The influence of pre and post harvest calcium applications on storage capability and quality of Hayward kiwifruit
|
|
- Megan Sullivan
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 The influence of pre and post harvest calcium applications on storage capability and quality of Hayward kiwifruit Justina Franco 1, Dulce Antunes 2, F. Melo 1, R. Guilherme 1, Nuno Neves 3, Fátima Curado 3 and Sandra Rodrigues 4 1 ESAC Escola Superior Agrária de Coimbra, Bencanta, , Coimbra, PORTUGAL, jfranco@mail.esac.pt 2 Faculdade de Engenharia de Recursos Naturais, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, PORTUGAL 3 DRAPC Direcção Regional de Agricultura e Pescas do Centro, Av. Fernão de Magalhães, 465, Coimbra, PORTUGAL 4 KIWICOOP Cooperativa Frutícola da Bairrada, C.R.L., Malhapão, Oiã, 3770 Oliveira do Bairro, PORTUGAL Abstract: The benefits of calcium applications pre and postharvest on fruit storage ability are well know. It was objective of this work to study the effects of calcium preharvest application in two different forms and calcium chloride application postharvest on Hayward kiwifruit storage ability. The present paper reports of experimental results, corresponding to the experimental period from 2005 to Three application of 0.1% calcium chloride or calcium chelate were made by spraying on the tree at fruit set (beginning of June), July and September. After harvest (beginning of November) half fruits were dipped for 2 min in a solution of 3% CaCl 2. The other fruit were untreated. All fruit were then stored at 0ºC and relative humidity of about 90-95%. Only fruit of the size range g were analysed and discussed. Measurements of firmness, soluble solids content (SSC) and ascorbic acid were done after 1, 4 and 6 months storage. Kiwifruit sprayed with calcium and dipped in 3% CaCl 2 softened slower and the degradation of ascorbic acid content was lower. Ca-quelate performed better than calcium chloride as preharvest spraying, so it should be considered instead of CaCl 2 to avoid the negative effects of chloride, although our concentrations were very low. Key words: - Actinidia deliciosa, calcium, postharvest, firmness, SSC, ascorbic acid content. 1 Introduction In Portugal kiwifruit production become important from the 1980s. Production is almost exclusively of the cultivar Hayward because of its longer storage life and its larger fruit size. Kiwifruit can be air-stored for 4 to 6 months at 0ºC, although extensive softening will occur [1]. Sustainability of kiwifruit production is also related to their storage ability in order to feed the market all year around as required by consumers. The calcium plays a significant role in maintaining quality in a number of different fruits [5]. The pre and postharvest application of calcium salts has been used successfully in many fresh fruits to reduce loss of firmness and to slow down the ripening process [11]. Calcium alters intracellular and extracellular processes which retard ripening exemplified by lower rates of colour change, softening, CO 2 and ethylene production, increase in sugar and a reduction in total acid content [3]. The benefits of preharvest calcium chloride and calcium chelate applications on retarding kiwifruit firmness during storage have been mentioned in bibliography [4] [12]. The ascorbic acid content is important in fresh fruits and kiwifruit has higher concentration than other fruits. The ascorbic acid content decreased during ripening and storage. There is a reduction of approx % during storage [10]. Monolopoulou and Papadopoulou [7], in their research, obtained too a decrease in ascorbic acid content in four varieties of kiwifruit through storage. The objective of this work was to study the effects of calcium preharvest application in two different forms and calcium chloride application postharvest on Hayward kiwifruit storage capability and fruit quality. 2 Material and Methods 2.1 Plant material and treatments The study was based in a Hayward kiwifruit vine orchard installed in the Portuguese Region of Bairrada, corresponding to the experimental period from 2005 to Some plants were sprayed with
2 0.1% CaCl 2 or 0.1% Ca-chelate at three times during the growing season (fruit set-end of June, 1 month after fruit set-end of July, and 1.5 month before harvest-middle of September). Fruits were harvest at the beginning of November and immediately transferred to a storage room at 0ºC. After one month, fruits free of defects were selected and separated according to predetermined sizes: (65-75g), (75-85g), (85-105g) and 105g. The fruits of calibre g were used for experiments. were identified as follow: T1 (control-no Ca spray or dips), T2 (kiwifruit sprayed with 0.1% CaCl 2 and no Ca dips), T3 (kiwifruit sprayed with 0.1% Ca-chelate and no Ca dips); T4 (Kiwifruit with no Ca sprays + dipping in 3% CaCl 2 post harvest); T5 (Kiwifruit sprayed with 0.1% CaCl 2 + dipping in 3% CaCl 2 post harvest); T6 (Kiwifruit sprayed with 0.1% Ca-chelate + dipping in 3% CaCl 2 post harvest). Dips were done for 2 min in a solution of 3% CaCl 2 and then fruits were allowed to dry ant room temperature and placed in the cold room at 0ºC and 90-95% relative humidity. Ten fruits per replication were removed from storage in beginning of, and, for measurements of flesh firmness, soluble solids content (SSC) and ascorbic acid content. 2.1 Measurements Flesh firmness was recorded by digital puncture (model Tr Italy) fitted with a flat-8mm diameter tip. The tip was inserted after skin removal, at the fruit equator, in opposite sides, to a depth of 7mm. The SSC were measured using a digital Atago refractometer (model PR1-Atago Co. LTD, Japan) in juice obtained by squeezing, homogenizing and filtrating peeled fruits. Ascorbic acid was measured as described previously [8], by HPLC (Beckman) equipped with a System Gold Programmable Detector Module 166- UV-Vis (Beckman Coulter, USA), using a Lychrospher RP-18 column (25 cm X 4 cm i.d.; 5µm particle size). The mobile phase was 20 mm NaH 2 PO 4 and the flow rate was 1 ml/min. 2.3 Statistical analysis Statistical analyses were carried out with a SPSS statistical package. Two-way analyses of variance (ANOVA) tests and Duncan s Multiple Range Tests at (P<0.05) for comparisons between treatments over time were conducted. 3 Results and discussion 3.1 Firmness Kiwifruit of 2006 harvest were harder after 1 month storage than the ones of 2005, because they were firmer at harvest (Fig. 1). In both years, kiwifruit softened during storage in the same way. Fruit had a great decrease in firmness from to and slower thereafter. This is in accordance with previous studies [1]. After there were no significant differences in firmness between years Figure 1. Firmness of Hayward kiwifruit (size g) during storage at 0ºC, subjected to the treatments: T1 (control-no Ca spray or dips), T2 (kiwifruit sprayed with 0.1% CaCl 2 and no Ca dips), dips); T4 (Kiwifruit with no Ca sprays + dipping in 3% CaCl 2 post harvest); T5 (Kiwifruit sprayed with 0.1% CaCl 2 + dipping in 3% CaCl 2 post harvest); T6 (Kiwifruit sprayed with 0.1% Ca-chelate + dipping in 3% CaCl 2 post harvest).
3 In there was no effect of the different treatments on fruit firmness. After 4 months storage (), the fruits of T1 and T2 were firmer than the other treatments. However, at the end of storage period () the fruits of T3, T4 and T6 were the firmest while, T1 (control) and T2 were the softest (Fig. 1). Pre and post harvest calcium application to fruit tissues delayed softening and ripening, by retarding disintegration of cell walls [9]. The calcium ions make bridges between peptic molecules in the middle lamella being responsible for cell cohesion [6]. During storage, fruits sprayed with Ca-chelate or dipped in CaCl 2 softened slower than fruit not treated. Previous studies showed similar results with kiwifruits dipped in 2% CaCl 2 [1]. Gerasopoulos et al. [4] found that three preharvest applications of 0.375% CaCl 2 enhanced firmness during storage. Xie et al. [12] also reported a benefit on kiwifruit firmness during storage by preharvest application of 200ppm Ca-chelate. However, it seems that these concentrations were too low and need to be increased to retard ripening of kiwifruit during storage. In the present experiment it was found that dipping kiwifruit in 3% CaCl 2 was better for maintaining firmness during storage. Hopkirk et al. [5] tested concentrations from 2 to 5% with benefit to kiwifruit firmness, but found severe pitting on fruit dipped in 5% CaCl 2. In our studies, fruit quality wasnot affected by 3% CaCl 2. Also spraying with Caquelate seems to be better in preserving firmness than CaCl Soluble solids content (SSC) The SSC increased mostly in the first 2 months storage and remained almost constant for all treatments (Fig. 2). This is in agreement with previous studies [1]. Results in our experimental conditions showed no significant effect of spraying with CaCl 2 or Cachelate or dips in 3% CaCl 2, in SSC, except that treatment T6 (Kiwifruit sprayed with 0.1% Ca-chelate + dipping in 3% CaCl 2 post harvest) had slightly lower SSC at the end of storage (6 months). Antunes et al. [1] referred that kiwifruits dipped in 2% CaCl 2 postharvest showed too slightly lower SSC after 6 months at 0ºC Figure 2. Soluble solids content (SSC) of Hayward kiwifruit (size g) during storage at 0ºC, subjected to the treatments: T1 (control-no Ca spray or dips), T2 (kiwifruit sprayed with 0.1% CaCl 2 and no Ca dips), T3 (kiwifruit sprayed with 0.1% Ca-chelate and no Ca dips); T4 (Kiwifruit with no Ca sprays + dipping in 3% CaCl 2 post harvest); T5 (Kiwifruit sprayed with 0.1% CaCl 2 + dipping in 3% CaCl 2 post harvest); T6 (Kiwifruit sprayed with 0.1% Ca-chelate + dipping in 3% CaCl 2 post harvest).
4 3.3 Ascorbic acid content During storage ascorbic acid content had a great decrease in all treatments (Fig. 3). The decrease was higher from to, as for firmness decrease, with ascorbic acid content variations of about 60% and slower thereafter Figure 3. Ascorbic acid content of Hayward kiwifruit (size g) during storage at 0ºC, subjected to the treatments: T1 (control-no Ca spray or dips), T2 (kiwifruit sprayed with 0.1% CaCl 2 and no Ca dips), dips); T4 (Kiwifruit with no Ca sprays + dipping in 3% CaCl 2 post harvest); T5 (Kiwifruit sprayed with 0.1% CaCl 2 + dipping in 3% CaCl 2 post harvest); T6 (Kiwifruit sprayed with 0.1% Ca-chelate + dipping in 3% CaCl 2 post harvest). Results are for the year In there were no significant effects on ascorbic acid content among treatments, although fruit spayed with Ca-chelate had higher ascorbic acid, but in the behaviour was different. dips), T5 (Kiwifruit sprayed with 0.1% CaCl 2 + dipping in 3% CaCl 2 post harvest) and T6 (Kiwifruit sprayed with 0.1% Ca-chelate + dipping in 3% CaCl 2 post harvest) had a higher significant ascorbic acid content than T1 (control) with the lowest values. At the end of the storage life () the treatments T4 (Kiwifruit with no Ca sprays + dipping in 3% CaCl 2 post harvest) and T6 (Kiwifruit sprayed with 0.1% Cachelate + dipping in 3% CaCl 2 post harvest) had the highest ascorbic acid content and T1 (control) had the lowest (Fig. 3). The ascorbic acid content decreased during ripening and storage. There was a reduction of approx % during storage [10]. Manolopoulou and Papadopoulou [7], in their research, obtained too a decrease of ascorbic acid content through storage. This work suggest that Hayward kiwifruit preharvest sprayed with Ca-chelate and postharvest application with CaCl 2 was beneficial in retarding degradation of ascorbic acid content. 4 Conclusion Results obtained in our experimental conditions indicate that fruit quality was better in kiwifruit sprayed with Ca-chelate and dipped in 3% CaCl 2. At the end of the storage kiwifruit softened slower and were higher ascorbic acid content, two important parameters of quality. The concentrations used in this experiment are not considered harmfull for the environment and human health. However, since Ca-chelate performed better than CaCl 2 as pre-harvest spraying, further studies should be done on the use of higher concentrations of Ca- chelate as spraying to reduce or avoid chloride applications as CaCl 2. Also other forms of Ca as calcium chelate or calcium carbonate are being tested for us as dips. Acknowlegments We would like to acknowledge the staff of both the Escola Superior Agrária de Coimbra (Dep. Fitotecnia), Kiwicoop and ex- Direção Geral de Agricultura da Beira Litoral, for their collaboration in the field work and for laboratory analysis. The study was financially supported by the research project AGRO 688/04. References: [1] Antunes, M.D.C., Neves, N., Curado, F., Rodrigues, S., Franco, J. and Panagopoulos, T.,
5 The effect of calcium applications on kiwifruit quality preservation during storage. Acta Hort., 753, 2007, pp [2] Antunes, M.D.C and Stakiotakis, E. M., Ethylene bioynthesis and ripening behaviour of Hayward kiwifruit subjected to some controlled atmospheres. Postharvest Biol. Technol, 26, 2002: pp [3] Conway, W. S., The effects of postharvest infiltration of calcium, magnesium or strontium on decay, firmness, respiration and ethylene production in apples. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci, 112(2), 1987, pp [4] Gerasopoulos, D., Chouliaras, V. and Lionakis, S., Effects of preharvest calcium chloride sprays on maturity and storability of Hayward kiwifruit. Post. Biol. Technol., 7, 1996, pp [5] Hopkirk, G., Harker, F. R. and Harman, J.E., Calcium and firmness of kiwifruit, NZJ. Crop. Hort. Sci, 18, 1990, pp [6] Knee, M.; Bartley, I. M., Composition and metabolism of cell wall polysaccharides in ripening fruits. In: J. Friends and M.J.C. Rhodes (editors). Recent advances in the biochemistry of fruits and vegetables. Academic Press. London and New York, 1981, pp [7] Manolopoulou, H. and Papadopoulou, P. A study of respiratory and physico-chimical changes of four kiwifruit cultivars during cool-storage. Food Chemistry, 63 (4), 1998, [8] Miguel, G., Dandlen, S., Antunes, D., Neves, A. and Martins, D. The effect of two methods of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) juice extraction on quality during storage at 4ºC. J. Biomed. Biotech., 5, 2004, [9] Roy, S.; Conway, W.S.; Watada, A.E.; Sams, C.E.; Pooley, C.D. ; Werning, W.P., Distribution of the anionic sites in the cell wall of apple fruit after calcium treatment. Quantification and visualization by a cationic colloidal gold probe. Protoplasma. 178, 1994, pp [10] Sass, P., Fruit storage, Ed. Árpád Aranyossy. Budapest, [11] Souty, M.; Reich, M.; Breuils, L.; Chambroy, Y.; Jacquemin, G.; Audergon, J. M., Effects of Postharvest Calcium on Shelf-life and Quality of Apricot Fruit. Acta Hort., 384, pp [12] Xie, M., Jiang, G.H. and Kawada, K., Effect of preharvest Ca-chelate treatment on the storage quality of kiwifruit. Act. Hort, 610, 2003, pp
Evaluation of the effect of complementary pollination on Actinidia deliciosa CV. Hayward in northwest Portugal
Evaluation of the effect of complementary pollination on Actinidia deliciosa CV. Hayward in northwest Portugal Antunes M D C, Oliveira M, Teixeira M, Veloso A, Veloso F, Panagopoulos T Universidade do
More informationRipening and Conditioning Fruits for Fresh-cut
Ripening and Conditioning Fruits for Fresh-cut Adel Kader UCDavis Management of Ripening of Intact and Fresh-cut Fruits 1. Stages of fruit development 2. Fruits that must ripen on the plant 3. Fruits that
More informationFactors Affecting Sweet Cherry Fruit Pitting Resistance/Susceptibility. Yan Wang Postharvest Physiologist MCAREC, OSU
Factors Affecting Sweet Cherry Fruit Pitting Resistance/Susceptibility Yan Wang Postharvest Physiologist MCAREC, OSU Sweet cherry pitting #1 postharvest disorder Pitting not only detract from the appearance
More informationTHE EFFECT OF ETHYLENE UPON RIPENING AND RESPIRATORY RATE OF AVOCADO FRUIT
California Avocado Society 1966 Yearbook 50: 128-133 THE EFFECT OF ETHYLENE UPON RIPENING AND RESPIRATORY RATE OF AVOCADO FRUIT Irving L. Eaks University of California, Riverside Avocado fruits will not
More informationEFFECT OF FRUCOL APPLICATION ON SHELF LIVE OF IDARED APPLES
EFFECT OF FRUCOL APPLICATION ON SHELF LIVE OF IDARED APPLES Viorica Chitu, Emil Chitu, Florin-Cristian Marin Research Institute for Fruit Growing, Pitesti, Romania. Abstract The paper present the results
More informationResponse of 'Hass' Avocado to Postharvest Storage in Controlled Atmosphere Conditions
Proc. of Second World Avocado Congress 1992 pp. 467-472 Response of 'Hass' Avocado to Postharvest Storage in Controlled Atmosphere Conditions Dana F. Faubion, F. Gordon Mitchell, and Gene Mayer Department
More informationAvocado sugars key to postharvest shelf life?
Proceedings VII World Avocado Congress 11 (Actas VII Congreso Mundial del Aguacate 11). Cairns, Australia. 5 9 September 11 Avocado sugars key to postharvest shelf life? I. Bertling and S. Z. Tesfay Horticultural
More informationNEW ZEALAND AVOCADO FRUIT QUALITY: THE IMPACT OF STORAGE TEMPERATURE AND MATURITY
Proceedings V World Avocado Congress (Actas V Congreso Mundial del Aguacate) 23. pp. 647-62. NEW ZEALAND AVOCADO FRUIT QUALITY: THE IMPACT OF STORAGE TEMPERATURE AND MATURITY J. Dixon 1, H.A. Pak, D.B.
More informationA new approach to understand and control bitter pit in apple
FINAL PROJECT REPORT WTFRC Project Number: AP-07-707 Project Title: PI: Organization: A new approach to understand and control bitter pit in apple Elizabeth Mitcham University of California Telephone/email:
More informationINCREASING PICK TO PACK TIMES INCREASES RIPE ROTS IN 'HASS' AVOCADOS.
: 43-50 INCREASING PICK TO PACK TIMES INCREASES RIPE ROTS IN 'HASS' AVOCADOS. J. Dixon, T.A. Elmlsy, D.B. Smith and H.A. Pak Avocado Industry Council Ltd, P.O. Box 13267, Tauranga 3110 Corresponding author:
More informationD Lemmer and FJ Kruger
D Lemmer and FJ Kruger Lowveld Postharvest Services, PO Box 4001, Nelspruit 1200, SOUTH AFRICA E-mail: fjkruger58@gmail.com ABSTRACT This project aims to develop suitable storage and ripening regimes for
More informationFlowering and Fruiting Morphology of Hardy Kiwifruit, Actinidia arguta
Flowering and Fruiting Morphology of Hardy Kiwifruit, Actinidia arguta Chantalak Tiyayon and Bernadine Strik Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University 4017 ALS, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA Email:
More informationRipening Tomatoes. Marita Cantwell Dept. Plant Sciences, UC Davis
Ripening Tomatoes Marita Cantwell Dept. Plant Sciences, UC Davis micantwell@ucdavis.edu Fruit Ripening and Ethylene Management Workshop Postharvest Technology Center, UC Davis, March 7-8, 0 Quality of
More informationEffects of Different Transportation Methods on Quality of Sweet Cherry After Forced-air Cooling
5:2 (2016) Journal of Food Engineering and Technology Effects of Different Transportation Methods on Quality of Sweet Cherry After Forced-air Cooling Xiaofang Zhang 1, 2, Sheng Liu 1 *, Li-e Jia 1, Lijun
More informationFruit Ripening & Retail Handling Workshop. Why use cold storage? Ripe Strawberries After 7 days. Respiration and Temperature.
Fruit Ripening & Retail Handling Workshop Cold Storage Disorders of Fruits and Vegetables Mikal E. Saltveit Mann Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences University of California, Davis Why use cold storage?
More informationProceedings of The World Avocado Congress III, 1995 pp
Proceedings of The World Avocado Congress III, 1995 pp. 335-339 SENSITIVITY OF AVOCADO FRUIT TO ETHYLENE P.J. Hofman, R.L. McLauchlan and L.G. Smith Horticulture Postharvest Group Department of Primary
More informationEFFECT OF CURING AND SEAL PACKAGING ON PEEL AND PULP WEIGHT LOSS PERCENTAGE OF SCUFFING DAMAGED AND UNDAMAGED CITRUS FRUIT.
200 EFFECT OF CURING AND SEAL PACKAGING ON PEEL AND PULP WEIGHT LOSS PERCENTAGE OF SCUFFING DAMAGED AND UNDAMAGED CITRUS FRUIT. Dr. M. Akram Tariq, 1 Ex Professor A. K. Thompson, 2 Ali Asghar Asi 3 and
More informationPostharvest Paradox. Harvest Maturity and Fruit Quality. Fruit Maturity, Ripening and Quality. Harvest Maturity for Fruits: A balancing Act
Fruit Maturity, Ripening and Quality Maturity at harvest very important to determine final fruit quality and storage life With few exceptions, fruits reach best eating quality when allowed to ripen on
More informationOptimization of pomegranate jam preservation conditions
Optimization of pomegranate jam preservation conditions Legua P., Melgarejo P., Martínez J.J., Martínez R., Hernández F. in Melgarejo P. (ed.), Valero D. (ed.). II International Symposium on the Pomegranate
More informationEffect of different calcium compounds on postharvest quality of apples
Agronomy Research 4(2), 543 548, 2006 Effect of different calcium compounds on postharvest quality of apples U. Moor, M. Toome and A. Luik Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian
More informationWeight, g Respiration, µl/g-h Firmness, kg/cm
Postharvest Handling Melons and Winter Squash Ripe Melon Characteristics Cantaloupe Watermelon HoneyDew HoneyLoupe Canary Casaba Days from anthesis 55 5 0 Weight, g 00 100 50 000 Respiration, µl/g-h 17
More informationTomato Quality Attributes
León, Mexico - Sept Impact of Ripening & Storage Conditions on Ripe Tomato Quality Marita Cantwell Dept. Plant Sciences Univ. California, Davis, CA micantwell@ucdavis.edu; http://postharvest.ucdavis.edu
More informationMelon Quality & Ripening
Melon Quality & Ripening Marita Cantwell Dept. Plant Sciences, UC Davis micantwell@ucdavis.edu Fruit Ripening and Ethylene Management Workshop Postharvest Technology Center, UC Davis, March 17-18, 2015
More informationFruit Set, Growth and Development
Fruit Set, Growth and Development Fruit set happens after pollination and fertilization, otherwise the flower or the fruit will drop. The flowering and fruit set efficiency could be measured by certain
More informationInfluence of Cultivar and Planting Date on Strawberry Growth and Development in the Low Desert
Influence of Cultivar and Planting Date on Strawberry Growth and Development in the Low Desert Michael A. Maurer and Kai Umeda Abstract A field study was designed to determine the effects of cultivar and
More informationEffect of low-oxygen atmosphere on storage behaviour of kiwifruit
Effect of low-oxygen atmosphere on storage behaviour of kiwifruit Thomai T., Sfakiotakis E. in Gerasopoulos D. (ed.). Post-harvest losses of perishable horticultural products in the Mediterranean region
More informationApplication Note: Analysis of Melamine in Milk (updated: 04/17/09) Product: DPX-CX (1 ml or 5 ml) Page 1 of 5 INTRODUCTION
Page 1 of 5 Application Note: Analysis of Melamine in Milk (updated: 04/17/09) Product: DPX-CX (1 ml or 5 ml) INTRODUCTION There has been great interest recently for detecting melamine in food samples
More informationTomato Quality Attributes. Mature Fruit Vegetables. Tomatoes Peppers, Chiles
Mature Fruit Vegetables Tomatoes Peppers, Chiles Marita Cantwell, UC Davis micantwell@ucdavis.edu Maturity at harvest critical for quality Chilling sensitive, but variable in sensitivity Ethylene can control
More informationDetermination of the concentration of caffeine, theobromine, and gallic acid in commercial tea samples
Determination of the concentration of caffeine, theobromine, and gallic acid in commercial tea samples Janna Erickson Department of Chemistry, Concordia College, 901 8 th St S, Moorhead, MN 56562 Abstract
More informationREPORT to the California Tomato Commission Tomato Variety Trials: Postharvest Evaluations for 2006
10 January 2007 REPORT to the California Tomato Commission Tomato Variety Trials: Postharvest Evaluations for 2006 Responsible: Marita Cantwell Project Cooperators: Scott Stoddard Michelle LeStrange Brenna
More informationCalcium Use in Apples: An Update. M. Elena Garcia, PhD
Calcium Use in Apples: An Update M. Elena Garcia, PhD Physiological role of calcium 4Calcium is perhaps the most important mineral determining the quality of fruit, particularly in apples and pears because
More informationWINE GRAPE TRIAL REPORT
WINE GRAPE TRIAL REPORT Stellenbosch, Western Cape Louisvale 2008/09 season Introduction A trial was conducted in the Stellenbosch area on an older wine grape vineyard to determine whether AnnGro alone,
More informationGALA SPLITTING WASHINGTON TREE FRUIT POSTHARVEST CONFERENCE. March 13 th & 14 th, 2001, Wenatchee, WA PROCEEDINGS, Gala Splitting page 1 of 6
March 13 th & 14 th, 21, Wenatchee, WA GALA SPLITTING Preston K. Andrews Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture Washington State University Pullman, WA 99164-6414 59-335-363 (office) andrewsp@wsu.edu
More informationNIMITZ NEMATICIDE FIELD TRIALS
0 2015 REPORT ON RESEARCH NIMITZ NEMATICIDE FIELD TRIALS Kiwi-1 Ranch, Poplar, CA Kiwi-3 Ranch, Earlimart, CA Abstract Two randomized complete block field trials were conducted at Kiwi-1 Ranch, Poplar,
More informationTHE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS ON FRUIT YIELD CHARACTERISTICS OF STRAWBERRIES CULTIVATED UNDER VAN ECOLOGICAL CONDITION ABSTRACT
Gecer et al., The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 23(5): 2013, Page: J. 1431-1435 Anim. Plant Sci. 23(5):2013 ISSN: 1018-7081 THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS ON FRUIT YIELD CHARACTERISTICS OF
More informationROLE OF WATER LOSS IN RIPENING OF HASS AVOCADOS
New Zealand Avocado Growers' Association Annual Research Report 2004. 4:70 79. ROLE OF WATER LOSS IN RIPENING OF HASS AVOCADOS N. LALLUM, M. PUNTER, G. HAYNES, P. PIDAKALA, J. BURDON Hort Research, Private
More informationRelationship between Mineral Nutrition and Postharvest Fruit Disorders of 'Fuerte' Avocados
Proc. of Second World Avocado Congress 1992 pp. 395-402 Relationship between Mineral Nutrition and Postharvest Fruit Disorders of 'Fuerte' Avocados S.F. du Plessis and T.J. Koen Citrus and Subtropical
More informationIs fruit dry matter concentration a useful predictor of Honeycrisp apple fruit quality after storage?
Is fruit dry matter concentration a useful predictor of Honeycrisp apple fruit quality after storage? T.L. Robinson 1, A.D. Rufato 2, L. Rufato 3 and L.I. Dominguez 1 1Dept. of Horticulture, NYSAES, Cornell
More information(36) PROHEXADIONE-CALCIUM AFFECTS SHOOT GROWTH AND YIELD OF LEMON, ORANGE AND AVOCADO DIFFERENTLY
(36) PROHEXADIONE-CALCIUM AFFECTS SHOOT GROWTH AND YIELD OF LEMON, ORANGE AND AVOCADO DIFFERENTLY Lauren C. Garner, Yusheng Zheng, Toan Khuong and Carol J. Lovatt 1 ABSTRACT Lemon (Citrus limon L.) and
More informationHarvest times vary between growing regions and seasons. As an approximation, harvest times for the most common types are:
Harvest Maturity Asian pear varieties (ie. Pyrus bretschneideri, Pyrus pyrifolia, Pyrus ussuariensis) more commonly known as nashi typically ripen on the tree. European pears (ie. Pyrus communis) such
More informationMATURITY AND RIPENING PROCESS MATURITY
MATURITY AND RIPENING PROCESS MATURITY It is the stage of fully development of tissue of fruit and vegetables only after which it will ripen normally. During the process of maturation the fruit receives
More informationSYMPTOMS OF CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE DAMAGE IN AVOCADOS
SYMPTOMS OF CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE DAMAGE IN AVOCADOS C. YEARSLEY AND N. LALLU HortResearch, Private Bag 92 169, Auckland ABSTRACT Fruit quality following CA shipping has been variable with the appearance
More informationPre- and Postharvest 1-MCP Technology for Apples
Pre- and Postharvest 1-MCP Technology for Apples Dr. Jennifer DeEll Fresh Market Quality Program Lead OMAFRA, Simcoe, Ontario, CANADA Specific topics Definitions SmartFresh SM vs. TM SmartFresh and disorders,
More informationEVALUATION OF NEW HASS -LIKE AVOCADO CULTIVARS IN SOUTH AFRICA
Proceedings V World Avocado Congress (Actas V Congreso Mundial del Aguacate) 2003. pp. 129-133. EVALUATION OF NEW HASS -LIKE AVOCADO CULTIVARS IN SOUTH AFRICA S Kremer-Köhne and M L Mokgalabone Merensky
More informationScientia Horticulturae, 24 (1984) Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam --Printed in The Netherlands
Scientia Horticulturae, 24 (1984) 287--298 287 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam --Printed in The Netherlands POST-HARVEST PHYSIOLOGY AND STORAGE BEHAVIOUR OF POMEGRANATE FRUITS SALAHEDDIN M.
More informationEFFECT OF FRUIT SIZE AND TEMPERATURE ON THE SHELF LIFE AND QUALITY OF RIPE BANANA FRUIT
Sarhad J. Agric. Vol. 23, No. 1, 2007 EFFECT OF FRUIT SIZE AND TEMPERATURE ON THE SHELF LIFE AND QUALITY OF RIPE BANANA FRUIT Saeed Ahmad*, Mohammad Akram Nasir*, Zahid Hussain* Raheel Anwar * and A. K.
More informationJ. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 9(1): , 2016 ISSN
Effects of Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium and Sulphur on Growth Yield and Nutrient Content of Strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) C. A. Afroz 1*, M. A. H. Shimul 2, M. Ikrum 3, M. A. Siddiky 4 and M. A. Razzaque
More informationUsing Natural Lipids to Accelerate Ripening and Uniform Color Development and Promote Shelf Life of Cranberries
Using Natural Lipids to Accelerate Ripening and Uniform Color Development and Promote Shelf Life of Cranberries 66 Mustafa Özgen and Jiwan P. Palta Department of Horticulture University of Wisconsin, Madison,
More informationOzone experimentation one the shelf life of various fruits
Ozone experimentation one the shelf life of various fruits Abstract Earth Safe Ozone will investigate the effects of ozone on fruit storage at room temperature. Ozone has been shown to reduce mold and
More informationChilling Sensitivity of Avocado Fruit at Different Stages of the Respiratory Climacteric 1
J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 101(6):665-667. 1976. Chilling Sensitivity of Avocado Fruit at Different Stages of the Respiratory Climacteric 1 S. Kosiyachinda 3 and R. E. Young 2 Department of Plant Sciences,
More informationEFFECTS OF 1-METHYLCYCLOPROPENE (1-MCP) COUPLED WITH CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE STORAGE ON THE RIPENING AND QUALITY OF CAVENDISH BANANA ABSTRACT
Manuscript for Agroteksos Journal EFFECTS OF 1-METHYLCYCLOPROPENE (1-MCP) COUPLED WITH CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE STORAGE ON THE RIPENING AND QUALITY OF CAVENDISH BANANA Liana Suryaningsih 1, James P. Mattheis
More informationDetermination of Fruit Sampling Location for Quality Measurements in Melon (Cucumis melo L.)
Determination of Fruit Sampling Location for Quality Measurements in Melon (Cucumis melo L.) Miriam Paris 1, Jack E. Staub 2 and James D. McCreight 3 1 University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Horticulture,
More informationUse of Plant Growth Regulators to Increase Fruit Set, Fruit Size and Yield and to Manipulate Vegetative and Floral Shoot Growth
Proceedings of the California Avocado Research Symposium, October 30, 2004. University of California, Riverside. California Avocado Commission. Pages 96-107. Use of Plant Growth Regulators to Increase
More informationInfluence of cold storage on fruit quality of some kiwifruit genotypes organically produced
Romanian Biotechnological Letters Vol. 22, No. 6, 2016 Copyright 2016 University of Bucharest Printed in Romania. All rights reserved ORIGINAL PAPER Influence of cold storage on fruit quality of some kiwifruit
More informationSkin Color. Fruit Shape 6/16/2011. Postharvest Handling of Mango. Cultivar Differences
Postharvest Handling of Mango Cultivar Differences Tommy Atkins Mango Kent Mango Keitt Mango Haden Mango Ataulfo Mango Assessing Maturity & Eating Quality Potential Skin Color Maturity at harvest determines
More information! " # # $% 004/2009. SpeedExtractor E-916
! "# # $% 004/2009 SpeedExtractor E-916! " # # $% The Genépi plant (Artemisia umbelliformis) grows in alpine areas. It is also cultivated and used to produce a herb liquor. Costunolide is a sesquiterpene
More informationCopyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and
Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere
More informationPercent of the combined rankings of the reasons why consumers purchase peaches. 35.0
jkbrecht@ufl.edu Combined Rankings (%) USDA Specialty Crops Research Project Increasing Consumption of Specialty Crops by Enhancing Their Quality & Safety Percent of the combined rankings of the reasons
More informationTHE EFFECT OF GIRDLING ON FRUIT QUALITY, PHENOLOGY AND MINERAL ANALYSIS OF THE AVOCADO TREE
California Avocado Society 1971-72 Yearbook 55: 162-169 THE EFFECT OF GIRDLING ON FRUIT QUALITY, PHENOLOGY AND MINERAL ANALYSIS OF THE AVOCADO TREE E. Lahav Division of Subtropical Horticulture, The Volcani
More informationSession Six Postharvest quality, outturn. New Zealand and Australia Avocado Grower s s Conference September 2005 Tauranga,, New Zealand
Session Six Postharvest quality, outturn New Zealand and Australia Avocado Grower s s Conference 05 20-22 22 September 2005 Tauranga,, New Zealand Is Ripening and Post Harvest Quality Affected by Fruit
More informationEFFECT OF VARIOUS CALCIUM SALTS ON RIPENING OF MANGO FRUITS
Journal of Research (Science), Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan. Vol.15, No.1, June 2004, pp. 45-52 ISSN 1021-1012 EFFECT OF VARIOUS CALCIUM SALTS ON RIPENING OF MANGO FRUITS University
More informationFactors to consider when ripening avocado
Factors to consider when ripening avocado Mary Lu Arpaia Univ. of CA Riverside, CA mlarpaia@ucanr.edu Why Ripen Avocados? Untreated, fruit ripening may range from a few days to even weeks within a carton
More informationSUDAN EXPERIENCE IN Reducing Post harvest losses SALAH BAKHIET& WIDAD ABDELRAHMAN
8 TH MEETING OF THE COMCEC AGRICULTURE WORKING GROUP ANKARA OCTOBER 2016 SUDAN EXPERIENCE IN Reducing Post harvest losses SALAH BAKHIET& WIDAD ABDELRAHMAN Reducing Post harvest losses in Horticultural
More informationUsing Growing Degree Hours Accumulated Thirty Days after Bloom to Help Growers Predict Difficult Fruit Sizing Years
Using Growing Degree Hours Accumulated Thirty Days after Bloom to Help Growers Predict Difficult Fruit Sizing Years G. Lopez 1 and T. DeJong 2 1 Àrea de Tecnologia del Reg, IRTA, Lleida, Spain 2 Department
More informationUNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AVOCADO CULTIVARS LAMB HASS AND GEM MATURITY AND FRUIT QUALITY RESULTS FROM NEW ZEALAND EVALUATION TRIALS
: 15-26 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AVOCADO CULTIVARS LAMB HASS AND GEM MATURITY AND FRUIT QUALITY RESULTS FROM NEW ZEALAND EVALUATION TRIALS J. Dixon, C. Cotterell, B. Hofstee and T.A. Elmsly Avocado Industry
More informationBest Practices for use of SmartFresh on Pear Fruit. Beth Mitcham Department of Plant Sciences University of California Davis
Best Practices for use of SmartFresh on Pear Fruit Beth Mitcham Department of Plant Sciences University of California Davis 1-Methylcyclopropene Cyclic olefin gas Inhibitor of ethylene binding and action
More informationFruit Ripening & Ethylene Management Workshop. Why use cold storage? Chronological vs Physiological. Effect of temperatures on strawberries
Fruit Ripening & Ethylene Management Workshop Cold Storage Disorders of Fruits and Vegetables Why use cold storage? Shelf-life is inversely proportional to respiration (colder temp slower respiration longer
More informationEffects of Seedling Age, and Different Levels of N, K and K/N on Quality and Yield of Tomato Grown in Perlite Bag Culture
Effects of Seedling Age, and Different Levels of N, K and K/N on Quality and Yield of Tomato Grown in Perlite Bag Culture Sureyya ALTINTAS*, Servet VARIS, Ömer KESKIN, İbrahim KURU Namık Kemal University,
More informationVibration Damage to Kiwifruits during Road Transportation
International Journal of Agriculture and Food Science Technology. ISSN 2249-3050, Volume 4, Number 5 (2013), pp. 467-474 Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com/ ijafst.htm Vibration Damage
More informationUse of a potassium permanganate ethylene absorbent to maintain quality in Golden Delicious apple during ULO cold storage
Use of a potassium permanganate ethylene absorbent to maintain quality in Golden Delicious apple during ULO cold storage M. Sabater 1*, C. Coureau 2 & C. Tessier 2 1 Bioconservacion SA, Barcelona, Spain.
More informationUse of SO 2 to Control Decay. Problems. Table Grape Postharvest Handling. Decay. Bleaching. Total Consumption 700 1,250 ppm Forced air cooling.
Table Grape Postharvest Handling Carlos H. Crisosto chcrisosto@ucdavis.edu Three BotrytisMain Decay Problems Hairline Bleaching Add bleaching/hairline Use of SO 2 to Control Decay Time Initial Total Consumption
More informationYield and Quality of Spring-Planted, Day-Neutral Strawberries in a High Tunnel
Yield and Quality of Spring-Planted, Day-Neutral Strawberries in a High Tunnel Kelly Gude, Sara Gragg, Cary Rivard, Eleni Pliakoni Great Plains Growers Conference, 217 Local Fruit Production in Kansas
More informationD. Almaliotis N.AG.RE.F. Soil Science Institute Thessaloniki Greece. Keywords: acidity, bud fertility, firmness, fruit shape, soluble solids
Evaluation of Some Agronomical Characters and Resistance to Botrytis of the New Kiwifruit cv. Tsechelidis (A. deliciosa) in Comparison to the cv. Hayward T. Sotiropoulos and T. Thomidis N.AG.RE.F. Pomology
More informationEffect of high temperature stress on ethylene biosynthesis, respiration and ripening of Hayward kiwifruit
Postharvest Biology and Technology 20 (2000) 251 259 www.elsevier.com/locate/postharvbio Effect of high temperature stress on ethylene biosynthesis, respiration and ripening of Hayward kiwifruit M.D.C.
More informationThe Post-harvest Management of Apples, from Hot Water Treatment to Decision Support System.
The Post-harvest Management of Apples, from Hot Water Treatment to Decision Support System. Alex van Schaik Coordinator Paolo Bertolini WP1 Ria Derkx WP2 Outline Non-destructive measurement of quality
More informationbag handling Poor technology High Technology Bulk handling mechanized
Quality of Carioca bean seeds under different storage conditions V. Schoeninger 1, N. V. Prado 1, P. V. Pramiu 2, Silvia Renata Machado Coelho (presenting author) Students, Graduate Program in Agricultural
More informationIMPACT OF RAINFALL PRIOR TO HARVEST ON RIPE FRUIT QUALITY OF HASS AVOCADOS IN NEW ZEALAND
Proceedings V World Avocado Congress (Actas V Congreso Mundial del Aguacate) 2003. pp. 629-634. IMPACT OF RAINFALL PRIOR TO HARVEST ON RIPE FRUIT QUALITY OF HASS AVOCADOS IN NEW ZEALAND H.A. Pak 1, J.
More informationResults and Discussion Eastern-type cantaloupe
Muskmelon Variety Trial in Southwest Indiana 2016 Wenjing Guan, Daniel S. Egel and Dennis Nowaskie Southwest Purdue Agricultural Center, Vincennes, IN, 47591 Introduction Indiana ranks fifth in 2015 in
More informationEffect of Lifting Time and Tuber Size on Ambient Storage Performance of Potato Derived from True Potato Seed
International Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 5 (1): 01-09, 2013 ISSN 2079-2107 IDOSI Publications, 2013 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.ijsa.2013.05.01.314 Effect of Lifting Time and Tuber Size on Ambient Storage
More informationDETERMINATION OF FRYING TEMPERATURE AND VACUUM PRESSURE TO PRODUCE PINEAPPLE CHIPS USING SIMPLE VACUUM FRIER *)
DETERMINATION OF FRYING TEMPERATURE AND VACUUM PRESSURE TO PRODUCE PINEAPPLE CHIPS USING SIMPLE VACUUM FRIER *) Yuniarti 1, Susinggih W 2, Nur Hidayat 2 and Anang L 2. 1. Dept. of Postharvest Handling
More informationLecture 4. Factors affecting ripening can be physiological, physical, or biotic. Fruit maturity. Temperature.
Lecture 4. Factors affecting ripening can be physiological, physical, or biotic. Physiological factors relate to fruit maturity or environmental factors, which affect the metabolism of fruit and banana.
More informationETHYLENE RIPENING PROTOCOLS FOR LOCAL AND EXPORT MARKET AVOCADOS
Proceedings from Conference 97: Searching for Quality. Joint Meeting of the Australian Avocado Grower s Federation, Inc. and NZ Avocado Growers Association, Inc., 23-26 September 1997. J. G. Cutting (Ed.).
More informationHarvest Maturity and Fruit Quality. Importance of Maturity Indices. Developmental Continuum. Development Growth. Maturation. Physiological Maturity
Harvest Maturity and Fruit Quality Marita Cantwell Dept. Plant Sciences, UC Davis micantwell@ucdavis.edu Fruit Ripening and Ethylene Management Workshop UC Davis, April8-9, 9 California orange on plane
More informationGROWTH RATES OF RIPE ROT FUNGI AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES
: 77-84 GROWTH RATES OF RIPE ROT FUNGI AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES T.A. Elmsly and J. Dixon Avocado Industry Council Ltd., P.O. Box 13267, Tauranga 3110 Corresponding author: tonielmsly@nzavaocado.co.nz
More informationCOMPARISON OF CORE AND PEEL SAMPLING METHODS FOR DRY MATTER MEASUREMENT IN HASS AVOCADO FRUIT
New Zealand Avocado Growers' Association Annual Research Report 2004. 4:36 46. COMPARISON OF CORE AND PEEL SAMPLING METHODS FOR DRY MATTER MEASUREMENT IN HASS AVOCADO FRUIT J. MANDEMAKER H. A. PAK T. A.
More informationVERAMIN Line liquid foliar fertilizers are the first product line for plant nutrition and biostimulation based on ALOE VERA (Aloe Barbadensis)
VERAMIN Line liquid foliar fertilizers are the first product line for plant nutrition and biostimulation based on ALOE VERA (Aloe Barbadensis) extracts and vegetable amino acids. ALOE VERA has extraordinary
More informationAgnieszka Masny Edward Żurawicz
Agnieszka Masny Edward Żurawicz Research Institute of Horticulture, Skierniewice, Poland SEMINAR OF WP 2 24. Sep. 2013, Trondheim - Norway INTRODUCTION Majority of the Polish strawberry production is located
More informationRESOLUTION OIV-OENO ANALYSIS OF VOLATILE COMPOUNDS IN WINES BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
RESOLUTION OIV-OENO 553-2016 ANALYSIS OF VOLATILE COMPOUNDS IN WINES BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY, In view of Article 2, paragraph 2 iv of the Agreement of 3 April 2001 establishing the International
More informationWhat Went Wrong with Export Avocado Physiology during the 1996 Season?
South African Avocado Growers Association Yearbook 1997. 20:88-92 What Went Wrong with Export Avocado Physiology during the 1996 Season? F J Kruger V E Claassens Institute for Tropical and Subtropical
More informationPERFORMANCE OF HYBRID AND SYNTHETIC VARIETIES OF SUNFLOWER GROWN UNDER DIFFERENT LEVELS OF INPUT
Suranaree J. Sci. Technol. Vol. 19 No. 2; April - June 2012 105 PERFORMANCE OF HYBRID AND SYNTHETIC VARIETIES OF SUNFLOWER GROWN UNDER DIFFERENT LEVELS OF INPUT Theerachai Chieochansilp 1*, Thitiporn Machikowa
More informationBERRY SIZE OF THOMPSON SEEDLESS AS INFLUENCED BY THE APPLICATION OF GIBBERELLIC ACID AND CANE GIRDLING
Pak. J. Bot., 42(3): 1755-1760, 2010. BERRY SIZE OF THOMPSON SEEDLESS AS INFLUENCED BY THE APPLICATION OF GIBBERELLIC ACID AND CANE GIRDLING TALEB R. ABU-ZAHRA Department of Plant Production and Protection,
More informationSolid Phase Micro Extraction of Flavor Compounds in Beer
Solid Phase Micro Extraction of Flavor Compounds in Beer ANNE JUREK Reducing Carryover in Environmental Water Samples Application Note Environmental Author Anne Jurek Applications Chemist EST Analytical
More informationINFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND TIME OF STORAGE ON AMOUNT OF VITAMIN C IN STRAWBERRIES
Original scientific paper UDC 634.75:577.164.2(497.776) 2014 INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND TIME OF STORAGE ON AMOUNT OF VITAMIN C IN STRAWBERRIES Gorica Pavlovska 1*, Emilija Dukovska 1, Vesna Antoska Knights
More informationQUALITY OF IRRADIATED TROPICAL FRUIT
QUALITY OF IRRADIATED TROPICAL FRUIT Marisa Wall U.S. Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, Hilo, HI Hawaii: Irradiation treatments approved for export to U.S. Fruit Abiu Atemoya Banana Breadfruit
More informationEffects of calcium sprays and AVG on fruit quality at harvest and after storage
Effects of calcium sprays and AVG on fruit quality at harvest and after storage Principal Investigators Chuck Ingels and Beth Mitcham/Bill Biasi Collaborators Thom Wiseman and Michelle Leinfelder-Miles
More informationPost-Harvest-Multiple Choice Questions
Post-Harvest-Multiple Choice Questions 1. Chilling injuries arising from the exposure of the products to a temperature a. above the normal physiological range b. below the normal physiological range c.under
More informationFurther refinement of Pinkerton export parameters
South African Avocado Growers' Association Yearbook. 2002. 25:51-55 51 Further refinement of Pinkerton export parameters B Snijder, M G Penter, J M Mathumbu and F J Kruger ARC-Institute for Tropical and
More informationFurther investigations into the rind lesion problems experienced with the Pinkerton cultivar
Further investigations into the rind lesion problems experienced with the Pinkerton cultivar FJ Kruger and SD Mhlophe Agricultural Research Council Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops Private
More informationEffects of Preharvest Sprays of Maleic Hydrazide on Sugar Beets
Effects of Preharvest Sprays of Maleic Hydrazide on Sugar Beets F. H. PETO 1 W. G. SMITH 2 AND F. R. LOW 3 A study of 20 years results from the Canadian Sugar Factories at Raymond, Alberta, (l) 4 shows
More informationExtraction of Acrylamide from Coffee Using ISOLUTE. SLE+ Prior to LC-MS/MS Analysis
Application Note AN796 Extraction of Acrylamide from Coffee using ISOLUTE SLE+ Page 1 Extraction of Acrylamide from Coffee Using ISOLUTE SLE+ Prior to LC-MS/MS Analysis This application note describes
More information