur in the Pacific Northwest (Table 4). Santa Fe is highly resistant to rust conditioned by 14 CULTIVAR Journal of Plant Registrations, Vol. 4, No. 1, January 2010

4 Table 2. Yield of eight pinto bean cultivars evaluated across nine locations in North America in Cultivar Source CADV MISA MOSI NDHA NESB NYFR ONGU WAOT WYPO Mean kg ha 1 Kimberly UI Quincy WSU Lariat NDSU Stampede NDSU Santa Fe MSU Croissant CSU Shoshone UI Othello WSU Location mean LSD Trials conducted as part of the Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery ( verified 22 Sept. 2009). UI, Univ. of Idaho; WSU, Washington State Univ.; NDSU, North Dakota State Univ.; MSU, Michigan State Univ.; CSU, Colorado State Univ. CADV, Davis, CA; MISA, Saginaw, MI; MOSI, Sidney, MO; NDHA, Hatton, ND; NESB, Scottsbluff, NE; NYFR, Freeville, NY; ONGU, Guelph, ON; WAOT, Othello, WA; WYPO, Powell, WY. Table 3. Comparison of agronomic characteristics of Santa Fe with other pinto bean cultivars over 5 yr of testing ( ). Cultivar Flower Maturity Height Lodging score Selection index 100 seed weight Yield d cm g % Santa Fe Buster Othello La Paz * Stampede LSD *P = erect, 5 = prostrate. 1 = least desirable; 9 = most desirable, based on pod load and location, erect architecture and lodging resistance, uniform maturity, and dry down. the Ur-3 gene and was rated resistant in field trials conducted at Beltsville, MD, in Santa Fe exhibits avoidance to white mold compared with traditional prostrate cultivars such as Beryl GN. Over 4 yr of testing under white mold pressure, Santa Fe yielded 3620 kg ha 1 compared with 1996 kg ha 1 for Beryl despite white mold infection levels in excess of 40% every year (Table 5). The highest yields recorded for Santa Fe (4805 kg ha 1 ) were recorded under white mold pressure at Montcalm. Santa Fe is resistant to anthracnose race 7 but is susceptible to race 73 of anthracnose. Santa Fe is susceptible to common bacterial blight Table 4. Comparison of disease characteristics of Santa Fe with other pinto bean cultivars over 4 yr of testing ( ). Cultivar BCMNV Anthracnose Rust Common bacterial NL 3 Race 7 Race 73 Race 53 blight Santa Fe R R S HR S Buster R S S S S Othello R S S S S La Paz R S S HR S Stampede R S S HR S BCMNV, bean common mosaic necrosis virus. R, resistant; S, susceptible; HR, highly resistant; MR, moderate resistant. [caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (Smith) Vauterin et al.] and exhibits a similar level of susceptibility as other commercial pinto bean cultivars (Table 4). Santa Fe has a large pinto bean seed averaging 40 g 100 seed 1 and size ranges from 38 to 48 g 100 seed 1 (Table 3). The seed is larger than other commercial pinto cultivars: Buster (37 g), Othello (36 g), La Paz (37 g), and Stampede (39 g). In canning trials, Santa Fe has been subjectively rated by a team of panelists as being average in cooking quality. Santa Fe rated 3.0 on a scale of 1 to 7, where 7 is best and Table 5. Yield and percent white mold data on two bean cultivars, Santa Fe pinto and Beryl great northern (GN), grown under white mold pressure in Montcalm, MI, over 4 yr ( ). Year Yield Percent white mold Santa Fe Beryl GN Santa Fe Beryl GN kg ha 1 % Mean ** NS **P 0.01 NS, nonsignificant. Journal of Plant Registrations, Vol. 4, No. 1, January 2010 CULTIVAR 15

5 4 is midscale (neither acceptable nor unacceptable). This evaluation is based on whole bean integrity (no splitting or clumping), uniformity of size (uniform water uptake), color (no after darkening), and clear brine (no starch extrusion into canning liquid). Data on cooked color suggest that seed is slightly darker than Buster or Othello (Table 6). The hydration and drained weight ratios exhibited no differences between Santa Fe and other commercial pinto bean cultivars. In MSU canning trials, hydration ratios (2.0) are high while drained weight ratios (1.2) are low as pinto beans are blanched overnight to remove the color pattern so hydration ratios are higher than for other commercial classes that receive only a 60-min hot blanch before canning. Santa Fe is similar to Othello in texture, whereas Buster was significantly firmer in texture. Texture of 73 kg 100 g 1 is well within the acceptable range of 50 to 80 kg 100 g 1 for processed pinto beans (Hosfield and Uebersax, 1980). Santa Fe has an acceptable visual score compared with commercial pinto cultivars. Within the commercial pinto bean class, Othello demonstrated the best overall canning quality, whereas Buster consistently exhibits inferior canning quality. Availability Santa Fe pinto bean cultivar was released by Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station, East Lansing, MI, and is available under license from MSU Technologies, with the option that Santa Fe may be sold for seed by name only under the Foundation and Certified seed classes. A royalty will be assessed on each hundredweight unit of Foundation seed sold. Breeder seed is maintained by the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station under license with the Michigan Crop Improvement Association. Small quantities of Santa Fe seed for testing purposes can be obtained from the corresponding author for the first 5 yr. Recipients of seed are asked to make appropriate recognition of the source of germplasm if it is used in the development of a new cultivar, germplasm, parental line, or genetic stock. U.S. Plant Variety Protection for Santa Fe is pending. A seed sample has been deposited in the USDA ARS National Center for Genetic Resources Preservation, and will become available for distribution after expiration of its U.S. Plant Variety Protection. Acknowledgments The authors thank M.A. (Talo) Pastor-Corrales, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, for conducting disease screening trials; Jim Beaver, Univ. of Table 6. Comparison of canning quality characteristics of Santa Fe with other pinto bean cultivars over 3 yr of testing ( ). Cultivars Color L sca)le Washed drained ratio Hydration ratio Texture Visual rating kg 1 7 Santa Fe Buster Othello La Paz 4.0 Stampede 2.6 Force in kg required to compress 100 g of processed beans. 1 = very undesirable, 4 = neither desirable nor undesirable, 7 = very desirable. Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, PR, for conducting winter nurseries in Isabela, PR; and An Hang, Washington State Univ., Prosser, WA, for coordinating the National Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery. References Balardin, R.S., A.M. Jarosz, and J.D. Kelly Virulence and molecular diversity in Colletotrichum lindemuthianum from South, Central, and North America. Phytopathology 87: Hosfield, G.L., and M.A. Uebersax Variability in physico-chemical properties and nutritional components of tropical and domestic dry bean germplasm. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 105: Hosfield, G.L., M.A. Uebersax, and T.G. Isleib Seasonal and genotypic effects on yield and physical-chemical seed characteristics related to food quality in dry, edible beans. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 109: Kelly, J.D Remaking bean plant architecture for efficient production. Adv. Agron. 71: Kelly, J.D., and M.W. Adams Phenotypic recurrent selection in ideotype breeding of pinto beans. Euphytica 36: Kelly, J.D., M.W. Adams, A.W. Saettler, G.L. Hosfield, G.V. Varner, M.A. Uebersax, and J. Taylor Registration of Sierra pinto bean. Crop Sci. 30: Kelly, J.D., G.L. Hosfield, G.V. Varner, M.A. Uebersax, and J. Taylor. 1999a. Registration of Kodiak pinto bean. Crop Sci. 39: Kelly, J.D., G.L. Hosfield, G.V. Varner, M.A. Uebersax, and J. Taylor. 1999b. Registration of Matterhorn great northern bean. Crop Sci. 39: Kelly, J.D., G.L. Hosfield, G.V. Varner, M.A. Uebersax, N. Wassimi, and J. Taylor Registration of Aztec pinto bean. Crop Sci. 32:1508. Kolkman, J.M., and J.D. Kelly Agronomic traits affecting resistance to white mold in common bean. Crop Sci. 42: Osorno, J.M., K.F. Grafton, G.A. Rojas-Cifuentes, R. Gelin, and A.J. Vander-Wal Release of Lariat and Stampede pinto beans. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 51: Singh, S.P Drought resistance in the race Durango dry bean landraces and cultivars. Agron. J. 99: Singh, S.P., H. Terán, M. Lema, M.F. Dennis, R. Hayes, and C. Robinson Breeding for slow-darkening, broadly adapted dry bean pinto Kimberly and Shoshone. J. Plant Registrations 2: Teran, H., M. Lema, D. Webster, and S.P. Singh years of breeding pinto bean for resistance to diseases in the United States. Euphytica 167: CULTIVAR Journal of Plant Registrations, Vol. 4, No. 1, January 2010