Vijay Bhurtel-Dravya Guna. Ayurveda

Transcription

1 1 P a g e Ayurveda The science of life, intended by Ayurveda is much more than mere skill of treatment or diagnosis of a diseased condition. It is meant for the total concept of life, which includes both man and his environment. As we all know, Man is a biological entity. He needs to adjust to the physical environment and as a social and spiritual entity, he needs to adjust and react to the society in which he lives and to the spiritual ideals upheld by it. Such well-being alone is real and true of man in his entirety and such is the object of science of life achieved by Ayurveda. Hence it is called the Science of life. Ayurveda literally means knowledge of life. Ayurvedic medicines are based on the principle that every individual has a unique constitution that related to his vital energies translated into Ayurvedic nosology as dosha or humors. Ayurveda mainly composed of eight clinical specialties. They are as follows: General medicine ( Kaaya cikitsaa) Pediatrics (Baala cikitsaa), Psychiatry (Graha Chikitsa), Treatment of head and neck (S`aalakya tantra), Surgery (S`alya tantra), Toxicology (Agada tantra), Rejuvenation therapy (Rasayana tantra) and Reproductive medicine (Vajeekarana cikitsaa). The main aims of Ayurveda are to To prevent diseases To treat and cure diseases And both these are aimed towards the promotion of health on three levels: Mentally Physically Spiritually As we refer to Ayurveda as a holistic system of medicine and health native to ancient India & Nepal. Ayurveda has not restricted itself as the path, which treats diseases but being the science of life has covered all the aspects necessary to maintain health and to

2 restore it when inflicted with a disease. There are certain rules and regulations of Ayurveda, which are nothing but guidelines, which are to be followed to remain fit, refrain from diseases and lead a healthy life. Ayurveda was thus discovered & developed as a means to secure the 4 pursuits of purusharthas of living for all of which health is indispensable & where Dharma is the most cardinal engagement. It is for the sake of Dharma that the science of Ayurveda was bought to light by the sages & not for fulfilling personal desires and lusts of the individual. It is this basic ethicality where in the science of medicine is but incidental to assure it & the sweep of its thinking that to attends to all the activities of man that Ayurveda becomes most praise worthy. It is this frame work of thinking that has made it through, all sufficient & truly holistic. However it is not merely a stance of philosophy or rules of ethics but also abounds in meticulous details of dietetics, healthful living, diagnosis of disease therapy measures for their prevention and ever elixirisation of life whereby an individual attains an all round excellence, vitality and total resistance to disease. Besides, the sages has adopted two means; deep contemplation, almost a mystic state of heightened & expanded consciousness far beyond the normal states of the mind, and an inherent observation coupled with attention to meticulous details. The former gave them not merely an intimate experience of the divine Atama and a capacity to arrive at a really astounding world vision & infallible knowledge, within where frame work and amount of further details can be worked out without altering the basics even now. The later gave them the means of exploring the objective world as much as they needed. In fact Ayurveda intellect never made any hard line distinction between objective science & subjective philosophy. It is not contradictory to scientific development but, it may give modern science something to which it is just still missing. The strength & uniqueness of Ayurveda lies in its philosophical breadth of thinking in true consonance to the typically pure élan. The later insists on a view of Dharma or the recognition of an order & regulation everywhere & the need to confirm ourselves to its precepts for our own sustenance when ensures the all important ethical framework. It enters into dealing extremely analytically with such details of what we should eat in order to keep our balance of mind and so on. Ayurveda traces the origin & evolution of sentional begins i.e. biology & not the inorganic world of physics or the 5 mahabhutas:- 1. Prithivi Earth/mass (Solids) 2. Jala Water (Liquids) 3. Agni Fire/energy 4. Vayu Air/movements 5. Aakas Space/the sky which affords the medium. 2 P a g e

3 It is clear that there is nothing in this world form stars to our body, the food we eat & the drugs we employ that do not contain any of these 5 mahabhutas. The difference is only in proportions of their composition in any given entry. Dravyaguna Vigyan The science in which dravya is studied in detail is called as Dravya-guna-vigyan (Herbology). Dravya-guna-vigyan is based on the ideas of satva-raja-tama, panchmahabhootas and various experiences derived from the study of balance-imbalance of basic components of the universe. Dravya-guna-vigyan has been formulated in context with swasthya (health) and rugna (disease). The basic ideas have been developed keeping the patient in mind. Dravyaguna-vigyan is thus a science of treatment. Dravya-guna-shastra is not only a useful factor for swasthya (maintenance of health) and chikitsa (treatment) but is also the chief factor involved in various substances as well as non-substances which are instrumental in vitiating health and creating disharmony in the equilibrium of body components. The use of Dravya-guna-shastra is necessary for restoring this equilibrium. If drugs are to be used then thorough knowledge of these is essential. It has been seen, that mention of the use of medicinal plant is found in all the four Vedas namely Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda and Atharvaveda. Ayurveda, which is a text on the preventive and curative aspects of disease, is a part of Atharvaveda. The use of plants & animals as source of food & medicine is an old as humanity. One can find abundant reference of use of plants as healing agents both in works of Indian medicine and other works of antiquity like Papyrus Ebers (1550 B.C.), works of Hippocrates ( B.C.), Aristotle ( B.C.) in Historia Plantarum, Dioscoorides (1 st Century) in De Materia Medica (78 A.D.), Galen ( A.D.) etc. According to Ayurveda the best drugs are found in Himalaya i.e. Nepal. According to JADAN (2059) Nepal comprises about 6000 species of flowering plants, 380 species of pteridophytes, 1037 species of Bryophytes, 465 species of lichens, 687 species of algae and over 1600 species of fungi. Herbs occupy a very important place in all ages & in all civilizations unconcerned with the development of synthetic & chemotherapeutic agents. 3 P a g e

4 Herbs are being used since ancient time to maintain health, to treat disease and regain the healthy state of mind and body. All the above mentioned Vedas have described herbs (medicinal plants) in different ways but the concept of pran (life) is common to all. According to Rigveda one who possesses a variety of herbs should be called as a vaidya (Ayurvedic Physician). In Atharvaveda mainly four types of treatments have been mentioned: Atharvani Angirasi Daivi Manushi Among these four, Manushi refers to the use of plants in its treatment. Treatment by dravyas or herbs of plant origin is given more emphasis than by animal source. The panchabhautik composition of herbs, their rasas, vipak, veerya etc. are classified on the basis of their action. Though medicinal classification is action based, it is also done on morphological basis in relation to diet. b Jou'0f cf}iflw tyf cfxf/sf]?kdf k o'qm x'g] ;a} b Josf] u"0f sd{sf] kl/efiff b]lv lnp/ :j?k, e]b jf k sf/ pkof]lutf, k of]u ljlw cflbsf] af/]df a}1flgs tj/n] ;}4flGts Pj+ k fof]lus cwoog ul/g] ljifonfo{ b Jou"0f lj1fgú elgg5. o;df b Jo u"0f ol b'o{ zabdwo] b Jo zabaf6 b Josf] gfd, :j?k /rgf;lxt kl/ro ;DalGw ;Dk"0f{ ljioj:t'x, a' g'kg{] x'g5 eg] u'0f zabaf6 b Josf /;, u'0f, jlo{, ljkfs k efj nufptsf wd{ :jefj ljz]iftf jf zlqm tyf tl u'0fsf sf/0fn] b Jon] z/l/df Nofpg] kl/jt{g cyf{t sd{ jf pkof]lutfnfo{ ;d]t a' g'k5{ :j:y JolQmsf] :jf:yo /Iff ug{] / /f]ulsf] ljsf/ k zdg ug{] ol cfo"j{]bsf b'o{ df}lns p2]zo x'g\. ol b'j} p2]zo k"/f ug{ b Josf] cfjzostf kb{5. bf]if wft' dnsf] Ifo jf j[l4 epdf z/l/ j}ifdo x'g5 / k'?if cg]s ljsf/n] cfqmgt x'g5. o:tf IfL0f tyf ljifd bf]ifnfo{ ;fdo l:yltdf nfg] ;fwg g} b Jo xf]. b Jo tyf z/l/ b'j} kf~ref}lts epsfn] bf]if wft' dnnfo{ lg/gt/ k efljt ub{5. tbg';f/ ;fdo Ifo / j[l4 x'g5. To;}n] b Josf] ;do of]u k of]u åf/f g} zf/ll/s ttjnfo{ ;fdo l:yltdf Nofpg ;Dej x'g5. ot rfo'iofgfo'iofl0f r b Jou'0fsdf{l0f j]bototf] Tofo'j{]bM. -r=;'#)_ 4 P a g e

5 r/sn] cfo'j{]b zabsf] lg/lqmsf] j0f{g ub{} cfo'io tyf cgfo'io b Jo tyf To;sf] u'0fsd{sf] 1fg u/fpg] epsfn] g} cfo"j{]b elgpsf] xf] elgg5 atfpsf 5g\. cfo"j{]bsf] zf jttj klg b Josf] :jefjsf] lgtotfsf] cfwf/df l;4 ul/psf] xf]. b Jou"0f zf:qsf] ;+lifkt Oltxf;M cfo"j{]bsf] 1fg a Xdf08sf /rlotf cyf{t ;'li6sf k f/destf{ a Xdf :jod\n] :d/0f u/l Psxhf/ cwofodf! nfv Znf]so'Qm cfo'j{]bsf] /rgf ug{'epsf] / pxffaf6 qmdzm k hfklt, clzjgls'df/åo tyf OGb nfo{ k fkt epsf] Oltxf; kfog5. j]b k"/f0fx df klg clzjgls'df/4o -clzjgl_nfo{ b]jtfsf lrlst;s atfopsf] / pglx n] u/]sf cg]s lrlst;f sd{x sf] pnn]v ul/psf] 5. OGb af6 cfo"j{]bsf] 1fg wgjgt/l e/åfh, cfq]o, k"gj{;', clugj]z, e]n, lgld sfzok, xf/lt, Iff/kl0f, k/fz/, ht's0f{ tyf r/s, ;'>'t, s/jlo{, uf]k"/iflt, b[9an, afue6, gfufh{'g, j[4hljs, rqmkf0fl, zfë{w/, dfwj, efjk sfz, cflbn] u/]sf lyp. tl ;j{]h;f] cfrfo{ dxifl{x n] cg]sf}+ lziox nfo{ cfo"j{]b cwofkg ug{'sf ;fy} cf cfˆg} 5' f5' } u Gyx /rgf u/]sf lyp. tldwo] xfn pknaw r/s;+lxtf, ;'>'t;+lxtf / jfue6 ci6fëx[bo_ ol # u GynfO{ a[xtqol / zfë{w/;+lxtf, dfwjlgbfg / efjk sfz ol # nfo{ n3'qol elgg5. k flrg sfndf b Jou"0f lj1fg gfds 5' } ljifo jf cësf]?kdf pnn]v gu/lp klg cfo"j{]b zfzjt epsf] x'fbf o;sf] ljlegg cësf]?kdf /x]sf] cfo'io Pjd\ cgfo'io b Jo, u"0f sd{sf] 1fg cyf{t b Jou"0f lj1fgsf] k/dk/f klg ;[i6lsf] k f/deb]lv cgj/t rln cfpsf] 5. j}lbs sfnb]lv o;sf] k f/ldes?k/]vf epklg a[:t[t Pjd\ Jojl:yt /rgf ;+lxtf sfndf epsf] kfog5. b Jou"0f zf:qsf] ljsf;qmdsf] b[li6n] o;;dagwl Oltxf;nfO{ lgdg adf]lhd # v08df ljefhg u/l k To]s v08df cfrfo{x n] ct;lsf] af/]df s] s:tf] j0f{g u/]sf 5g\ ltglx sf] pnn]v lgdgfg';f/ ul/psf] 5. -s_ k flrgsfn j}lbs sfnb]lv ;ftf}+ ztfabl;ddsf] o; sfnfjlwnfo{ cfo'j{]bsf] ljsf;qmd a' g ;/ntfsf] b[li6n] j}lbs sfn / ;+lxtf sfn u/l o;/l ljefhg ul/g5 M!= j}lbs sfn j}bls sfndf dgqf}iflw, dl0fwf/0fsf ;fy} o'lqmjokf>o lrlst;f klg k rlnt lyof]. dgqn] dfq} /f]u 7Ls gep klg cf}iflw;]jg;fu} dgq k9gfn] dgf]j}1flgs k efj k/l /f]ulsf] dgf]an tyf cf}iflwsf] zlqm klg a9\g] x'gfn] dgqsf] ;xl k of]u ubf{ pe]bsf cfwf/df cfyj{0fl, cflë/;l, b}jl / dfg'ifl u/l rf/ k sf/sf cf}iflwsf] pnn]v ul/psf] kfog5. -s_ CUj]b ^& jg:ktlsf] j0f{g dwo] ct;lsf] j0f{g ul/psf] 5. 5 P a g e

6 CUj]bdf ct;ú zabsf] JofVof cg]s :yfgdf ul/psf] 5. Ps :yfgdf o;sf] :qllnë zab ct;lú sf] klg k of]u ul/psf] 5. ;fo0fn] o;sf] cy{ sfi7, pggtj[if, j[if;+3, tyf ;ttufle jtfpsf 5g\. o; cfwf/df ct;l zabsf] cy{ ;ttufldgl atfopsf] 5. cgo j}lbs ;+lxtfdf klg o;sf] cg's/0f ul/psf] 5. cy{jkl/lzi6df ct;l ;ldwfsf] Xjg d]3fj[l4sf] nflu lglb{i6 ul/psf] 5. -v_ oh'j{]b j0f{g 5}g. -u_ jg:kltsf] j0f{g dwo] ct;lsf] klg j0f{g -3_ ;fdj]b ct;lsf] j0f{g 5}g. o;afx]s a fxd0f u Gy df!@( j6f jg:kltsf] j0f{g cgtu{t ct;lsf] j0f{g 5. To;}u/L pkglifbdf #! jg:kltdf ct;lsf] j0f{g kfopsf] 5. snk;"qdf %!( j6f jg:kltsf] j0f{g 5 h;df ct;lsf] klg j0f{g ul/psf] 5.!%@ j6f jg:kltsf] j0f{g ul/psf] kf7glo cwoofoldf klg ct;lsf]j0f{g ul/psf] ;+lxtfsfnm cf7f}+ b]lv!% cf}+ ztfabl;dd ;+lxtf sfn b Jou'0f lj1fgsf] af]l4s Pj+ ef]}lts ;d[l4sf b[li6n] ctogt dxtjk"0f{ /x]sf] kfog5. cf}ifw e"lddf ;j{>]i7 7x ofopsf] lxdfno k b]zdf ptkgg agf}iflw b Jox?sf af/]df k z:t cwoog cg';gwfg ep/ ;f]xl cfwf/df ltgsf] gfd?k -kl/ro_ tyf u'0f sd{sf ;DaGwdf kof{kt hfgsf/l k fkt ul/psf] / ;':jf:yo sfod /fvg tyf ljlegg /f]usf] pkrf/fy{ pkof]udf Nofpg] ul/psf] tyo ttsfnlg ;+lxtfu Gyx?sf] cwoogaf6 :ki6 x'g5. Sapindaceae The Sapindaceae are mostly trees and shrubs, and tendril-bearing vines comprising about 140 genera and 1,500 species. The leaves are alternate, simple, or more commonly pinnately compound; stipules are absent except in the climbing forms. The flowers are small, actinomorphic or zygomorphic, and commonly functionally unisexual, although a given individual may bear seemingly bisexual flowers together with either male or female flowers. The perianth typically is biseriate, consisting of calyx and corolla. The calyx comprises 4 or 5 distinct or sometimes basally connate sepals. The corolla consists of 4 or 5 distinct petals or sometimes is absent. The petals commonly have basal appendages on the inner side. The stamens are distinct, often have hairy filaments, and in quantity usually are equal to or twice the number of calyx lobes. The gynoecium consists of a single compound pistil of usually 3 carpels, commonly an equal number of styles 6 P a g e

7 or style lobes, and a superior ovary usually with 3 locules, each containing 1 or 2 axile or axile-apical ovules. Most species have an extrastaminal, often asymmetrical nectary disk situated between the stamens and corolla. The fruit is variable. Up to the Kingdom Kingdom Plantae Plants Subkingdom Tracheobionta Vascular plants Superdivision Spermatophyta Seed plants Division Magnoliophyta Flowering plants Class Magnoliopsida Dicotyledons Subclass Rosidae Order Sapindales Family Sapindaceae Soapberry family Contains 27 Genera and 40 accepted taxa overall Down one level Genus Alectryon Gaertn. alectryon P Genus Allophylus L. allophylus P Genus Blighia K.D. Koenig blighia P Genus Cardiospermum L. balloonvine P Genus Cupania L. cupania P Genus Cupaniopsis Radlk. carrotwood P Genus Dimocarpus Lour. dimocarpus P 7 P a g e

8 Genus Dodonaea Mill. dodonaea P Genus Exothea Macfad. exothea P Genus Filicium Thwaites P Genus Harpullia Roxb. harpullia P Genus Hypelate P. Br. hypelate P Genus Koelreuteria Laxm. koelreuteria P Genus Litchi Sonn. lychee P Genus Matayba Aubl. matayba P Genus Melicoccus P. Br. melicoccus P Genus Nephelium L. nephelium P Genus Paullinia L. bread and cheese P Genus Sapindus L. soapberry P Genus Schleichera Willd. schleichera P Genus Serjania Mill. serjania P Genus Talisia Aubl. P Genus Thouinia Poit. thouinia P Genus Tristiropsis Radlk. P Genus Ungnadia Endl. ungnadia P Genus Urvillea Kunth urvillea P Genus Xanthoceras Bunge xanthoceras P 8 P a g e

9 Classification for Kingdom Plantae Down to Species Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken Kingdom Plantae Plants Subkingdom Tracheobionta Vascular plants Superdivision Spermatophyta Seed plants Division Magnoliophyta Flowering plants Class Magnoliopsida Dicotyledons Subclass Rosidae Order Sapindales Family Sapindaceae Soapberry family Genus Schleichera Willd. schleichera P Species Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken lac tree P Schleichera oleosa is included in the following B and T World Seeds flowering plant categories. Exotic and Other Fruit and Nut Tree and Shrub List Oriental Herb and Vegetable Seed List Not all Oriental Herbs are Culinary, or even edible. Be sure to correctly identify and prepare all herbs and vegetables before use. Indian Native and Introduced Plants Seeds of Cereals Legumes - Food and Oilseed Plants South East Asian Native Plant Seeds Preferred Scientific Name Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken 9 P a g e

10 Other Scientific Names Schleichera trijuga Willd. Schleichera pubescens Roth Schleichera aculeata Kostel. Common Names English Macassar oil tree Ceylon oak honey tree lac tree Indochina dautruong dokphen khosom the lac tree the ceylon oak Java kosambi India kusum kosumb chendola kasma shargadi sagada chakota puvam karanchi puska posukusmay kussam guasam Posuku 10 P a g e

11 botanga pulsura-marajati sagadi-pusuku marita-vitiki purathipuvam pulachi pumaratha sagade kendala kusamo rusam swad kussum sama jamoa Cambodia pongro Sri Lanka kula puva Myanmar gyo kobin kyetmouk Thailand machok takhro Vietnam pongro van rao 11 P a g e

12 Trade names lac tree Ceylon oak pongro gum lac tree Macassar oil tree Synonym(s) Cussambium oleosum O. Kuntze Pistacia oleosa Lour. SchleicheratrijugaWilld. Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken (Kusum) is a beautiful tree with a broad, shady crown, found widespread in Tropical Himalayas (Punjab to Nepal), India, Ceylon, Burma, Thailand, Indo- China, Malaysia. This tree is mostly noticed because of its bright red leaves when they are new. In India this happens around March. The leaves are pinnate, with each leaf having 2-4 leaflets. Flowers are tiny, occuring in short dense yellow clusters. The flowers are hardly noticeable. The fruit is about the size of a small plum. Botanic description Dioecious, deciduous tree, up to 40 m tall. Bole occasionally up to 2 m in diameter, but generally much less, usually crooked and slightly buttressed. Bark smooth, grey. Branches terete, striate, with sparse, short fulvous sericeous hairs when young and with sessile glands, black, later yellowish-brown to ashy. Leaves parinnate, (2-)3(-4)-jugate, the topmost leaflet sometimes situated like a terminal leaflet; axial parts usually early glabrescent; petiole terete to somewhat flattened or slightly grooved above, 2-6(-8) cm long, pulvinate; rachis terete to triangular; petiolule swollen, slightly grooved above, 1-3 mm 12 P a g e

13 long; leaflets elliptical to obovate, (-25) cm x cm, chartaceous to coriaceous, dark brown or greyish-green above, lighter brown to greenish beneath, deep purple when young, base subacute to cuneata, often oblique, margin entire to repandous, apex obtuse or emarginate, sometimes shortly acuminate, veins in pairs, looped and joined near the margin. Inflorescence 6-15 cm long, situated in the defoliated part of branchlets above leaf scars, sometimes axillary, consisting of a few simple (female) or sparsely branched (male) thyrses, the basal part with scattered, manyflowered fascicles, the upper part spicate, sparsely hairy; flowers functionally unisexual, pale yellow or pale green; pedicel up to 5 mm long; sepals 4-5, connate at base, lobes ovate to deltoid, about 1.5 mm long, obtuse to acute, with thin hairs on both sides, margin ciliate and sometimes glandular, deciduous in fruit; disk uninterrupted, petelliform, sinuate; petals absent; stamens 5-9, filaments about 2 mm long, sparsely hairy, much reduced in female flowers; ovary ovoid, slightly 3-angular and indistinctly 3- sulcate, about 1.3 mm long, style rather thick, up to 1.5 mm long, pistil much reduced in male flowers. Fruit a broadly ovoid, ellipsoid to subglobular berry, 1-2 seeded, cm x 1-2 cm, base narrowed, apex pointed, yellow, hard-crustaceous, smooth or slightly spiny. Seed subglobular, about 12 mm x 10 mm x 8 mm, hilum orbicular, testa brown, smooth, glabrous; arillode completely covering the seed, thin papery, yellow. Found throughout A.P. and it is fairly abundant along Godavari, Mahadevpur and Pakhal Reserves and the adjoining forests. It is a shade bearer and drought hardy. It is considered to be the best tree for lac. Identified by paripinnate leaves (lowest pair being smallest), pink colour of the leaves when very young and grey bark (red inside). It preferes sandy or sandy loam soils. It is a good coppicer, produces root suckers freely and a good fodder species. Flowering : Racemes of greenish yellow flowers appear along with new leaves in March- April. Fruiting : Fruit ripen in June-July and quickly falls on the ground. Morphology of the Fruit / Seed : 13 P a g e

14 Fruit 2.5 to 3 cms long, globose or ovoid, 1-3 celled, more or less abruptly tapering to a point, dry indehiscent. Seeds 1.5 cm long, smooth, brown, enclosed in a succulent aril having an acid taste. Seed Collection and Storage : Ripe fruits are collected in July-August, dried and trashed to separate the seeds. Stored in gunny bags after smearing with ash for about 6 months without any deterioration. 14 P a g e

15 15 P a g e Vijay Bhurtel-Dravya Guna

16 Ecology and distribution History of cultivation Occurs naturally from the foothils of the Himalayas and the western Deccan to Sri Lanka and Indo-China. It was probably introduced to Malesia and has naturalized in Indonesia (Java, the Lesser Sunda Islands (Bali and Nusa Tenggara), Sulawesi, the Moluccas, Ceram and the Kai Islands). It is occasionally cultivated throughout the tropics, especially in India. Natural Habitat S. oleosa occurs spontaneously in dry, mixed deciduous forest and savanna with only scattered trees, sometimes gregariously. In Java, it is found in areas with natural teak forest. It grows on rather dry to occasionally swampy locations on various, often rocky, gravelly or loamy, well drained, preferable slightly acid soil. S.oleosa is fire-resistant. Seedling are frost sensitive and light-demanding. Occurs naturally from the foothils of the Himalayas and the western Deccan to Sri Lanka and Indo-China. It was probably introduced to Malesia and has naturalized in Indonesia (Java, the Lesser Sunda Islands (Bali and Nusa Tenggara), Sulawesi, the Moluccas, Ceram and the Kai Islands). Biophysicallimits Altitude: In Java, it occurs usually at low altitudes, but can be found up to 900(-1200) m; Annual rainfall: mm and dry season; Absolute maximum temperatures: de. C; Absolute minimum temperatures: deg. C. Reproductive Biology S. oleosa is deciduous, but completely leafless for a few days only. In India, leaves drop in December. S. oleosa flowers at the beginning of the dry season and fruits about 6 months later. Propagation and management Propagation methods Natural regeneration is by seed and root suckers. Propagation is by direct sowing in thoroughly prepared soil or by stump planting. In nurseries in West Bengal (India), seed is sown 7.5 cm apart immediately after collection. Stumps are prepared after one year, when the seedling stem is about 1 cm in 16 P a g e

17 diameter. The stem is cut back to about 4 cm, the roots to 25 cm. Plant holes should be about 30 cm deep and wide. Regular weeding and protection from grazing is required. Tree Management Husbandry: In cultivation, it does not stand heavy prunning, since growth is rather slow. When S. oleosa is employed as a host for lac insects in northern India, trees are inoculated early in the rainy season (June-July) or in January- February. Shoots of 4-10 months old are most suitable for larval settlement. Lac is harvested after about 6 months. Only trees with a fully developed crown produce a good yield of lac. Trees can be improved by heavy pollarding. Trees should be rested for months before being reinoculated. Germplasm Management Seed can be stored in gunny bags for 1 year, in sealed containers for up to 2 years. The weight of 1000 seeds is g. Functional uses Products Fodder: Leaves, twigs and seed-cake are used to feed cattle. Food: The pleasantly acid arillodes of the ripe seeds are eaten, whereas immature fruit is pickled. Cooked young leaves make a side dish. Fuel: The wood is suitable as firewood and makes excellent charcoal. Lipids: Oil extracted from the seed, called 'kusum oil', is a valuable component of true Macassar oil used in hairdressing; it is also used for culinary and lighting purpose and in traditional medicine it is applied to cure itching, acne and other skin afflictions. Unguents are made of the harder fraction of the oil. In Madura and Java the oil is used in the batik industry, and in southern India as a cooling bath oil. Medicine: Powdered seeds are applied to wounds and ulcers of cattle to remove maggots. The bark is astringent and used against skin imflammations and ulcers, while an infusion is taken against malaria. Tannin or dyestuff: A dye and tannin are obtained from the bark. Tannin used to be utilised occasionally for tanning leather. Timber: The pinkishbrown heartwood is very hard and durable, execellent to make pestles, cartwheels, axles, ploughs, tool handles and rollers of sugar mills and oil presses. Other products: In India, it is used as host for the lac insect (Laccifer lacca). The product is called kusum lac and is the best in quality and in yield. 17 P a g e

18 Services Ornamental: In Central India, it is much planted as a wayside tree. Pests and diseases Diseases: Stem blight (Rosellinia bunodes), yellow cork rot (Polyporus weberianus), white spongy rot (Daedalea flavida and Hexagonia apiaria) and white fibrous rot (Irpex flavus) are important diseases in India. Pests: Several defoliators, borers and sap suckers cause damage. The seed is attacked by a bug (Serinetha augur). Additional Information Development S. oleosa produces root suckers freely and pollards well. In Bihar (India), trees grow to a height of about 7 m and a stem diameter of 10 cm in 16 years; in Uttar Pradesh (India) coppice shoots reach a height of 2 m in 1 year, in South Kanara (India) 5 m in 3 years. Properties Fuel: The energy value of the wood is about kj/kg. Fodder: The leaves contain per 100 g dry matter appoximately: crude protein 10.5 g, ether extract 2 g, N-free extract 49 g, crude fibre 32.5 g. Timber: The heartwood of S. oleosa is pinkish-brown, very hard and durable, but cracks very easly during seasoning. To avoid cracking, logs should be sawn when green and the sawn timber closely stacked; the piles should be protected from the sun and from drying wind. The wood can be kiln-dried satisfactorily. The wood is very durable under cover, but not durable when exposed. It takes preservatives well. Dry wood is very hard to saw, it can be planed to a very smooth surface which takes a high, lasting polish. Lipids: The oil content of the kernel varies from 59-72%. The oil is yellowishbrown and semi-solid and consists of oleic acid (52%), arachidic acid (20%), stearic acid (10%), gadoleic acid (9%). It also contains cyanogenic compounds, which may cause giddiness and should be removed if the oil is used for human consumption. Tannin or dyestuff and Medicine: The bark contains about 10% tannin and the analgesic compound lupeol and the antitumor agents betulin and betulic acid have been isolated from it. Food: The press cake contains per 100 g approximately : water 5.5 g, protein 22 g, fat 49 g, carbohydrates 14 g, fibre 5 g, ash 3.5 g. Yields 18 P a g e

19 Yield: In India, a mature tree yields kg depulped seed per year. Handling after harvest : For depulping, fruits are kept in heaps for 2-4 days and are then rubbed clean. After crushing the depulped seed, the oil is extracted by boiling or pressing. The oil yield obtained by boiling is % of the kernel weight, by pressing %. Raw lac is harvested with the branches as stick-lac. It is washed, dried and winnowed to yield agranular substance called seed-lac. Prospects Where wild S. oleosa occurs abundantly, it remains important as a fuelwood, but its growth is too slow to be planted for fuel. Where seed is available in large amounts, pressing and refining of oil combined with the manufacturing of seed cake as cattle feed may be viable, although the quantity currently processed is well below its potential. As a host of the lac insect, S. oleosa is preferable to other hosts. Depending on demand for natural lac, it may be useful in village industry. Medicinal plants of Nepal Nepali name: Kusum English name : Ceylon oak, Lac tree, Macassar tree, Honey tree Distribution : Tropical Himalaya (Punjab to Nepal) India, Srilanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Indo- china, Malaysia Distribution Nepal : WCE, Tropical Description : Tree, leaves opposite, sub sessile, cm lanceolate, acuminate, entire, glabrous, flowers in raceme, greenish yellow Parts used Bark- Fruits oil Application Powder, oil Uses Bark is astringent and antipyretic, if rubbed up with oil it cures itch, leprosy, skin disease, inflammation, ulcers, etc. It is also useful in arthralgia and malaria, fruit are used in heat stroke seed oil is antihelminthic, purgative and tonic. It is efficious in alopecia, scald, burns, itch, dermatopathy, ulcers, cephalgia, seed powder is applied to ulcers of animals to remove maggots. 19 P a g e

20 Kusum is also the popular name of another tree species ie. Garcinia cowa Roxb. In Bihar which has been identified here with Kuvaka s'jn. It might be noted that kosamra being one of the constituent of Nyagrodhadigana should be astringenty (;+uf xl) and it might be presumed that the tree bark may have this property while the fruits and seed have purgative action. pq/fv08 jgf}iflw blz{sf b Aogfd :f+:s[t sf]zfd :yflgo s';'d Nofl6g Schleichera trijuga wild k fs[lts j0f{g 5fofbf/ j[if, k0f{ ljifd lkr5fsf/ $ hf]8l, jt'{nfsf/, k'ik ;fgf], kmn!=% rf}8fo{, tli0ff]u k'iksfn dfr{ kmnsfn cui6, ;]K6]Da/ k of]hoc+u jlh k flkt:yfg of] pq/fv08sf] u8jfnsf] pi0f efudf k fo l6x/l jgv08, g/]gb gu/, hf}g;f/, cflb :yfgdf ;'ne kfog5. jgf}iflw ljz]iff wgjgt/l s';'d of] cl/i6flb km'n (sapindaceae) jgf}iflw ;'Gw/ j[if dwod prfo{sf] x'g5. jf]`mf -!/@ OGr df]6f], g/d, xnsf jbfdl /+u Pj+ ;'Gb/ x'g5. k` OGr rf}8fo{ c8fsf/, clgbf/ tyf zfvfsf] d'lgsf] kft dfly egbf 7"nf] x'g5. j;gt Ct'df gljg k` uf9f /ftf] / kl5 tfd j0f{ 5f]6f]. kmn - #/$ -! OGr ndauf]nf], hfokmn h:tf], jlh uf]nf], #/$ OGr nfdf],!/% OR5f rf}8fo{, nfn /!-# ;Dd x'g5. kmnsf] u'lb ;]tf] cdn Pj+ /f]rs x'g5. j;gtdf k'ik tyf k'iksf] ;fy d~hsf] kmn nfu5 / ul iddf kmn kfs5. ljhsf] t]n lgsflng5 / cf}iflw jgfo{g5. o; j[ifsf] nfxf ;jegbf pqd dflgg5. o;nfo{ ;:s[tdf NffIffb 'd elgg5. 20 P a g e

21 lxdfno k b]z ;tx g]kfn;dd, klzrd j+ufn, 5f]6f gfuk'/, dwo ef/t, l;nf]g / jdf{ cflb kxfl8 :yfgdf kfo{g5. gfd :f+:s[t - sf]zfd lxgbl - sf];'d, uf];'d, hdf]cf, ;'df j+ufnl - sf];"d, s]cf]8f u'h/ftl - sf];dl, sf];'da English name Ceylon oak Latin name - Schleichera trijuga wild. /;folgs ;+u7g jlhdf j;f &)=%% / k f]l68!@% 5fnfdf tannin tyf Ps k sf/ glucoside / cgo Iff/ b Jo kfog5. u'0fwd{ / k of]u of] skmgfzs, ;+sf]rs, tyf s'i7, zf]y, j 0f, /QmlkQflb gfzs 5. 5fnf - ;+sf]rs, skmzfds / rd{/f]u, k bfx / j 0f gfzs 5fnf lk;]/ ltnsf] t}n;+u dfln; ubf{ lk7 / sdd/sf] lk8f b"/ x'g5./ Dfn]l/of - 5fnfsf] zlt lgof{; lxdkmfg6 lbog5. srrf kmn cdn, uf xl, pi0f / b'h{/ 5. of] lkqsf/s, cfgq ;+sf]rs / jftgfzs 5. ksj kmn n3',cdn, dw'/, lbkg, pi0f, j[io, kf}li6s, x[b, jftskmgfzs, cfgq ;+sf]rs Pj+ If'wf jw{s 5. jlh - l:guw, ; :jfb', If'wfjw{s, kf}li6s tyf lkqgfzs 5. jlhsf] t]n s8f, dw'/, k'li6k b, clugjw{s tyf s[ld, s'i7flb rd{/f]u gfzs 5. of] t]n lrnfpg], ugh / d'xf;f]+df nufog5 / cfdjft, lz/ b'vfo{df, rd{/f]udf dflnz ul/g5 / lj/]rgffy{ t]nsf] tftf] hndf ldnfp/ lbo{g5. zfnlu fd lg308" slzfd tfdflg slzfd /r 3gisG3f] jgfd f] hgt'kfbkm. >'b fkzr]lq /Qud f] nfifj[ifm ;'/Qms M.. cy{ sf]zfd, 3g:sGw, jgfd, hgt'kfbk, >'bfd, /Qmfd, nfiffj[if, ;'/Qms -sf]iffd, s[ldj[if, ;'sf]zs_ lxgbl sf]z+d a+ufnl s]cf]8f, hnkfo{ d/f7l sf]zfd u'h/ftl sf]zd 21 P a g e

22 s0ff{6sl h'l/dfr' n}l6g :nlr/fl6«huf u'0fm slzfd M s'i7zf]yf:qlkqj 0fskmfkx M. cy{ M slzfd j[if s'i7, ;"hg, /QmlkQ, j 0f / skmsf] gfz ub{5. cksjkmn u'0f M ttkmnf u flx jft gfddnf]i0ff u'? lkqnd. cy{ o;sf] sffrf] kmn dnj/f]ws, jftgfzs, cldnf], uld{, ef/l / lkqsf/l 5. kssjkmn u'0f M ksj+ t' lbkg+?ro+ n3"i0f skmjftg't. efjk sfz cy{ M o;sf] ksjkmn clugk blks,?lrsf/s, xnsf u/d tyf skm / jft gfzs 5. æsf]zfd}ddndlgnfkx/f skmflq{lkqk b+ u'? ljbfx ljzf]kmsf/l. ksj] ej]go3'6elifbkf/dnn+ ktoflbo'qm?lrblkfg k'li6bflo.. /fh Æ cy{ M sf]zde cldnf], jft lkqgfzs, skmsf/s. lkqhgs, ef/l tyf bfx / zf]kmsf/l 5. kfs]sf] s';'d dw'/ / cldnf] 5 njno'qm s';'d blkg,?lr / k'li6sf/s x'g5. sf]iffd skmjft g blkg+ u flx ttk/d. cy{ sf]z+d skm / jftgfzs, clugk blks / dn/f]ws 5. slzfd dhhfu'0f M :jfb'iffsf]clugsnsl[t:guwm lkqflgnfkxm. cy{ M slzfd sf] kfs]/ :jflbi6, clugsf/s, anjw{s, l:guw lkq / jftgfzs 5. t}nsf] u'0f M ;/+ sf]zfe h t}nf s[lds'i7 j 0ffdxd.. ltqmfdndw'/f jnof kyof /f]rgfkfrgd.. /fhlg306' 22 P a g e

23 cy{ M sf]zfd sf] t]n ;/, s[ldgfzs, s'i7 g, a0f ljgfz s8f, cldnf],dw'/, jnsf/s, kzo, /f]rg / kfrs 5. j0f{g M sf]zfd hfunl cffksf]?kdf To;sf]?vdf kmn ;fgf] kfog5 / kft klg ;dfg x'g5. sf]zfd u0f cdn:sgw -r=_ Gou f]3flb -;'=_ s'n cl/i6s s'n -sapindaceae_ Latin name - schleichera oleosa (lour) oyen ;+:s[t sf]zfd, If'bfd, -cfd jt kmn_, nfiffj[if -?vdf nfxf hd5_, 3g:sGw -7"nf]?v x'g5_ lxgbl s';'d u'h/fvl sf];'j d sf]l;j tfldn k'd/t dn k'ifd t]nu' kl;'s' sgt h]gbn rsf]t English name - Ceylon oak :j?k o;sf]?v #@ dl= cunf] nueu # OGr df]6f], jflx/l ;tx v}/f] / ldq /ftf] x'g5. 5f]6f] uf]nf] kq ;doifjt, *!^ OGr nfdf] kqs c08fsf/ jf $ hf]8l, # $ OGr nfdf],!½ $ OGr rf}8fo{ k'ik cif/lo d~h/l, kltfd xl/t, ;'Id kmn nueu!!½ OGr nfdf], uf]nf] jf c08fsf/, sl7g jlh x'g5. jlh v}/f], nfdf] uf]nf], t}no'qm, jlhsf] dlfy jfxfj[l4 -Aril_ x'g5. ptklq:yfg szdl/, klzrd j+ufn, 5f]6fgfuk'/, dwo ef/t, blif0f ef/tdf # xhf/ lkm6 ljz]if u/l cfgw If]qdf. 23 P a g e

24 /;folgs ;+3fUg ljh t]ndf masacar oil df ljhdf #% $%Ü, ljhdhhf ^) ^%Ü ljh / t]ndf hydrocyanic acid h;sf] sf/0f ljiffqm nif0f rss/, tf/sflj:kmf/, d'r5f{ cflb ptkgg x'g5. 5fnfdf (=$Ü Tanic x'g5. u'0f u'? jlo{ pi0f ljkfs s6' /; cdn -t}n s6', ltqm, siffo_ bf]ifsd{ 5fnf skmlkqzfds, srrf kmn jftzfds / skmlkq;fds / kfs]sf] skmjftzfds ;f+:yflgs sd{ jfxf t}n s08'wg, ls ldwg, s'i7 g tyf j 0fzf]wg, t]n s]zo tyf j]bgf:yfks kfrg ;+:yfg kmn u fxl, kfs]sf] kmn lbkg /?lrjw{s, jlht}n lj/]rg / ls ld g /Qmjx ;+:yfg /Qmzf]ws tyf zf]yx/, 5fnf siffo x'gfn] /Qm:tDes ;ftdls/0f ljif g Tjrf s'i7 g tfkqmd 5fnf Hj/ g k hgg ;+:yfg o;sf] 5fnf :tdes / of]lg; fj /f]sg]. k of]u bf]iffk of]u o;sf] 5fnf skmlkqhgo /f]u k of]u x'g5. kfs]sf] kmn skmjfth ljsf/df ;+:yflgs k of]u jfxo t}n s08', s'i7 cflb rd{/f]udf tyf b'i6 j 0f skfndf nufpgfn] tyf ;lgwjftdf dfln; ug{ b'i7 j 0fdf jf ls lddf jlhr'0f{. kfrg ;+:yfg jlht}nsf] k of]u lj/]rgfy{ /Qmjx;+:yfg /Qmljsf/df k rgg ;+:yfg k b/df o;sf] 5fnfsf] Sjfy ;ftdls/0f ;k{ljifdf o;sf] Iff/ k of]u. Tjrf s'i7/f]udf t}n tfkqmd ljifhj/df, o;sf] 5fnfsf] Sjfy. k of]ho c+u M Tjs, jlh, t}n. 24 P a g e

25 dfqf M TjsSjfy %)!) ld ln jlh t}n %!) u fd If'b fd M :oft s[ldt?nfiffj[iff] ht'b 'dm ;'sf]zsf] 3g:sGwM sf]zd Zr ;'/Qms M. sf]zfd f] UnM s6'm kfs] jlof]i0f] yflgnfkxm skmlkqfs/o]?rom s'i7gwf] /Qmzf]ws.. -3=lg_ slzfd pqm M If'b fdm s[ldj[ifm ;sf]zs slzfd M s'i7zf]wf:qlkqif0fskmfoxm. ttkmn+ u flx jft gd+dnf]k0f+ u'? lkqn+d. kss+ t' blkg?ro+ n3\i0f+ skmjftg't.. - ef=k =_ t'gjlsf]zd ====:g]xfl:tss6'siffofm c3f]efubf]ifx/fm s[lds[i0flgn:om s[i0fj 0f zf]3gzr. -;'=;" $%_ o;sf] j[if 7"nf] 5fofbf/ / ;'Gb/ x'g5. kq kifjt tyf *!^ OGr $ hf]8l, cv08 #!) OGr nfdf], cfotfsf/ cj[7t tnsf] kq dflysf] egbf 5f]6f] x'g5. kmn!½ OGr nfdf], uf]nf], bfgfbf/. jlh! # OGr uf]nf] nfdf], o;df nfu]sf] nfxf clt pqd x'g5. jlhsf] u'bl jfxfj[l4 (Aril) vfog5. o;sf] 5fnf df]6f] d'nfod, jflx/l v}/f] v'/bf/l / leq /ftf] /+udf x'sg5. :jfb siffo tyf ugw x'g5. o;sf] 5fnf tyf jlh t}nsf] pkof]u ul/g5. /;folgs ;+u7g jlhdf spanogenetic glycoside kfog5. u'0f o;sf] 5fnf siffo tyf kfgldf 3f]n]/ lrnfpbf k+ of]u ul/g5. o;nfo{ skfndf nufpbf /fd f] / nfdf] x'g5. jlhsl r"0f{ hgfj/sf] j 0fdf nufog5. g]kfn ld306' cldnf] cffk ;+ slzfd, ls ldj[if, If'b fd, 3g:sGw, hgt'kfbk, /Qmfd, nfiffj[if, ;'/Qm+s ;'sf]zs lx sf]zde, 5f]6f cffk t s]cf8f, hnkfo d If/LcfFj, sf]lzj s h"l/dfr :jefj 25 P a g e

26 sffrf] kmn cldnf] u/d / ef/l 5. u fxl / l:guw 5. kfsfj:yfdf :jflbnf] 5. ef]s nufp5. jfo'nfo{ 36fp5. skm / lkqnfo{ a9fp5. ljbfx / zf]s j9fp5. kfs]sf] kmn s]lx u'lnof], clt cldnf] xnsf / u/d 5. skm / jfo'nfo{ j9fp5. g"gdf ldnfo{ vfbf?lr / ef]s j9fp5. k'i6 / jn a9fp5. o;sf] t}n tltf], cldnf], ld7f] / kyo 5. ;f/s 5,?lr j9fp5. kfrs / jnbfosm s[ld, s'i7 / j 0fdf pkof][ul 5. o;nfo{ s;}n] l;+w'/] cffk klg eg5g\. lg306' cfbz{ gfd sf]zfd -;+_ sf];d -lx_ sf];da' sf];d -u'_ s':;'dj -k+=_ s':;d -dwok b]z_ sf]nd -tf_ o'id -dn_ English name - Ceylon oak, Gumlek tree, Honey tree Latin name Schleichera oleosa lour, var schleichera trijuga wild ptklq:yfg lxdfno, dwoef/t, blif0f ef/t, 8fË -u'h/ft_ pko'qm c+u 5fnf, kmn, t]n /;folgs ;+u7g o;sf] jlhsf] cyanogenetic glucooside x'g5. j0f{g sf];dsf] j[if 7"nf] / ;'Gb/ x'g5. o;sf] kmn hfokmn ;dfg x'g5. kmn! # jlh x'g5. kmnsf] dhhf :j]t v}/f],?lrk b, vfgof]uo x'g5. o;sf] sf7 sl7g x'g5. o;sf]?vdf pqd nfxf x'g5 To;}n] n]s Tree elgg5. o;sf] ljhjf6 t]n lg:sg5 h;nfo{ masaccar oil elgg5. pkof]u o;sf] Tjrf ulnt o'qm tyf cgo Tjrfsf] /f]udf pkof]ul x'g5. sf];tjrfr"0f{ t]ndf ldnfp/ kfdf / kmf]8] k'mlg;of]df nufog5. sl6z'ndf Tjrfdf n]k nufog5. l;/sf] rfof x6fo skfn jgfp5 t]n macasscar pkof]ul 5. ;lgwjftdf of] t]n jf3?kdf k o'qm 5. kz'sf] j 0fdf sl/f k/]kl5 sf];djlh r"0f{ nufog5. u lgydf 5fnfsf] r"0f{ jfwgfn] u lgy kfs5. j[ifsf] jlh, Tjrf, t]n / nfxf ;a} pkof]ul 5. skfn emg]{ / skfn jgfpg o;sf] t]n pkof]ul 5. efjk sfz lg306' lx sf]zde, s';'d, sf];d, s rsf]g 26 P a g e

27 d sf]l;j tf k'd/d dn k'ko d' sf];'+j English - ceylon oak L N = schleichera trijuga wild of] ;txdf g]kfn / dwo ef/tdf kfog5. dbgkfn lg306' sf]zfd M sf]zfd sf] 3g:sGwf], hgt'j[ifzr sf]z{sm. sf]zfd M s'07zf]yf:qlkqj 0fskmfkx M.. sf]zfd s, 3g:sGw, hgt'j[if, sf]zs ol sf]zfd sf] gfd xf]. sf]zfd s'07, zf]hf, /QmlkQ 3fp / skmsf] gfz ub{5. ttkmn+ u flx jft gddnf]i0f+ u'? lkqnd\. kss+ tblkg+?ro n3\i0f+ skmjftlht\. dhhf lkq;dl/3 f :jfx'j{tof8lgblkgf.. sf]zfd sf] kmn dnsf] jfw5. jftsf] gfz ub{5. cldnf], pi0f, ef/l / lkqnfo{ ub{5. ksfpsf] sf]zfd clugnfo{ hufp5,?lr j9fp5,. xn'sf, pi0f / skmjft j9fp5. o;sf] u'bl lkqjftsf] gfz ub{5. dw'/ 5, jn j9fp5, clug hufp5. ;fgf] / kmnjfnf kxf8df h+undf ptkgg x'g] cffknfo{ sf]zfd elgg5. jgf}iflw rgb f]bo sf];d M ;+:s[t sf];fd, ls ldj[if, If'bfd, /Qmfd, jgfd lxgbl sf];'d, s';'d, ul;'d d/f7l sf]l;ud, s';'de, jfx]g, k]8d'g jdjo{ uf];d, s+jd, sf]:d, sf]lzud dwo]k b]z s';'d u'h/ftl sf};dl, sf];'dj k+hfj uf];d, hd]>f, s';'dj, ;'df 27 P a g e

28 tfldn sf]ndf, sllh k'd/d t]nu" sf]bnlk'n';, kkfl6{ Latin name - scheichera trijuga j0f{g of] ;'Gb/ / 7"nf]?v xf] hf] lxdfno ;tx b]lv g]kfn;dd tyf 5f]6f gfuk'/, dwoef/t, ;Lnf]g, adf{df kfog5. o;nfo{ h+unl cffk klg elgg5. o;sf]?v dwod prfodf kfog5. o;sf] jf\]qmf df]6f], g/d xnsf jbfd /+usf] x'g5. o;sf] $) ;]= dl= nfdf] x'g5. o;sf] K'mn xl/of] kx]+nf] x'g5. o;sf] kmn hfokmn ;dfg x'g5. o;sf] kmndf! # jlh kfog5. kmnsf] u'bl ;kmf, cldnf], ld7f] x'g5. o;sf] jlhsf] t]n lg:sg5. u'0f, bf]if / k efj cfo'j]{b dtfg';f/ o;sf] rd{/f]u, k bfx, j 0f / skmdf nfebfos 5. o;sf] sffrf] kmn cldnf], pi0f / krg ufx f] x'g5. of] lkqsf/s, jftgfzs x'g5. o;sf] kfs]sf] kmn ld7f], cldnf] / ;/n krg] x'g5. o;sf] jlh l:guw, ;':jfb' / If'wfjw{s x'g5. of] kf]li6s / lkqgfzs x'g5. o;sf] t]n s8f / ld7f] x'g5. of] kf}li6s clug jw{s, s[ldgfzs / lj/]rs 5. of] rd{/f]udf nfebfos / 3fp l7s kfb{5. o;sf] t]ndf ldnfp/ lrnfpg]df nufog5. o;sf] jlhsf] t]n ughdf ctolws nfebfos 5. o;sf] k efj / legg jgfopsf] 5. ;+o'qm k fgtsf] dflg; o;nfo{ lj/]rs jtfp5g. jdjo{ lj;'lrsf /f]u lgjf/sdf jtfp5 / cfd jftdf dfln; ug{ k of]u u5{g. o;sf] jlhnfo{ lk;]/ hgfj/sf] 3fpdf nufog5. leqsf] ls ld gfz ub{5. ;'>'t / jfue6 o;sf] k"mnsf] ;k{bf]if gfzs jtfp5g. t/ s]; / dx:s/ dgfg';f/ of] ;k{ljif gfzs x'b}g. sg{n rf]k/f sf] dgfg';f/ o;sf] l5n6f ;+sf]rs / o;sf] t]n skfn j9fpg k of]u x'g5 h;df syanogenitic glucoside x'g5. ;'>'t ;+lxtf ctm pwj{ oyfk of]hg oyfk wfgf r :yfj/:g]xf g'ifb]ifofdm tq ltnjs}/08sf]zfd bgtlbjgtl;ktnfzflvgffknfzljiffl0fsfujfiflsldknsnzdkd szllngl:g]xflj/rolgt,hldtss'6hs[tj}wj]ijfs'wefdfu{jog:g]xfjfdolgt, 28 P a g e

29 lj8ëzj/d~h/ldy'lkzu ';"o{jngllkn'l;4fy{shof]ljifdtl:g]xfmlz/f]lj/]rolgt,s'/~ hk ltss[tdfndft'n'ël8u'xlls/ftltqm:g]xfb Jo6j 0ff]o'ifHoGt]t'j/sslkTyslDk nsennftsk6f]n:g]xfdxfjoflwif'mqk';}jlbstt'dtls'idf08:g]xfd'q;z]if',skf]tj fjnu'hx/ltsl:j]tm/fs{/f/dz]if',s';'du;j{kftfl;lkr'dbf{ltd'qmsdf08ls6't'dtls 6dL:g]xfMk d]x]if',tfngfl/s]nkg;df]rlk ofnljnjdw'szn]ioftsfe ftskmn:g]xfmlk t;+;[oli6jfof}+mljletsennftslk08lts:g]xfms[i0fls/7],>j0fs8u's6'i6's:g]xmkf08 s/0f], ;/nfkltbf? lz/fkfu'?;f/:g]xf xb ' s'i7lsl6e]if' Pj+ Ps :jxf utd'wxjlgt, j]nu'0ffzr :fdfzg JofVoftf M.. ;' lr #! % o;/l ljnjs P/08, sf]zfd, hdfnuf]6f, b jgtl, ;Ktnf, z+lvlg 9fs, ujfifl, sdlnf, cdntf;, glngl cflbsf] :g]x lj/]rg ul/g5.lj/]rg k of]hgsfg]nflu o;sf] pkof]u ul/g5. wjfzos0flzl/ifltlgzifnfzlkr'dbkf6lnkf/leb sfd f]b'dj/s/xftsfh{'gss'skltg Zn]idftsfs\sL0fdnqmu xs'/g zdlslknkfzdgtsfs{r/fljnjdxfj[iff?is/f/ w'sdw'lzu zfsuf]hldjf{d"hf{ltnjs]if'6suf]k3f]06fl/d]bfgfd:dfgofx[tj ujffd'q]0fiff/snk]gkl/; fjoljkr]tbbfrfqlkkknld'nt'08nlosjoër]frdl~his0f 6l~hsfxl:tlkKnLdl/rlj8Ëu x3\dfggtf;ld;/nfjxlsu'xfslzfd Zj]t;ififs?0f nj09fniflgr'nj~n'jjsfnj3{dfgk'q>]0fl;kto0f{6'i6'njfn'sgfubtof{tljiffdofe b xf?s'i7xl/bfjrfg\0ffg{lgnf]xfgffr;d;oefuflgttm Iff/jbfutifsdtfy{ nf]xs'de] lgbxoftm ;'= s= ^. # wfj8l, czjs0f{, lz/lif, ;fbg, 9fs, gld, kf]6nf, km/xb, cfd, u'n/, d}gkmn ch'{g, ss'd, ;h{, skltg, n;"8f, csf]7, cfunf, s'/gh, s"8f, zdl, s}y, czdgts, cfs, gf/fs/+h, ;]x'u8, ldnfjf, Zof]gfs d'n}x7l{, dl0f;xhg, ;fu}fg, ufhsf d"jf{ d"h{kq, ltnjs, jfndvfgf, uf]k306f,cl/d]b, o;sl eidsf] lnp/ uf]d"qdf Iff/ rf]6l ksfp/ lkkknld"n, jrf}nfo{, bfnlrgl, rf]r, d+hl7, s/+h uhlkkknl, dl/r, lj8+u, 3/sf] WjfF;f], ;fl/jf, sfkmn, hl8, hnj]t;, j]t, s];/, zfnk0fl{, sf]zfe,zj]t;/;o{, j/0ff, g'g, lknvg, tu/ x/tfn, P/08, 6«jGtL ;Ktk0f{, Zof]gfs, Pnjfn's, gfubgtl, ctl;, x/8, b]jbf?, s"7, xnbl, jr, o;sf] r"0f{ / nf]xf tfd cflbsf r"0f{ Iff/ h;/l ksfpg] j/ nf}xsf] ef8f]df /fvg]. twyf bfl8dfdnsjb/sf]nss{gw';f}jl/l;l~rltsfkmnslktydft'n'ëfd e ftss/ db{lk ofngf/ëhdjl/ns'rejokf/fjtj]jkmnk frlgfdmsltlgt8lsklgsf]zfd fdnn Lsf k e[tllg.. ;'=;= $^.!#( 29 P a g e

30 o;/l bfl8d -cgf/, cfdnsl jb/, sf]n, ss{gw' ;f}jl/, l;flrtlsf] kmn slkty, dft'n'fu, cfd, cfd fts, s/db{, lk ofn, gf/+u, hdjl/, ns'r, ejo, kf/fjt, j]qkmn, k fjlgfdns, ltlgt8ls, glk-sbdjkmn_ sf]zfd cldnsf OToflb /;df cldnf], ljkfs u'?, jlo{ pi0f lkqsf/s, jfo'gfzs / skmsl Iff]ef ug]{ ub{5. tddfbtkfgt/u'0f sf]zfd kmnd'rot]. cdnlsfofm kmn+ kss+ t44]lb t' s]jndm.. ;' ;" $^!^) sf]zfd sf] kmn u'0fdf ltgtl8lskmnsf] cln sd x'g5. OdnLsf] ksjkmnsf] u'0fdf ltlgt8lkmnsf] cg';f/ e]bs x'g5. jlhk'/s/fdofsdhhf sf]zfd ;+ej. :jfb'kfsf] clugjns[t l:guwm lkqflgnfkx.. dft'n'fu -ljhf]/f_ zdofs -lszdfn_ / sf]zfd o;sf] jlhsf] lelq dw'/ ljkfs, cflugsf] jn j9fpg], l:guw / jftlkqgfzs x'g5. sf/~h+{ jf ;fif{k+ jf Ift]if' If]Ko t}nf lzu ' sf]zfd df]jf{. kjsf ;j]{jf{ s6'i0f} ;lqmt} /f]if r :ofbx'io6jt\ ;ljwfgd\.. ;'=lr= (.%# j 0fdf s/~h, ;+/:o"{sf] ;'xf]hgf yf sf]zfd jlhsf] t]n nufpg]. cyjf dl/r cflb s6' b Jo lgdjfbl ltjs b Josf] siffo t}n kfs ljlwsf] s/ghsf] t]n l;4 u/]/ nufpg]. l:jgg+ r}g+ oyfgofof kfoo]t lj/]rgd\. sf]zfd ltnjs}/08kmnt}nflg jf g/d.. ;"=lr=!(.% jftj[l4sf] /fuldf sf]zfd -cdjf8f_ l;njs, P/08kmn olgsf] t]n /f]ulnfo{ lb'g kb{5 jf Ps df; ;Dd b"wsf] ;fy P/08 t]n lbg] cyjf km]l/ cfjl:yssfndf jft g b Josf] Sjfy / snsn] j'l4dfg j}w lg?x lbg'kb{5. /;u'0fgt pwj{ j:ofum jq dw/f] /;f] /;/QmdfF;e]bf]l:ydGhf}hM z'qm:tgoj2{gzrifios]zof]j0of{jns[t;gwftmzf]l0ft/;k ;fbtf]jfnj[4tifl0flxtmk TkblokLlnsfgfldi/td:t[i0ffd[R5flbWk zogmifl98lgb ok ;fbgms[ldskmszr]ltm;p j+u'0fl:lospjftoy{df;]jodfgmsf;zjf;fn;sjdw'jgdfw'o{:j/lo3fts[ldnnu0f 98gfkfb\olt tyf Zj{bZnLkbjl:td'blkn]kfldioGb k e[ltzhgolgt. ;'=;\ $@.!* -dw'/;u'0f_ o;df d'w//; /;, /Qm, dff;, e]b cl:y, dhhf, cf]h, -k'?if_ z'qm b"w-l:q_, o;nfo{ jgfpg], g]q, s]z / z/l/ j0f{sf] nflu jn lbg] jfn, x8\8l hf]8g], /Qm / /; 30 P a g e

31 k ;Gg ug]{ jfns j[l4 / IftIf0fL /f]uldf lxts/, e[u / lrtosl nflu ctogt lk o, t[i0ff d'r5f{ bfxsf] zfgt ug]{, kffr OlGb o / dg k ;Gg s[ld / skmsf] ptkgg ug]{. dw'/ /; clwssfn ;]jn ugf{n] sf;, :jf;, cn;s, jdg, d'vsf] :jfb, :j/ e+u, s[ld, unu08 / cj'{4 :nlkb, jl:t / u'bleefudf cleiogbl, ef/lkg OToflb ptkgg u/fpf5. t'djlsffzfd bgtl34 jgtlzofdf;ktnfgllnsfsldknszlëgl:gxfl:tqmns8siff ofc3f]dfb bf]ifx/fm s[ldskms'i0ffgnxo b'i6j 0f zf]wgfzr M ;'= ;'= $%.!@$ s8jf{ t'djl, sf]zfd -Ps k sf/sf cfd _ bgtl, b jgtl, ;/tnf gllnsf, sldkns / z+lvgl olgsf] t]n ltqm s8f / sifo, cwlefusf] bf]if x/0f ug]{ s[ld skmn si7 / jft gfzs tyf b'i6 j 0fsf] zf]ws x'g5. Gou f]3f]\b'dj/fzjtynkifwsskltgss'dfd sf]zfd rf]/skqhdj"åolkofndw's/f]xl0 fl j~h'nsbdjjb/lltgb'sl;nnsl/f]3 ;fj//f]3 ennfftsknfzf ggblj[ifzr]lt.. ;'=;\ #*.$* ci6fë x[bom sf]zfd ltnjs}/08;'s'df/sldifs}m ttf] lgnxgldo"{xsns:g]x}lg?wo]tm.. c=x[ lr=!#.#) jfthgo j[l4df /f]ulnfo{ lqj[t gfds :g]xn] l:guw u/fp/ sf]zfd ltnjs / P/08n] l;4 of ;'s'df/ t]nn] lj/]rg u/fpg'kb{5. zf]wg sf] pk fgt jftgfzs sns, siffo / :g]xn] lg?x lbg]. lg?x kl5 dff;/; ef]hg u/fp/ dw'oli6sf] t]nn] cg'jf;g ug]{. jftgfzs :j]b / k n]k ug]{. j[l4 /f]usf] kfs]kl5 lr/]/ j 0flrlsT;f ug'{k5{. r6s ;+lxtf M tyf e ftsdft'n';ëlns'rs/db{df]rbgtz0jb/sf]zfd dgyhfdjjldto+ltlgt8l skf/fj tfifl/kg;gflns]bf/l89dfdnsgo]j+k sf/fl0f rfgoflg ;j{ rfdnf bjeb ]jf r ko;f ;x lj?4 tyf sªu'j/sds'i06ss'n:kdfifltikfjfm ko;f ;x lj?4f.. cfd, cfe fts, emt'n'ë, lns'r, s/eb{, df]r, bgt/f7, jb/, sf]zfd e0o, hfd'g, s}fr, ltlt8l, kf/fjt, ciff]/, kg;, gfl/jn, cgf/, cfdnf / o; k sf/sf] cgo b Jo ;j 31 P a g e

32 k sf/sf] ;6fO{ rfx] b Jo jf 7f]; b"wsf] ;fy b Jo lj?4 x'g5. tyf s+u', j/s, ds'i7s, s'nyl, dfif, lgikft, ol klg b"wsf] ;fy lj?4 x'g5. cfd fe ftsns'rs/db{j[ifdnfdnj]t;s'jnjb/bf8lddft'n'ëu08l/fdnsggblts zltsltlgtl8sbgtz7}/fjtssf]iffd Wjggfg+fkm'nflg,kqf0fL,rfd ftsf:dfgtsrfë] /L0ffrt'ljFwfgfFrflDnsfgfFåof]Msf]nof]Zrfdz'isof]4{of]Zrz'isflDnsof]u fdof/0of]mcf ;jb Jol0fr;'/f;f}lj/t'iff]bsd}/od]bsdlb/fdw'zLw'z'snbl3ulod08f]blUg4fGofD nlbglrm Piffd]j+ljwfgfF rfgo]ifff rfdnju{kl/;+voftfgfdf}ifwb Jof0ff 5]wflg v08zz5]blotjf d]wflg rf0f'zf]e]blotjf b j}m l:y/fjogl;ro ;fwlotjf k;+:s[to ofyfjt}nj;fdw'dhhnj0fkmfl0ftf]klxt+ ;'vf]i0ff jl:t+ jftljsfl/0f] ljlw1f] ljlwjb\wflbtodn:sgwm.. r= ; +=lj= *.!$& cdn:sgw, cfd, cfe fts, ns'r, s/db{ j[iffdn, cdnj]g;, s'jn, jb/, bfl8d, dfg'n'ë,bf08l/, cfjnf, dgblts, zlts, ltldtl8s, bgtz8 P]/fjts, sf]iffd, wgjgsf] kmn. cfd fts, czjdgts, rfë]/lsf] kft. rf/ k sf/sf OdnLsf kft, sfrf] / ;'s]sf] jo/sf] kft, u fdo / h+unl b'j} k sf/sf] cldlnsfsf] kft, cf;j b Jo tyf ;'/f ;flj/ t'iff]bs e}/]o d]bs dlb/f dw' zl3 z'sn bxl bxlsf] kfgl, wfgofdn cflb. cgo k sf/sf b Jo h;df cdnju{df ldnfopsf] x'g'kb{5. h;nfo{ 5]bg e]bg u/l ;'/f;f}lj/ cflb b JonfO{ ;]rg u/l l;4 ug'{ kb{5. To;kl5 nj0f ld;fp/ jfg ljsf/ljlwn] z'vf]if0f j:tl ug'{k5{. s/l/ wj/ lgdjfs{r'ssf] zfd hfdjj} M. hflëgl j[ifd"nfgf+ sjfr}dlbglszlw'dl.. r' ;" lr= #).*! s/l/ wgsf] 5fnf, gldsf] 5fnf, dbf/sf] h8sf] 5fnf, j's / P/f8sf] h/f cyjf lzjdlnnsf sf]zfd hfd'g, hflëgl c8';]sf] h/f ol ;j}sf] Sjfydf dw' jf c+u'/sf] /S;L dw / ;L3' / pv'sf] /;sf] db tyf z'qm ldnfp/ of]lgsf] k Ifng ug]{ o;n] of]lg>fj jgb x'g5. cs{lgdjfe sf]zfd ljnjj'sjf]4j} s/l/ lhëlgl hdj's/gh hfh'{glzu h}.. knfz l;3 sf] Ty}ir siffo}wlstk/d. z'qm l;w' dw'lgd>}of]fg] >fj lgjf/0f.. cy sf]zfu 32 P a g e

33 sf]zfd sf] 3gisGwf] hgt'j[ifm ;'sf]zsm sf]zfd Ms'i7szfkm:qlkQskmfkxM.. ttkmn8\,u flx jftxgddnli0f8 u'? lkqnd.dhhf lkq;dl/xgl :jffb' j{no lug blkgl.. 33 P a g e References: 1. Charaka-Samhita (English Translation), Vol II; Editor-Translator: Prof. P.V. Sharma: 1st edition, Chowkhamba Orientalia, India. 2. Sushruta-Samhita (English Translation); Editor: Kaviraj Kunjal Bhishagratna; 2nd Edition, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series, India. 3. >Ldåfue6lj/lrt ci6fëxbod\ú M 6Lssf/ slj/fh clqb]j u'kt, ;Dkfbs j}b ob'ggbg pkfwofo. bzf}+ -lj=;+=_, rf}vdaf ;+:s[t ;+:yfg, ef/t. 4. ;f}>'tlg306'm ;Dkfbsf} 8f= sfzl/fh ;'j]bl, 8f= g/]gb gfy ltjf/l. k dx]gb ;+:s[t ljzjljbfno, bfª, g]kfn. 5. efjk sfzlg306' M ljdz{sf/ 8f= s[i0frgb r'g]s/, ;Dkfbs 8f= u+uf;xfo kf08]o. rf}vdaf ef/tl Psf8]dL. 6. dbgkfnlg306' M ;Dkfbs, u+uflji0f' >Ls[i0fbf;. 7. /fhlg306';lxtf]wgjgtl/olg306'm ;+zf]wg ljgfos u0f]z cfk6]. cfggbf>d ;+:s[t u GyfjnL. 7. dxf}ifwlg306' M ;Dkfbs ;+sns cfo{bf;s'dfl;+x leifuj/]0f 8. lg306' cfbz{ M n]vs >L afkfnfn u= j}b. klxnf] k sfzg,!(^*, rf}vdaf ef/tl csfbdl, ef/t. 9. g]kfnl lg306' M sf]ifgfy b]jsf]6f. 10. /;t/lë0fl M ;Dkfbs k+= sfzlgfyzfl:q0ff.!! cf}+ ;+:s/0f,!(&(, df]tlnfn jgf/;lbf;, ef/t. 11. jg:klt lj1fg M xg'dfgk ;fb zdf{. k sfzg!((). 12. jgf}iflw lgblz{sf -cfo'j]{blo kmfdf{sf]lkof_ M 8f= /fd;'zln l;+x. klxnf] k sfzg,!(^(, lxgbl ;ldlt, ;"rgf ljefu pq/ k b]z. 13. Plants of Sharangadhar Samhita : Editor- Dr. S.K. Sharma Rastriya Ayurveda Vidyapeeth, National Academy of Ayurveda. 14. Indian Medicinal Plants, Vol-I: Lt. Colonel K.R. Kirtikar, Major B.D. Basu. 2nd edition. 15. Medicinal Plants of Nepal, Vol. 3 & 10: Government of Nepal, Ministry of Forestry & Soil Conservation, Department of Plant Resources. Edition b Jou'0f lj1fg M 8f= Zofddl0f clwsf/l. klxnf] k ;femf k sfzg, sf7df8f}.

34 17. b Jo u'0f lj1fg M 8f= k blk s]=;l=, 8f= hof ;Tofn ;GWofÚ. klxnf] k dsfn' a's; P08 :6]gz{, sf7df8f} A Compendium of Medicinal Plants in Nepal P a g e