The Post-harvest Management of Apples, from Hot Water Treatment to Decision Support System.
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1 The Post-harvest Management of Apples, from Hot Water Treatment to Decision Support System. Alex van Schaik Coordinator Paolo Bertolini WP1 Ria Derkx WP2
2 Outline Non-destructive measurement of quality Sustainable prevention of postharvest rot Improved storage systems Quality prediction
3 Post Harvest Chain Quality determined at harvest!! - Ripening status - Size/color/presentation - Sustainable product - Biochemical composition - Potential taste (sugars) - Sensitivity to defects - Shelflife
4 Initial quality: DA meter NIR technique Portable Quality prediction (harvest and storage) Research: Golden Delicious, Red Delicious, Pink Lady Galaxy, Elstar, Rubens Harvest 4 Sept Harvest 2 Oct
5 Workin g 2.5 Absorbance (A) I AD Wavelength (nm) The I AD is calculated as the difference in absorbance at the wavelengths of 670 (chlorophyll-a absorbance peak) and 720 nm (background of the spectrum) The I AD decreases throughout fruit development and ripening
6 DA-meter Ethylene emission ppm h -1 kg Starch index < <1 I AD Ethylene production (left) and Starch content (right) in relation with DA measurement at 3 harvest dates for Red Delicious apples
7 DA meter: results DA-classes for Gala Apples harvested at three times
8 4 Sept % 20 % DA-index 11 Sept DA-index 19 Sept DA distribution at different harvest dates for Rubens apples Rubens - DA-index % DA-index 25 Sept DA-index % DA-index Date 2 Oct % DA-index Decline in DA-index during storage at different temperatures
9 Relation DA and Firmness Correlation between DA-index and fruit firmness Pink Lady: badges of fruit Fruit firm ness, N y = x R 2 = DA-index Elstar individual fruits
10 Tools in the chain: DA meter Promising technique for several varieties Reduction biological variation: selection at harvest Measurement in the orchard possible Application for more fruits Quality prediction (harvest and storage) Relationship with other quality attributes Must accepted as a standard tool?!
11 Safer Fruit and Environment Replacing pesticide treatment against Postharvest rot by: - HWT Hot Water Treatment - BCA Biological Control Agents (Antagonists) - GRAS Generally Recognized Safe Substances
12 Hot Water Treatment
13 Results of Hot Water Treatment. Example of results: Golden Delicious: 52 C for 40 seconds and 54 C/ 56 C for 20 seconds. Braeburn can be safely treated up to 56 C for 40 seconds and 58 C for 20 seconds. Royal Gala can be safely treated up to 52 C for 40 seconds and 54 C for 20 seconds. Queen Cox can be safely treated up to 54 C for 20 seconds.
14 Results of Hot Water Treatment. BUT: Variation in effects depending to season, orchard, growing area and variety. Good result Nectria and Gloeosporium, not against Botrytis. Longer immersion time and higher temperature: skin damage. Standard protocol for every situation is problematic Logistic problems during harvest Large scale application is difficult
15 Hot Water Treatment on peaches 75 a infected fruits % E I 84,38% b peach "Rich Lady" a E I 100% b nectarine "Big Top" Control HW 60 C x 20"
16 Treatments with GRAS and Antagonists Effects of official EU registered Antagonists were ineffective Some GRAS treatments were effective: - Na-molybdate - Peroxyacetic acid - Alcohol ethoxylate Registration is necessary and is time consuming in EU
17 Storage systems 1-MCP is blocking the ripening process ethylene production [pmol/kg/s] time [hours] ethylene C = C receptor C = C C C - C = C receptor 1-mcp
18 Storage techniques: 1-MCP treatment firmness after shelf-life at 18 C firmness [N/cm²] harvest 1 harvest storage days + MCP - MCP storage days Kitteman, Bavendorf
19 Storage techniques: Dynamic Oxygen Conditions Principle ULO Relative respiration DCS/DCA 0 % O 2 21
20 Dynamic Storage Systems DCA: Source A. Zanella, Italy DCS: Source A. van Schaik, Netherlands
21 Dynamic Oxygen Systems Influence different technologies on scald Red Delicious % Scald ULO DPA MCP DCA Technology Scald SV-score (0-3) Skinspots and DCS after 1 Week 18 C Zanella, Laimburg avg Orchard ULO DCS
22 Dynamic Control System (DCS) Distribution firmness of apples after 7.5 Month in storage direct en 1 wk shelflife CA and DCS storage with and without 1-MCP (Elstar) amout of fruits (%) ULO shelflife Control ULO shelflife SmartFresh DCS shelflife Control DCS shelflife SmartFresh Firmness class (per 0.5 kg)
23 Interactive Storage systems (DCA\DCS\ILOS) Advantages Orchard related storage condition Retention of firmness and ground color in the chain Reduction of biological variation Reduction of physiological disorders Replacement of chemical treatments Allowed for organic fruits Necessary: More equipment Special sensors Gastight rooms
24 Peaple Decision Support System for Simulation of Postharvest Quality Changes in Fruit Supply Chains PawelKonopackiet all
25 Peaple is a prototype Decision Support System to: simulate quality changes of apples and peaches along different supply chains to meet the demands of consumers and consequently stimulate the increase of fresh fruit consumption.
26 Peaplecontains models for several apple and peach quality indices: firmness acidity soluble solids content skin colour disorders helpsystem
27 Included in Peaple: 1 Cultivars 2 Growth location 3 Harvesting time 4 Transport (conditions) 5 Storage: CA, 1 MCP, DCA, HWT 6 Distribution (conditions) 7 Shelflife
28 Firmness RA storage Transport Retail Firmness CA storage Transport Retail Time Time
29
30 Conclusions Improvement Non Destructive measurement of Quality Non Chemical treatments against Post Harvest Rot in some cases possible. New storage systems successful on the market Prototype DSS system for quality
31 Thanks for your attention!
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