Growth and Yield Response of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) to Microbial and Phosphorus Fertilizers

Transcription

1 Journal of Agri-Food and Applied Sciences Available online at jaas.blue-ap.org 2013 JAAS Journal. Vol. 1(3), pp , 20 December, 2013 Growth and Yield Response of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) to Microbial and Phosphorus Fertilizers Somaya SirElkhatim Mohamed and Ammar Salama Abdalla Corresponding Author: Ammar Salama Abdalla Received: 28 November, 2013 Accepted: 10 December, 2013 Published: 20 December, 2013 A B S T R A C T A field experiment was conducted for two successive seasons ( ) in Abu Usher, Central Sudan, to evaluate the effects of Rhizobium, phosphobacterium and two levels of phosphorus (50 and 100kg triple super phosphate/ha) on the performance of groundnut. Symbiotic properties, yield, shoot N and P content of the groundnut were measured. Results indicated that Rhizobium inoculation significantly (P 0.05) increased nodulation, nodule dry weight, root and dry weight.phosphobacterium significantly (P 0.05) increased nodulation, root and shoot dry weight. The yield and uptake of N and P by groundnut were significantly higher in the treatments receiving both inoculants and phosphorus than individual application of either inoculant or phosphorus. Keywords: Groundnut, Rhizobium, Phosphobacterium, Inoculation, Phosphorus JAAS Journal All rights reserved. INTRODUCTION Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) has high economic and nutritional potential in Sudan. It is an important cash crop for peasants in poor tropical countries (Shiyan, 2010). Groundnut is grown in rain fed areas of Western and Southern Sudan and in the irrigated areas of the Central and Eastern parts of Sudan (Sulfab, 2010). Nitrogen and phosphorus are important elements for effective production of groundnuts. Low soil N is one of the major constraints to crop production in Sudan. Therefore, adequate supply of nitrogenous fertilizer is essential for growth and yield of crops. Nitrogen from Rhizobium-legume symbiosis may be the only renewable soil fertility input that the farmer can acquire without significant investment. By maximizing biological nitrogen fixation through biofertilization, farmer can raise their yield and income. It was estimated that grain legume can fix about kgn/ha seasonally in Africa (Dakora and Keya, 1997). In Sudan, the amount of nitrogen fixed by Rhizobium groundnut symbiosis has been estimated to be 70% to 80% of the crop requirement of nitrogen at the Gezira Research Station (Adlan and Mukhtar, 2004). Inoculation of groundnut with efficient competitive Rhizobia was considered as a beneficial practice since the native Rhizobia were not able to supply the total nitrogen requirements of groundnut (Hadad et al., 1998). Similarly, the low yield of groundnut in India was suggested to be due to low nodulation and to comptetition from indigenous ineffective strains (Basu and Bhadoria, 2008). Phosphorus is essentially required for healthy growth with efficient root system and profuse nodulation which in turn can affect the N 2-fixation potential (Kwari, 2005). Phosphorus is considered as a limiting factor in plant nutrition due to the deficiency of available soluble phosphate in the soil (Uma Maheswar and Sathiyavani, 2012). However, phosphobacterium, a phosphate solubilizing bacteria able to convert the unavailable phosphate present in the soil to an available form. The use of phosphate solubilizing bacteria as inoculants simultaneously increase P uptake by plants (Rodriquez and Fraga, 1999), improve nodulation (Ghosh and Poi, 1998) and hence increase symbiotic nitrogen fixation (Dametario et al., 1972). Responses to inoculation in research experiments in the Sudan is reviewed by (El hassan et al.,2010) and show clearly that inoculation is justified for many legumes in Sudan.

2 This study aimed to enhance groundnut production among farmers in Sudan through the use of biofertilizers and moderate supply of phosphours. MATERIALS AND METHODS A two year field experiment was conducted during the 2010 and 2011 cropping seasons in Abu Usher, located on latitude 14 55ʹ N and longitude 33 11ʹ E. The experiment was arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replicates. Charcoal based inoculums of Rhizobium strain TAL 169 and locally isolated phosphorus Solubi;izing Bacteria (PSB), isolate (P9) were kindly supplied by Biofertilization department, Environment and Natural Resources Research Institute, National Center for Research, Sudan. Phosphorus was added at rates of 50kg and 100kg triple super phosphate (TSP) /ha and were broadcasted at sowing separately with Rhizobium, phosphobacterium and the combined inoculum of both Rhizobium and phosphobacterium. Therefore, the treatments were the following: 1- Control, without Rhizobium or PSB or phosphorus 2-50kg TSP /ha 3-100kg TSP /ha 4- Rhizobium TAL Phosphorus solubilizing bacteria, Isolate P 9 6- Rhizobium TAL kg TSP /ha 7- Rhizobium TAL kg TSP /ha 8- P kg TSP /ha 9- P kg TSP /ha 10- P9 + TAL kg TSP /ha 11- P9 + TAL kg TSP /ha Three samples were taken at 4, 6 and 8weeks after sowing and three plants were taken from each plot randomly. Nodules Numbers were counted. Dry weight of shoot, root and nodules were measured. Each plot was harvested separately to determine yield of each plot. Total nitrogen content of the shoot was determined according to (Anderson and Ingram,1993). Phosphorus content of the plant shoot was determined calorimetrically after digestion (Gough, 1981). Multifactor analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to determine the effect of each treatment on the measured parameters. Least significant difference was used to compare between means (Gomez and Gomez, 1984). Significance was accepted at p RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Effects of treatments on nodules number Although there were abundant nodulation in the uninoculated plots, even so, there were significant increments in nodulation in Rhizobium inoculated plants compared to the uninoculated control. Inoculation with Rhizobium TAL 169 gave significant (P 0.05) increment at 6 weeks after sowing in the first season and at 6 and 8 weeks after sowing in the second season. This result is in agreement with that of (Sulfab et al., 2011). However, significant increments in nodule number due to phosphobacterium inoculation were shown at all sampling times in the first seasons, and at 8 weeks after sowing in the second season (Table, 1). Combined inoculation of Rhizobium and phosphobacterium significantly (P 0.05) increased groundnut nodulation at all sampling times in the second season. Phosphorus fertilizer alone or in combination with biofertilizers did not give significant increments in nodulation in most sampling times in the two seasons. Effect of treatments on nodule dry weight Rhizobium inoculation significantly (P 0.05) increased nodule dry weight at 6 and 8 weeks after sowing in the first season and at all sampling times in the second season (Table 2). Rhizobium was more effective than phosphobacterium which had no significant effect on nodule dry weight in the two seasons similar results were reported previously by (Basu,2011). Rhizobium and phosphobacterium co-inoculation significantly (P 0.05) increased nodule dry weight at 6 and 8 weeks after sowing in the two seasons. Phosphorus fertilization did not give significant increments in nodule dry weight at all sampling times in the two seasons. However, addition of 50 kg TSP /ha and 100kg TSP /ha significantly increased nodule dry weight at 4 weeks after sowing in the first season and at 8 weeks after sowing in the second season, respectively. 79 P a g e

3 Effects of treatments on root dry weight Rhizobium inoculation insignificantly (P 0.05) increased the root dry weight in the first season. However, significant increments were recorded at 4 and 6 weeks after sowing in the second season (Table 3). Due to phosphobacterium inoculation, significant (P 0.05) increments of root dry weight appeared clearly in the second season at 6 and 8 weeks after sowing. However, insignificant increments were recorded in the first season. Rhizobium and phosphobacterium inoculation significantly (P 0.05) increased root dry weight at all sampling times in the two seasons. Effects of treatments on shoot dry weight Rhizobium inoculation significantly (P 0.05) increased shoot dry weight of groundnut at 4 weeks after sowing in the first season and at 4 and 8 weeks after sowing in the second season (Table 4). This result was in line with(singh et al., 2011) who reported that seed inoculation with Rhizobium and phosphorus solubilizing microorganisms improved growth and yield of groundnut. Table 1. Effects of treatments on nodules number per groundnut plant Weeks after sowing Control kg TSP / h ) kg TSP / h ) Mean Control TAL kg TSP / h TAL kg TSP / h Mean Control P kg TSP/ h P kg TSP / h Mean Control TAL P kg TSP / h TAL P kg TSP / h Mean LSD for Rhizobium LSD for phosphobacterium LSD for Phosphorous LSD for Rhizobium x phosphobacterium LSD for Rhizobium x Phosphorous LSD for phosphobacterium x Phosphorous LSD for Rhizobium x phosphobacterium x Phosphorous Table 2. Effects of treatments on nodules dry weight (g/plant) of groundnut Weeks after sowing 80 P a g e

4 Control kg TSP / h ) kg TSP / h ) Mean Control TAL kg TSP / h TAL kg TSP / h Mean Control P kg TSP / h P kg TSP 5 / h Mean Control TAL P kg TSP / h TAL P kg TSP / h Mean LSD for Rhizobium LSD for phosphobacterium LSD for Phosphorous LSD for Rhizobium x phosphobacterium LSD for Rhizobium x Phosphorous LSD for phosphobacterium x Phosphorous LSD for Rhizobium x phosphobacterium x Phosphorous Table 3. Effects of treatments on root dry weight (g/plant) of groundnut Weeks after sowing Control kg TSP / h ) kg TSP / h ) Mean Control TAL kg TSP / h TAL kg TSP / h Mean Control P kg TSP / h P kg TSP / h Mean Control TAL P kg TSP / h TAL P kg TSP / h Mean LSD for Rhizobium LSD for phosphobacterium LSD for Phosphorous LSD for Rhizobium x phosphobacterium LSD for Rhizobium x Phosphorous LSD for phosphobacterium x Phosphorous LSD for Rhizobium x phosphobacterium x Phosphorous Table 4. Effects of treatments on shoot dry weight (g/plant) of groundnut Weeks after sowing 81 P a g e

5 Control kg TSP / h ) kg TSP / h ) Mean Control TAL kg TSP / h TAL kg TSP / h Mean Control P kg TSP / h P kg TSP / h Mean Control TAL P kg TSP / h TAL P kg TSP / h Mean LSD for Rhizobium LSD for phosphobacterium LSD for Phosphorous LSD for Rhizobium x phosphobacterium LSD for Rhizobium x Phosphorous LSD for phosphobacterium x Phosphorous LSD for Rhizobium x phosphobacterium x Phosphorous Control Table 5. Effects of treatments on groundnut shoot nitrogen and Phosphorous content (%) Nitrogen Phosphorus Nitrogen Phosphorus 50 kg TSP / h ) kg TSP / h ) Mean Control TAL kg TSP / h TAL kg TSP / h Mean Control P kg TSP / h P kg TSP / h Mean Control TAL P kg TSP / h TAL P kg TSP / h Mean LSD for Rhizobium LSD for phosphobacterium LSD for Phosphorous LSD for Rhizobium x phosphobacterium LSD for Rhizobium x Phosphorous LSD for phosphobacterim x Phosphorous LSD for Rhizobium x phosphobacterium x Phosphorous Phosphobacterium inoculation significantly (P 0.05) increased shoot dry weight at 4 weeks after sowing in the second season only. Rhizobium and phosphobacterium co-inoculation significantly (P 0.05) increased shoot dry weight at 6 weeks after sowing in the first season and at 8 weeks after sowing in the second season. 82 P a g e

6 Significant (P 0.05) increments of shoot dry weight were recorded by application of phosphorus doses to the combined inoculation of Rhizobium and phosphobacterium. Effects of treatments on groundnut yield Inoculation of groundnut plants with Rhizobium strain TAL 169 significantly (P 0.05) increased seed yield in both seasons (Table 5). Previously, similar results were obtained by (Sulfab et al., 2011 and Singh et al., 2011). Inoculation with phosphobacterium significantly (P 0.05) increased the yield in the second season only. However, the combined inoculation of Rhizobium and phosphobacterium significantly (P 0.05) increased the groundnut yield in the two seasons. Similar findings were reported previously by (Basu and Bhadoria, 2008 and Basu et al., 2006). Fertilization with the higher dose of phosphorus gave significant (P 0.05) increments in yield in both seasons.the response of Groundnut to phosphorus application were also observed by (Veeramani and Subrahmaniyan,2011.) Moreover a greater performance was obtained in seed yield when phosphorus was applied to Rhizobium in the second season and to phosphobacterium in the first season. Seed yield recorded for Rhizobium inoculantion was 18.9% and 10.6% higher over the control in the first and second seasons, respectively. The same observation was recorded by (Basu and Bhadoria, 2008). However maximum yield was recorded by addition of phosphorus to the combined inoculants and it was 38.2% higher than the control in the first season. Effects of treatments on shoot nitrogen content: Rhizobium inoculation and phosphobacterium inoculation significantly (P 0.05) increased the nitrogen content of groundnut in the second season only (Table 6). It was found to increase the amount of N content by 30% over the control. These results were in line with( Ataur Rahaman,2006). (Moreover Yakubu et al., 2010) found that N content increased by 39% over the control in groundnut. However, the combined inoculation of Rhizobium and phosphorus bacteria significantly (P 0.05) increased the nitrogen content in both seasons. Higher dose of phosphorus fertilizer significantly increased the nitrogen content in the first season. Moreover, both doses of phosphorus fertilizer showed significant increment in the second season. The nitrogen content was significantly higher in the treatments receiving both inoculums and phosphorus fertilizer than sole application of either inoculums or phosphorus, especially in the first season. Similar results were obtained by (Basu et al., 2006). Table 6. Effects of treatments on groundnut yield (kg/f) Control kg TSP / h ) kg TSP / h ) Mean Control TAL kg TSP / h TAL kg TSP / h Mean Control P kg TSP / h P kg TSP / h Mean Control TAL P kg TSP / h TAL P kg TSP / h Mean LSD for Rhizobium LSD for phosphobacterium LSD for Phosphorous LSD for Rhizobium x phosphobacterium LSD for Rhizobium x Phosphorous LSD for phosphobacterium x Phosphorous LSD for Rhizobium x phosphobacterium x Phosphorous P a g e

7 Effects of treatments on phosphorus content Rhizobium inoculantion, phosphobacterium inoculation and phosphours fertilization significantly (P 0.05) increased shoot phosphours content of groundnut in first season (Table 6). The results of the second season followed similar trends but the value of the first season were higher than those of the second season. A greater performance was obtained with inoculation of Rhizobium and phosphbacterium with the addition of 100 kg TSP /ha. Similar results were obtained by (Basu et al., 2006). In contrast, (Basu and Bhadoria,2008) showed that groundnut seeds inoculated with phosphobacterum culture resulted in higher percentage of phosphorus concentration over the control and Rhizobium inoculation. Based on the results of this study, it could be concluded that the combined application of Rhizobium and phosphobacterium inoculation with phosphorus was the most effective approach to improve growth yield, shoot N and P content of groundnut than application of either of the two inoculums or phosphorus under field condition, as compared to the control. CONCLISION Field experiment was conducted for two consecutive agricultural seasons ( ) in the island state of Aboashr to assess the impact of the use of bacteria Alraazoubiom, dissolving bacteria and phosphorus levels of phosphorus on the growth and yield of peanuts. Alraazoubiom inoculation with bacteria led to a significant increase (P 0.05) in the number of nodes and root dry weight of holding the root, shoot and root. Inoculation with bacteria led dissolving images of non- soluble phosphorus to a significant increase in the number of nodes and root dry weight of shoot and root. The increase was significant (P 0.05) in plant productivity and content of nitrogen and phosphorus in the highest coefficients insemination using mixed bacterial root ganglia and dissolving bacteria Photos insoluble phosphorus with a phosphorus compared to other treatments. REFERENCES Elhassan GA, Abdelgani ME, Osman AG, Mohamed SS and Abdelgadir BS Potential production and application of biofertilizers in Sudan. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 9(9): Basu Mand Bhadoria PBS Performance of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea Linn) under nitrogen fixing and phosphorus solubilizing microbial inoculants with different levels of cobalt in alluvial soils of eastern India. Agronomy Research 6(1): Yakubu H, Kwari JD. and Ngala AL N2 fixation by grain legume varities as affected by Rhizobia inoculation in the sandy loam soil of Sudan. Sahelian zone of North Eastern Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Science 18(2): Basu TK Effect of cobalt, Rhizobium and phosphobacterin inoculations on growth, yield, quality and nutrient uptake of summer groundnut (Arachis hypogaea). American Journal of Experimental Agriculture 1(1): Veeramani P and Subrahmaniyan K Nutrient management for sustainable groundnut productivity in India- A Review. International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology 3(11): Singh GP, Singh PL and Panwar S Response of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) to biofertilizer, organic and inorganic source of nutrient in North East India. Legume Research An International Journal. Ataur Rahman M Effect of calcium and Bradyrhizobium inoculation on the growth, yield and quality of groundnut (A. hypogaea L.). Bangladesh Journal Science, 1nd. Res. 41(3-4): Gosh G and Poi SC Response of Rhizobium, phosphorus solubilizing bacteria and micrrhizal organisms on some legume crops. Environmental Ecology 16(3), Dakora FD and Keya SO Contribution of legume nitrogen fixation to sustainable agriculture in sub-saharan Africa. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 29, Basu M, Bhadoria PBS and Mahapatra SC Influence of microbial culture in combination with micronutrient in improving the groundnut productivity under alluvial soil of India. Acta agriculture slovenica 87(2): Adlan MAM and Mukhtar NO Quantifying N2- fixation by groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) as compared to some summer legumes using 15 N methodology with reference crops. University of Khartoum Journal of Agricultural Sciences 12 (3): Hadad MA, Loynechan T, Musa MM and Mukhtar NO Inoculation of the groundnut (peanut) in Sudan. Soil Science 141(2): Sulfab H.A Bio-organic and mineral nitrogen fertilization for groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L) yield improvement in Malakal, Sudan Ph.D. thesis. University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan. Sulfab HA, Mukhtar NO, Hamed ME and Adam AI Effect of Rhizobium inoculation and orgnic manures on growth and yield of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in Malakal, Sudan. University of Khartoum Journal of Agricultural Science 19(1):49-63 Kawari JD Soil fertility status in some communities of southern Borno. Final Report to PROSAB, Nigeria. P. 21. Gomez KA and Gomez AA Statistical procedures for Agricultural research. Second Edition, John Wiley, New York, 680 pp. Rodriquez H and Fraga R Phosphate solubilizing bacteria and their role in plant growth promotion. Biotechnology Advances 17: Anderson JM and Ingram JS Tropical soil biology and fertility. A handbook of methods. 2 nd edition. CAB International. Wallingford. UK. Dametario JL, Ellis RJand Paulsen GM Nodulation and Nitrogen Fixation by two soybean varieties as affected by phosphorus and zinc nutrition. Agronomy Journal 64, P a g e

8 Shiyam JO Growth and yield response of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) to plant densities and phosphorus on an Ultisol in Southeastern Nigeria. Libyan Agriculture Research Center Journal International 1(4): Uma Maheswar N and Sathiyavani G Solubilization of phosphate by Bacillus Sps., from groundnut rhizosphere (Arachis hypogaea L.). Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 4(8): Gough HC The analysis of Agricultural Materials. A Manual of Analytical Methods Used by the Agricultural Development and Advisory Services (ADAS).London. 85 P a g e