Shrinkage and Density of some Australian and South-east Asian Timbers. Beverley Budgen. INFORMATION RESOUFlCE CENTRE

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1 SERIES 5C/J 38 Loan copy Shrinkage and Density of some Australian and South-east Asian Timbers DISPLAY COPY :do not remove Beverley Budgen L - 7 NOV 1994 INFORMATION RESOUFlCE CENTRE DIVISION OF BUILDING RESEARCH TECHNICAL PAPER (SECOND SERIES) No. 38 COMMONWEALTH SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH ORGANIZATION, AUSTRALIA 1981

2 11~ ii!1 lif If i1l 1il~~OOi1~\~s1~li Shrinkage and Density of some Australian and South-east Asian Timbers By Beverley Budgen Division of Building Research Technical Paper (Second Series) No. 38 Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Australia 1981

3 National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication Entry Budgen, Beverley Shrinkage and density of so me Australian and Southeast Asian timbers. JSBN I. Timber- Australia- Testing. 2. Timber- South-east Asia- Testing. I. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (Australia). Division of Building Research. 11. Title. (Series: Divi sion of Building Research technical paper ; no. 38). 674.'132 CSIRO Printed by CSIRO, Melbourne

4 CS/RO Aust. Div. Bldg Res. Tech. Pap. (Second Ser.) No. 38, 1-33 (1981) Shrinkage and Density of some Australian and South-east Asian Timbers Beverley Budgen Division of Building Research, CSIRO, P.O. Bo x 56, Highett, Vic Abstract Shrinkage and density values are tabulated for 172 species of timber from Australia,, Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. Notes on material, testing, description of terms and formulae are provided. An index of common and botanical names is included to permit easier reference to the shrinkage and density table. Introduction The shrinkage and density results presented here supplement results published by Kingston and Risdon (1961) and Kingston and von Stiegler (1966). The South-east Asian species were tested at the request of forestry authorities in Papua New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands. For some species, additional material and/or material from other sources was available, and the opportunity was taken to improve the accuracy of results already presented. Materials and Testing Identification of species was done by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Mr J L Womersley, Division of Botany, Department of Forests, Papua New Guinea; the Botanist, an Herbarium, Department of Agriculture; and Dr A C Smith,. The number of trees tested varied from species to species. Generally two specimens from each of five trees were tested. In some instances, defects and uncertain identifications restricted the testing to fewer samples. The method of testing is the same as described by Kingston and Risdon (1961), but is repeated briefly for convenience. Specimens were cut to a standard size (25 by 25 by 100 mm) having truly radial and tangential faces with length parallel to the grain (Kelsey and l).ingston 1957). Dimensional and weight measurements were taken at the following conditions: (i) green (as on arrival at the laboratory); (ii) after air-drying to a uniform moisture content of about 12%; (iii) after reconditioning, and redrying to about 12% moisture content; (iv) after further drying to about 5% moisture content; ( v) after oven-drying to constant dry weight. Explanation of Tables Table 1 gives density and shrinkage results listed in alphabetical order of botanical

5 2 name followed by Australian common name and source of material. Any plantation grown or immature material tested is also noted. A reference number, beside each entry, permits easy cross-referencing with Appendix 1. Density values tabulated are basic and air-dry, both before and after reconditioning. Basic density is defined as the oven-dry weight divided by the green or saturated volume. This property is not a true density, but is useful for identification purposes and species comparisons. Green density has not been included, as most material arriving for testing had already undergone some drying. Shrinkage values tabulated are: (i) Unit shrinkage, which is the percentage shrinkage for 1 % change in moisture content and applies only between about 5 and 25% moisture content; (ii) shrinkage, before reconditioning, after air-drying to about 12% moisture content - expressed as a percentage of green dimensions; (iii) shrinkage, after reconditioning, and re-drying to about 12% moisture content - expressed as a percentage of green dimensions; (iv) intersection point, which is a characteristic of a species and is the point where the straight line portion of the shrinkage curve (if extended) intersects the moisture content axis (Kelsey 1956) (Fig. I) ~ ~ 20,_ => (/) ~ Intersection point Linear Shrinkage - Moisture Content Re lationship Fig. 1. Typical shrinkage moisture content curve. SHRINKAGE% In the density and shrinkage columns of Table 1, mean values (mean of tree means) are given in the first line, the number of trees tested and the standard error of the species mean are in the second line, and the third line is the 95% probability range for individual specimens. Where fewer than five trees were tested, standard errors and 95% probability range are not given. Appendix 1 lists in alphabetical order all botanical names referenced in Table 1, as well as synonyms and common names, which are used in Australia and the most widely used in the country of origin (Eddowes 1977; Fores try Division, British Solomon Islands 1976, 1979). For more recently tested or revised species, with names not yet included in the Standards (AS and AS ), newly published valid taxonomic publications and local publications have been consulted.

6 3 Formulae for Use with Table I The most useful formulae given by Kingston and Risdon (1961) are summarized below. Densities are expressed in kg/ m 3, and shrinkages and moisture contents as a percentage. DM DM ~ v TM RM It Jr where DM DB D12 M v r TM RM T R It Jr Ip D 8 (1 +M/ 100) M>Ip D 12 [1 - (1 - v)(l2 - M)/ 100] M<Ip r + t - rt/ 100 (neglecting longitudinal shrinkage) T + t(l 2 - M) R + r(l 2 - M) (T/t + 12) (R /r + 12), Acknowledgements M > 3 and < Ip M > 3 and <Ip density at moisture content, M (kg/m 3 ), basic density (kg/m\ density at 12% moisture content (kg/m 3 ), moisture content(%), unit volumetric shrinkage(%/% moisture content), unit radial shrinkage (%/% moisture content), unit tangential shrinkage(%/% moisture content), tangential shrinkage at moisture content, M (%), radial shrinkag,e at moisture content, M (%), tangential shrinkage from green to 12% moisture content (%), radial shrinkage from green to 12% moisture content(%), tangential intersection point(%), radial intersection point(%), intersection point(%). The author thanks Mrs E Bolza for advice and discussion with this work, and the various forest authorities for their active cooperation and donation of timbers. References Eddowes, P.J. (1977). 'Commercial Timbers of Papua New Guinea - their Properties and Uses.' Forest Products Research Centre. (Hebamo Press: Port Moresby.) Forestry Division, British Solomon Islands (1976). 1. Major Species - Solomon Island Timbers. Timber Booklet No. 1. (Govt. Printer: Honiara.) Forestry Division, British Solomon Islands (1979). 2. Minor Species - Solomon Island Timbers. Timber Booklet No. 2. (Govt. Printer: Honiara.) Kelsey, Kathleen, E. (1956). The shrinkage intersection point - its significance and the methods of its determination. For. Prod. J. 6, (10),

7 4 Kelsey, Kathleen, E., and Kingston, R.S.T. (1957). The effect of specimen shape on the shrinkage of wood. For. Prod. J. 7(7), Kingston, R.S.T., and Risdon, C.J.E. (1961). Shrinkage and the density of Australian and other woods. CSIRO Aust. Div. For. Prod. Tech. Pap. No. 13. Kingston, R.S.T. and von Stiegler, A.E. (1966). Shrinkage and density of Australian and other woods. Reprinted from CSIRO Aust. For. Prod. News!. Nos Standards Association of Australia (1970). Nomenclature of Australian timbers. AS Standards Association of Australia (1971). Nomenclature of commercial timbers imported into Australia. AS

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9 Table 1. Shrinkage and density results Abbreviations: B.R., before reconditioning; A.R., after reconditioning; T, tangential; R, radial; P, plantation grown; Aust., Australia; PNG, Papua New Guinea; M, Malaysia; SI, Solomon Islands Column 3 onwards: first row, mean; second row, no. of trees, and SE of species mean; third row, 95 % probability range CJ'\ Density (kg/m 3 ) Shrinkage(%) Intersection Refer- Species point Green to 12% moisture content ence and Air dry UnitA.R. (% moisture Basic No. source B.R. A.R. content) B.R. A.R. T R T R T R T R Acacia harpophyl/a F. Muell. ex Ben th brigalow Aust l Acacia richii A. Gray l 21.5 qumu Ackama australiensis (Schltr.) C.T. White syn. A. quadrivalvis C.T. White alder, rose Aust. 4 Agathis dammara (A.B. Lamb.) L.C. Rich syn. A. alba (A.B. Lamb.) Foxw kauri, East Indian PNG 5 Agathis vitiensis (Seem.) Drake kauri, an l

10 6 Ailanthus peekelii Melch siris, white PNG Albizia falcataria (L.) Fosb syn. A. falcata (L.) Backer ex Merr albizia, New Guinea PNG Albizia fa /cataria (L.) Fosb syn. A. falcata (L.) Backer ex Merr albizia, Solomon Islands SI 9 Albizia minahassae Koord albizia, Solomon Islands SI 10 Alphitonia zizyphoides (Spreng.) A. Gray doi Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br cheesewood, white Aust Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br cheesewood, white PNG Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br cheesewood, white SI Alstonia spectabilis (L.) R.Br cheese wood SI -..J

11 Density (kg/m 3 00 ) Shrinkage (%) Intersection Refer- Species point Green to 12% moisture content ence and Basic (% moisture Air dry Unit A.R. No. source B.R. A.R..content) B.R. A.R. T R T R T R T R 15 Amoora cucullata Roxb amoora, New Guinea PNG 16 Amoora cucullata Roxb amoora, Solomon Islands SI 17 Anisoptera thurifera (Blanco) Bl syn. A. polyandra Bl garawa PNG Anthocephalus chinensis (Lam.) A.Rich. ex Walp var. mollis K. et V {) syn. A. cadamba (Roxb.) Miq. laran PNG 19 Antiaris toxicaria (Rumph. ex Pers.) Lesch antiaris, New Guinea PNG Archidendron oblongum (Hems!.) l de Wit lamilami SI 21 Argyrodendron actinophyllum (F.M. Bail.) H.L. Edlin subsp. diversifolium L.S.Sm l 1.0-{) oak, tulip, Mackay Aust.

12 22 Argyrodendron trifoliolatum F. Muell syn. Heritiera trifoliolata (F. Muell.) Kosterm. oak, tulip, brown Aust. 23 Backhousia bancroftii F.M. Bail et F. Muell hardwood, Johnstone River Aust Barringtonia edulis Seem vu tu 25 Bleasdalea vitiensis (Turr.) A.C Sm. et J. Haas comb. nov syn. Kermadecia vitiensis Turr kauceuti 26 Blepharocarya involucrigera F. Muell butternut, rose Aust Q Brachychiton carruthersii F. Muell syn. Sterculia carruthersii F. Muell brachychiton, New Guinea PNG Q Bridelia minutif/ora Hook f bridelia PNG Buchanania macrocarpa Lauterb satinwood, pink PNG Q \0

13 ~--~- ~::: - -~ -~-- """'!!!. _., ~ ,.,, :"'. Density (kg/m 3 ) Shrinkage (%) Intersection 0 Refer- Species point Green to 12% moisture content ence and (% moisture Basic Air dry Unit A.R. No. source B.R. A.R. content) B.R. A.R. T R T R T R T R 30 Burckella obovata (Forst.) Pierre burckella, Solomon Islands SI Callitris columellaris F. Muell sens. lat (= C. intratropica R.T. Bak. et H.G. Sm.) pine, cypress, northern Aust. 32 Callitris columellaris F.Muell sens. lat (= C. glauca R.Br. ex T.R. Bak et H.G. Sm.) pine, cypress, white Aust. 33 Calophyllum kajewskii A.C. Sm calophyllum, Solomon Islands SI Calophyllum leucocarpum A.C. Sm calophyllum, an 35 Calophyllum papuanum Lauterb calophyllum, New Guinea PNG

14 36 Calophyllum vitiense Turr calophyllum, an Calophyllum vitiense Turr calophyllum, Solomon Islands SI Campnosperma brevipetiolata Volkens campnosperma, New Guinea PNG Campnosperma brevipetiolata Volkens campnosperma, Solomon Islands SI Canarium indicum L :6 galip PNG 41 Canarium oleosum (Lam.) Engl canarium, New Guinea PNG Canarium salomonense Burtt s canarium, Solomon Islands SI Canarium vitiense A. Gray syn. C smithii Leenh canarium, an Canarium vitiense A. Gray syn. C smithii Leenh canarium, Solomon Islands SI

15 Density (kgf m 3 ) Shrinkage (%) Intersection IV Refer- Species point Green to 12% moisture content ence and Air dry Unit A.R. (% moisture Basic No. source B.R. A.R. content) B.R. A.R. T R T R T R T R 45 Castanopsis accuminatissima (BL) Rehd oak, New Guinea PNG l Casuarina equisetifolia Forst l she-oak, beach, an 47 Casuarina nodiflora Forst she-oak, beach, an 48 Cathormion umbellatum (VahL) Kos term subsp. umbellatum cathormion, New Guinea PNG 49 Cedrela mexicana Roem cedar, South American SI, P 50 Celtis la tifolia (BL) Planch celtis, Solomon Islands SI 51 Celtis nymanii K. Schum celtis, New Guinea PNG

16 52 Ce/tis philippinensis Blanco celtis, Solomon Islands SI Chisocheton schumanii C. DC kiso PNG ~ Chlorophora excelsa (Welw.) Benth. et Hook.f iroko SI, P 55 Cinnamomum sp camphorwood, New Guinea PNG Qeistocalyx myrtoides (A. Gray) Merr. et Perry l syn. Acicalyptus myrtoides A. Gray cleistocalyx 57 Cleistocalyx spp. comprising C. ellipticus (A.C. Sm.) Merr. et Perry syn. Acicalyptus el/iptica A.C. Sm. C. eugenioides (Seem.) Merr. et Perry syn. A. eugenioides (Seem.) Drake C. longiflorus (A.C.Sm.) Merr. et Perry syn. A. longijlora A.C.Sm. and Syzygium curvistylum (Gill.) Merr. et Perry S. fijiense (Gill.) Merr. et Perry* w yasi-yasi ll *Combined group.

17 Density (kgf m 3 ) Shrinkage(%) Intersection.!'> Refer- Species point Green to 12% moisture content ence and Air dry Unit A.R. (% moisture Basic No. source B.R. A.R. content) B.R. A.R. T R T R T R T R 58 Cordia dichotoma Forst cordia, New Guinea PNG Cryptocarya spp cryptocarya, New Guinea PNG Cynometra insularis A.C. Sm maniltoa 61 Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Bl.) de Laubenfels var. patulus de Laubenfels syn. Podocarpus kawaii Hayata podocarp, red 62 Dacrydium nausoriensis (Seem.) de Laubenfels (formerly "D. elatum " auct.) : dacrydium, an 63 Daphnandra spp sassafras, northern Aust

18 "' 64 Decussocarpus vitiensis (Seem.) de Laubenfels (formerly Podocarpus vitiensis Seem.) podocarp, red 65 Degeneria vitiensis l.w. Bail et A.C.Sm masiratu Dillenia salomonense (C.T. White) Hoogl l dillenia, Solomon Islands SI Diospyros spp ebony, New Guinea PNG l Dracontome/um dao (Blanco) Merr. et Rolfe syn. D. mangiferum Bl walnut, New Guinea PNG 69 Drypetes spp drypetes, New Guinea PNG Duabanga moluccana Bl duabanga, New Guinea PNG Dysoxy/um querc1folium (Seem.) A.C.Sm syn. D. pilosum (Seem.) A.C.Sm Dysoxylum richii (A. Gray) C.DC. * sasauira Fij i... Vl *Combined group.

19 Density (kg/m 3 ) Shrinkage (%) Intersection -Cl'\ Refer- Species point Green to 12% moisture content ence and Basic Air dry Unit A.R. (% moisture No. source B.R. A.R. content) B.R. A.R. T R T R T R T R 72 Dysoxylum spp mahogany, New Guinea PNG Elaeocarpus sphaericus (Gaertn.) K.Schum quandong, New Guinea PNG Elaeocarpus sphaericus (Gaertn.) K.Schum quandong, Solomon Islands SI Endospermum macrophyllum (Muell. Arg.) Pax. et K. Hoffm i basswood, an Endospermum medullosum L.S. Smith basswood, New Guinea PNG Endospermum medullosum L.S. Smith basswood, Solomon Islands SI Eucalyptus andrewsii Maiden l blackbutt, New England Aust

20 79 Eucalyptus citriodora Hook gum, lemon-scented,p Eucalyptus deglupta Bl ( years old) kamarere, P l l Eucalyptus fastigata Deane et Maiden brown barrel Aust Eucalpytus miniata A. Cunn. ex Schau woollybutt, northern Aust Eucalyptus nesophila Blakely blood wood, Melville Island Aust Eucalyptus polycarpa F. Muell bloodwood, red Aust. 85 Eucalyptus tetrodonta F. Muell stringybark, Darwin Aust Eugenia onesima (Merr. et Perry) Whit aimela SI 87 Eugenia spp gum, water PNG J

21 Density (kg/m 3 ) Sluinkage (%) Intersection 00 Refer- Species point Green to 12% moisture content ence and Basic Air dry Unit A.R. (% moisture No. source BR. A.R. content) B.R. A.R. T R T R T R T R 88 Fagraea gracilipes A. Gray buabua Flindersia amboinensis Poir syn. F macrocarpa Lane-Poole ash, silver, New Guinea PNG 90 Flindersia bray/eyana F. Muell maple, silkwood SI, P 91 Flindersia laevicarpa C.T. White et W.D. Francis var. heterophylla (Merr. et Perry) Hartley maple, scented, New Guinea PNG 92 Flindersia pimenteliana F. Muell syn. F chrysantha Merr. et Perry maple, New Guinea PNG Ganophyllum falcatum Bl ash, scaly PNG Garcinia myrtifolia A.C. Sm mangosteen c '

22 95 Garuga f/oribunda Decne garuga PNG 96 Gmelina moluccana (Bl.) Backer ex K. Hayne syn. G. salomonensis Bakh beech, white, New Guinea PNG 97 Gmelina moluccana (Bl.) Backer ex K. Hayne syn. G. salomonensis Bakh beech, white, Solomon Islands SI 98 Gmelina vitiensis Seem beech, white, an Gonystylus macrophy/lus (Miq.) Airy Shaw ramin, Solomon Islands SI 100 Gonystylus punctatus A.C. Sm ramin, an Heritiera littoralis Ait : heritiera, New Guinea PNG Heritiera ornithocephala Kosterm heritiera, an l '

23 Density (kg/m 3 ) Shrinkage (%) Intersection IV 0 Refer- Species point Green to 12% moisture content ence and Air dry Unit A.R. (% moisture Basic No. source B.R. A.R. content) B.R. A.R. T R T R T R T R 103 Ho rsfieldia irya (Gaertn.) Warb nutmeg PNG {) lntsia bijuga (Colebr.) 0. Kuntze kwila Khaya senegalensis A. Juss (immature) mahogany, African Aust., P 106 Mangifera minor BL mango 107 Manilkara kanosiensis H.J.Lam et B. Meeuse manilkara 108 Maniltoa grandiflora (A.Gray) Scheff and M. minor A.C. Sm maniltoa 109 Maniltoa psilogyne Harms O.Q maniltoa PNG

24 110 Maranthes corymbosa Bl aisikisiki SI 111 Mastixiodendron pachyclados (K. Schum.) Melch var. pachyclados garogaro PNC 112 Metrosideros collina (Forst.) A. Gray var. vitiensis A. Gray vuga 113 Myristica chartacea Gillespie nutmeg 114 Myristica gillespieana A.C. Sm nutmeg l15 Myristica hypargyraea A. Gray nutmeg 116 Neoscortechinia forbesii (Hook.f.) C.T. White aiasila SI 117 Neuburgia collina (A.C.Sm.) comb. nov syn. Neuburgia corynocarpa (A. Gray) Leenh. neuburgia PNC N

25 Density (kg/ m 3 ) Shrinkage (%) Intersection N N Refer- Species point Green to 12% moisture content) ence and Air dry Unit A.R. (% moisture Basic No. source B.R. A.R. content) B.R. A.R. T R T R T R T R 118 Nothofagus spp beech, New Guinea PNG Nothofagus spp beech, New Guinea PNG Palaquium fidjiense Pierre bauvudi Palaquium galactoxylum (F. Muell.) H.J. Lam syn. Lucuma gillactoxylon F. Muell silkwood, red Aust. 122 Palaquium hornei (Hartog ex Bak.) Dub l 28.0 palaquium, an 123 Palaquium spp. (inc. P. amboinense Burck.) palaquium,' Solomon Islands SI Palaquium vitilevuense Gilly ex Van Royen bauvudi

26 125 Parinari insu/arum A. Gray parinari, an {) l 126 Parinari salomonensis C.T. White parinari, Solomon Islands SI 127 Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr spruce, Sitka Aust., P I28 Pimeleodendron amboinicum Hassk pimeleodendron PNG 129 Pinus elliottii Engelm O.Oll pine, slash Aust., P Planchonella kaernbachiana (Engl.) H.J. Lamb planchonella, white PNG 131 Planchonella thyrsoidea C.T. White planchonella, Solomon Islands SI Planchonel/a vitiensis Gillesp (formerly Planchonella sp. aff l pyrulifera auct.) planchonella, an 133 Planchonia papuana Knuth planchonia PNG N w

27 Density (kg/m 3 ) Shrinkage (%) Intersection Refer- Species point Green to 12% moisture content ence and Air dry Unit A.R. (% moisture Basic No. source B.R. A.R. content) N +:>- B.R. A.R. T R T R T R T R 134 Pleiogynium timorense (DC.) Leenh syn. P. cerasiferum (F. Muell.) Domin plum, tulip Aust Podocarpus neriifolius D. Don podocarp, an Polylthia oblongifo/ia C.B. Robinson lacewood, yellow PNG Pometia pinna ta J.R. et G. Forst. f tomentosa (BL.) Jacobs (formerly P. tomentosa Teysm. et Binn.) taun PNG 138 Pometia pinnata J.R. et G. Forst. f pinnata (formerly P. pinnata) taun SI Prumnopitys amara (BL.) de Laub syn. Podocarpus amarus Bl pine, black PNG Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco syn. P. taxifolia (Lamb.) Britt fir, Douglas Aust., P

28 141 Pterocymbium beccarii K. Schum O.D amberoi PNG Pterygota horsfieldii (R. Br.) Kosterm syn. P. forbesii F. Muell {) oak, tulip, white PNG 143 Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr syn. Pithecellobium saman (Jacq.) Ben th. rain tree 144 Schizomeria serrata (Hochr.) Hochr syn. S. f/oribunda Schltr schizomeria, New Guinea PNG {) Schizomeria serrata (Hochr.) Hochr syn. S. f/oribunda Schltr O.D schizomeria, Solomon Islands SI Serianthes myriadenia Planch vaivai-ni-veikau Shorea leprosula Miq meranti, red, light M. 148 Sloanea forbesii F. Muell sloanea, New Guinea PNG IV (./) _ ~ ~-.~ -'--- ::'.~0...:-:-..: - -~~

29 Density (kg/m 3 ) Shrinkage(%) Intersection N Refer- Species point ' Green to 12% moisture content ence and Air dry Unit A.R. (%moisture Basic No. source B.R. A.R. content) B.R. A.R. T R T R T R T R 149 Sloanea sp sloanea, New Guinea PNG Spondias dulcis Forst. f spondias PNG 151 Sterculia vitiensis Seem sterculia, an 152 Swietenia macrophyl/a King mahogany, American, P Swietenia macrophylla King ( 10 years old) mahogany, American SI, P o Syzygium buettnerianum (K. Schum.) Niedenzu satinash, New Guinea PNG 155 Syzygium effusum (A. Gray) C.Muell syn. Eugenia effusa A. Gray and S. nidie Guill.* yasi-yasi I *Combined group.

30 156 Syzygium sp gum, water PNG Terminalia brassii Exel! O.Ql terminalia, brown PNG Terminalia brassii Exel! terminalia, brown SI 159 Terminalia calamansanai (Blco.) Rolfe terminalia, yellow SI Terminalia complanata K. Schum terminalia, yellow PNG Terminalia kaernbachii Warb terminalia, brown PNG <i l Terminalia oreadum Diets terminalia, brown PNG 311-{il Terminalia pterocarpa Melv. et Green (formerly T. ca tap pa au ct.) O.Ql ti vi <i <i.l Terminalia sp terminalia PNG {i IV -.J

31 Density (kg/ m 3 ) Shrinkage(%) Intersection Refer- Species point Green to 12% moisture content ence and Air dry Unit A.R. (% moisture Basic No. source B.R. A.R. content) B.R. A.R. T R T R T R T R N Tetrameles nudiflora R. Br tetrameles PNG Q.O Timonius timon (Spreng) Merr syn. T. rumphii DC timonius SI Toona australis (F. Muell.) Harms syn. Cedrela toona Roxb var. australis (F. Muell.) C. DC cedar, red Aust. 168 Trichospermum richii (A. Gray) Seem mako Q.O Tristiropsis canarioides Boeri tristiropsis, New Guinea PNG 170 Tristiropsis subangula K. Schum tristiropsis, New Guinea PNG 171 Vitex cofassus Reinw l 19.4 vitex, New Guinea PNG

32 ~. ~ Xanthophyllum papuanum Melch boxwood, New Guinea PNG l ('-.) '

33 30 Appendix 1. Index of species tested Botanical and common name Ref. No. Botanical and common name Ref. No. a'asa 77 ba'ula 33 Acacia harpophylla 1 bauvudi 120, 124 Acacia richii 2 beech, New Guinea 118, 119 Acicalyptus elliptica 57 beech, white, an 98 Acica/yptus eugenioides 57 beech, white, New Guinea 96 Acicalyptus longiflora 57 beech, white, Solomon Islands 97 Acicalyptus myrtoides 56 birch, pink 144 Ackama australiensis 3 blackbutt, New England 78 Ackama quadrivalvis 3 Bleasdalea vitiensis 25 ado a 42 Blepharocarya invo/u crigera 26 Agathis alba 4 bloodwood, Melville Island 83 Agathis dammara 4 bloodwood, red 84 Agathis vitiensis 5 boxwood, New Guinea 172 aiasila 116 Brachychiton carruthersii 27 A ilanthus peekelii 6 brachychiton, New Guinea 27 aimela 86 bridelia 28 ainunura 99 Bridelia minutiflora 28 aisikisiki 110 brigalow ako 138 brown barrel 81 Albizia falcata 7,8 buabua 88 Albizia falcataria 7,8 buchanania 29 Albizia minahassae 9 Buchanania macrocarpa 29 albizia, New Guinea 7 Burckella obovata 30 albizia, Solomon Islands 8, 9 purckella, Solomon Islands 30 albizia, white 7 butternut, rose 26 alder, rose 3 Cal/itris columel/aris 31, 32 almond, Indian 163 Callitris intra tropica 31 Alphitonia zizyphoides 10 Cal/itris g/a uca 32 Alstonia scholaris 11, 12, 13 calophyllum, an 34, 36 Alstonia spectabilis 14 Calophyllum kajewskii 33 amberoi 141 Calophyllum leucocarpum 34 Amoora cucullata 15, 16 calophyllum, New Guinea 35 amoora, New Guinea 15 Calophyllum papuanum 35 amoora, Solomon Islands 16 calophyllum, Solomon Islands 33, 37 Anisoptera po/yandra 17 Calophy llum vitiense 36, 37 A nisoptera thurifera 17 camphorwood, New Guinea 55 Anthocephalus cadamba 18 Campnosperma brevipetio/ata 38, 39. Anthocephalus chinensis campnosperma, New Guinea var. mollis campnosperma, Solomon Islands 39 antiaris, New Guinea 19 canarium, an 43 Antiaris toxicaria 19 canarium, grey 41 Archidendron oblongum 20 Canarium indicum 40 arokoko 97 canarium, New Guinea 41 A rgyrodendron actinophyllum Canarium oleosum subsp. diversifolium Canarium salomonense 42 Argyrodendron tnfoliolatum 22 Canarium smithii 43,44 ash, scaly 93 canarium, Solomon Islands 42,44 ash, silver, New Guinea 89 Canarium vitiense 43,44 ash, silver, Papuan 89 Castanopsis accuminatissima 45 Backhousia bancroftii 23 Casuarina equisetifolia 46 Barringtonia edulis 24 Casuarina nodiflora 47 basswood, an 75 cathormion, New Guinea 48 basswood, New Guinea 76 Cathormion umbellatum basswood, Solomon Islands 77 subsp. umbellatum 48