A TWIN SEEDLING IN ZEA MAYS L. TWINNING IN THE GRAMINEAE
|
|
- Priscilla Quinn
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 125 A TWIN SEEDLING IN ZEA MAYS L. TWINNING IN THE GRAMINEAE i BY B. C. SHARMAN Department of Botany, University of Leeds (With Plate i and i figure in the text) Amongst some maize seedlings grown for class use, one was observed to have two embryos emerging from a single caryopsis (PI. i A, B). Because its appearance immediately caused speculation as to the exact relationship of the embryos to each other, it was pickled and sectioned (Text-fig, i A-J). The two embryos appear to be completely separate except for the scutellum, which offers an interesting condition. At the top and bottom (Text-fig, i A, B, C and J) it is completely separated into two parts, each being quite normal in appearance. In the region of the union of the epicotyl (Text-fig, i D, E, F and G) it is entire but indented, the epidermis being infolded to a considerable degree. At one point (Text-fig, i H) there is absolutely no sign of any bisection. From the section illustrated in J in Text-fig, i, it appears that both radicles were originally enclosed in a single coleorhiza. Although the right-hand embryo is placed a little lower in the caryopsis (PI. i A, and Text-fig, i A, E and G) the two appear to have been amazingly evenly balanced in their development and subsequent germination, and to have proved very well-matched rivals for the food supplies. Even as late in development as when photographed (PI. i A) they were still practically mirror images. This even development, the way in which the scutellum seems to have arisen as an essentially single unit and the obvious singleness of the endosperm, testa and pericarp, suggest that the twinning arose early in the life history, probably being caused by longitudinal division or constriction of the more or less spherical mass of cells constituting the 'pro-embryo' stage of Soueges (1924). There appears to be only a very limited literature bearing on the structure of twin seedlings in grasses. Kempton (1913) deals with a number of maize caryopses which have obviously arisen from two ovaries showing various degrees of 'fusion'. In extreme cases he shows examples of caryopses bearing embryos 'back to back' so that a germ appears on both sides of the grain. These have come from a single spikelet having two flowers, one of which is normally aborted but can, as on this occasion, be fertile. He thinks of his grains as resulting from the fusion of the two ovaries after fertilization, but his illustrations, even of the mature caryopses, would suggest that the union, if such it ever is, has arisen much earlier. He concluded, however, that ' the development of the two ovaries in one spikelet must be simultaneous, as a large number of cases have been found where the two seeds from one spikelet have grown together with a single pericarp. These connate seeds had been fertilized through a double silk which was attached to the pericarp near the union of the two seeds. Connate seeds are a distinct phenomenon from single seeds with
2 R.L..L. E.R. Text-fig. I. Transverse sections through the maize twin shown in PI. i A. A, above the union of the two embryos; J, just below the departure of the two radicles. C, coleorhiza; E, endosperm; /, indentation of scutellum; P, pericarp; E.L., E.R. epicotyls of left and right embryos; S.L., S.R. left and right portions of the scutellum; R.L., R.R. radictes of left and right embryos.
3 A twin seedling in Zea Mays L. Twinning in the Gramineae 127 a double embryo, two of which have been seen.' One of his photographs shows a caryopsis with two embryos growing out side by side in the same manner as the seedling described above. His example, however, is very deformed (probably through the way the caryopsis was lying when it germinated), and while left in the greenhouse to develop further, was eaten by a pest before it could be properly examined." Blaringhem (1920) described a strain of maize (called by him Zea Mays var. polysperma) in which many double and sometimes triple grains developed. Stratton (1923) examined this variety developmentally and showed that the double grains arose from two 'coalesced' flowers, the two flowers ofthe spikelet being fertile and developing, from the inception, in various degrees of 'fusion'. She describes connate and semi-connate grains, the former being kernels with the two embryos on opposite sides of the grain, arranged back to back and enclosed in a common pericarp formed from the coalesced ovaries of the two flowers. She states that in all the cases she examined the connate grains possessed two stigmas, which, however, were often close together and could only be seen as two entities with the aid of a lens. The semi-connate grains showed various degrees of fusion and were 'caryopses with the two seeds less coalesced than in the connate type, the pericarp extending more or less between them'. Jenkin (1931), when discussing grass breeding, remarks that twin seedlings occur frequently, and warns the breeder to watch for them, since the two plants arising have different characters; this suggests that he is dealing with a different type of twin from that described for Zea. Bledsoe (1929) describes double and triple kernels in florets of rye and wheat crosses, but in all cases his appear to be multiple caryopses arising from multiple ovaries, some -of which are shown from dissections of flowers. Nishimura (1922-3) states that in Poa pratensis and Agrostis alba numerous examples were found 'where two embryos appeared. These embryos were more commonly placed side by side but in some instances one of the embryos would occupy an oblique position to the median plane of the grain.' He also observed a number of triplets in Poa pratensis, one of which he illustrates: here each embryo apparently was quite normal and possessed its own scutellum. For Poa pratensis he describes the following seedlings: (i) two plumules with only one radicle; (2) two plumules in a single coleoptile with two radicles in a single coleorhiza (illustrated); (3) two plumules each with its own coleoptile, radicle and coleorhiza. In Poa he suggests that the polyembryony is connected with the massive suspensor and illustrates sections showing bud-like outgrowths on this as well as from the nucellus. He also states that in a seedling of corn (i.e. Zea) he observed a germinating caryopsis with ' two normal embryos, each with its coleoptile, scutellum, coleorhiza and root' (the italics are not in the original). By far the most signiflcant reference to twin grass embryos is that of Randolph (1936) who, in discussing the development of the maize embryo, states: 'Another type of anomalous kernel development is represented by paired or twin embryos arranged side by side in an otherwise normal kernel. Such grains are found not infrequently in different stocks of maize, and the normal frequency of occurrence
4 128 B. C. SHARMAN of this type of twinning is markedly increased by X-ray treatment. Since the pericarp and endosperm of these grains show no evidence of doubleness, the twin embryos presumably arise from a single embryo sac. Twin embryo sacs would be expected to produce twin endosperms as well as twin embryos. Furthermore, the twin plants produced by these kernels ordinarily are genetically identical, even in extremely heterozygous stocks, which indicates that they arise from a single zygote, presumably by a division of the entire embryo or of that portion of it from which the plant develops, at some relatively early stage in ontogeny." Seedlings with two plumules and a single primary seminal root undoubtedly owe their origin to an incomplete separation of the embryo into two parts, a separation which involves only the portion which forms the plumule meristem.' Four other fairly recent papers dealing with twinning in grass seedlings were traced, but all, however, are concerned with the occurrence of haploid, triploid and tetraploid plants amongst such pairs, and in none are there any observations on the anatomy of the caryopses from which the seedlings have arisen, so that the origin of the two embryos must remain obscure. Ramih, Parthasarthi & Ramanujam (1933) found a large number of twin seedlings in Orysa sativa. In one pure line the twin seedlings were as high as o-i %. One plant was found to be a haploid, all the rest being normal diploids. Namikawa & Kawakami (1934) found that twin seedlings occurred at the rate of about 0-05 % in common wheat. Of the twin plants, about a third had one of the twins with abnormal chromosome numbers. Miintzing (1937, 1938) reported twin seedlings from fourteen species of Gramineae as well as from Trifolium repens and Solanum tuberosum. Out of 2189 twin seedlings examined, ten had abnormal chromosome numbers in one of the twins. In two sets of Lolium perenne twins, both the embryos had the3w chromosome number. In Phleum pratense, he mentions two sets of triplets, all the embryos of which had 2w chromosome numbers. Unfortunately, these papers were not seen until after the maize twin had been fixed, which was done in a vacuome fixative. Attempts were made to observe the chromosomes in the root tips, but with no success. However, the shoot apices were sectioned, and here the nuclei, the cells and the whole apices were similar to each other in size, and were of the same dimensions as those observed in normal shoots. These observations, together with the obvious equality of the two embryos, would suggest that both were identical and were normal plants with the normal 2«number of chromosomes. SUMMARY The anatomy of a twin seedling of Zea Mays is described. Both embryos probably had the normal chromosome complement and appear to have arisen as the result of a constriction or partial longitudinal division of the early pro-embryo stage, giving two complete embryos attached to a single, partially divided scutellum and enclosed in a single caryopsis with a common mass of endosperm.
5 PLATE I A A. The twin maize seedlings. B. Part of A enlarged, showing tbe single caryopsis witb the two emerging embryos. E.L., R.L. epicotyl and radicle of left embryo; E.R., R.R. epicotyl and radicle of right embr>'o; C, split single coleorbiza. B SHARMAN A TWIN SEEDLING IN ZEA MA YS L. TWINNING IN THE GRAMINEAE
6 A twin seedling in Zea Mays L. Twinning in the Gramineae 129 REFERENCES BLARINGHEM, L. (1920). Production par traumatisme d'une forme nouvelle de mais a caryopses multiples, Zea Mays var. polysperma. C.R. Acad. Sci., Paris, 170, 677. BLEDSOE, R. P. (1929). Multiple kernels in wheat-rye hybrids. Double and triple kernels in florets of rye and wheat-rye crosses, jf. Hered. 2O, 137. JENKIN, J. H. (193I). Method and technique of selection, breeding and strain building in grasses. Bull. Bur. PI. Genet., Aberystw., no. 3. KEMPTON, J. H. (1913). Floral abnormalities in maize. Bull. U.S. Bur. PI. Ind. no MuNTZiNG, A. (1937). Polyploidy from twin seedlings. Cytologia, Tokyo, p MuNTZiNG, A. (1938). Notes on heteroploid twin plants from 11 genera. Hereditas, Lund, 24, 487. NAMIKAWA, SIGESUKE & KAWAKAMI, JIHO (1934). On occurrence of haploid, triploid and tetraploid plants in twin seedlings of common wheat. Proc. Imp. Acad. Japan, 10 (10), 668. NiSHiMURA, M. (1922-3). Comparative morphology and development of Poa pratensis, Phleum pratense and Setaria italica. Jap. J. Bot. I, 55. RAMIH, K., PARTHASARTHI, N. & RAMANUJAM, S. (1933). Haploid plant in rice (Oryza sativa). Curr. Sci. I, 277., RANDOLPH, L. F. (1936). Developmental morphology ofthe caryopsis in maize. J. Agric. Res. 53, 881. SoufeGES, R. (1924). Embryog^nie des Gramin^es. D^veloppement de l'embryon chez le Poa annua L. C.R. Acad. Sci., Paris, 178, STRATTON, MILDRED E. (I>923). The morphology of the double kernel in Zea Mays var. polysperma. Mem. Cornell Agric. Exp. Sta. no. 69. New Phytol. 41, 2
7
Stages of Vertebrate Development
Cleavage Stages of Vertebrate Development rapid cell division into a larger number of smaller cells no overall increase in size of the embryo ball of cells = the morula pattern is dependent on the amount
More informationChapter 23b-Angiosperms. Double Fertilization The ovule is the site of meiosis and ultimately the formation of the seed.
Chapter 23b-Angiosperms Double Fertilization The ovule is the site of meiosis and ultimately the formation of the seed. The ovule develops one or more layers of sterile tissue, the integuments along with
More information40 Sexual Reproduction in Plants
40 Sexual Reproduction in Plants Mr. C Biology 1 Mitosis Keeps the number of chromosomes 20 (40) Meiosis Halves the number of chromosomes 20 (40) 20 20 10 10 10 10 Mr. C Biology 2 Male Pollen Development
More informationALBINISM AND ABNORMAL DEVELOPMENT OF AVOCADO SEEDLINGS 1
California Avocado Society 1956 Yearbook 40: 156-164 ALBINISM AND ABNORMAL DEVELOPMENT OF AVOCADO SEEDLINGS 1 J. M. Wallace and R. J. Drake J. M. Wallace Is Pathologist and R. J. Drake is Principle Laboratory
More informationUnit B: Plant Anatomy. Lesson 5: Understanding Seed Anatomy
Unit B: Plant Anatomy Lesson 5: Understanding Seed Anatomy 1 Burs Cotyledon Embryo Epicotyl (plumule) Hypocotyl Radicle Seed Seed coat Vocabulary 2 What Are the Major Parts of a Seed & Where Are They Located?
More informationExamining Flowers and Fruits. Terms. Terms. Interest Approach. Student Learning Objectives. What are the major parts of flowers?
Student Learning Objectives Examining Flowers and Fruits Basic Principles of Agricultural/Horticultural Science Problem Area 4. Identifying Basic Principles of Plant Science Identify the major parts of
More informationFruit develops from the ovary wall (pericarp) or accessory tissue, surrounds and protects the seeds, and aids in seed dispersal.
Fruit develops from the ovary wall (pericarp) or accessory tissue, surrounds and protects the seeds, and aids in seed dispersal. Seed dispersal syndromes: characteristics of the fruit ex. anemochory FRUIT
More informationLesson requires that students make daily observations of their germination chambers to determine if their predictions are true.
Science Unit: Lesson 1: Growing Plants Plant Reproduction School Year: 2007/2008 Developed for: Developed by: Grade level: Duration of lesson: Notes: Charles Dickens Elementary School, Vancouver School
More informationGENETICS AND EVOLUTION OF CORN. This activity previews basic concepts of inheritance and how species change over time.
GENETICS AND EVOLUTION OF CORN This activity previews basic concepts of inheritance and how species change over time. Objectives for Exam #1: 1. Describe and complete a monohybrid ( one trait ) cross of
More informationFRUITS. A fruit is any ovary that has developed and matured.
FRUITS A fruit is any ovary that has developed and matured. Fruit regions: Exocarp: the skin. Endocarp: the inner boundary around the seed(s). Mesocarp: the name is given to everything between the exocarp
More informationTHE MANIFOLD EFFECTS OF GENES AFFECTING FRUIT SIZE AND VEGETATIVE GROWTH IN THE RASPBERRY
THE MANIFOLD EFFECTS OF GENES AFFECTING FRUIT SIZE AND VEGETATIVE GROWTH IN THE RASPBERRY II. GENE I2 BY D. L. JENNINGS Scottish Horticultural Research Institute, Dundee {Received 16 September 1965)...
More informationSomatic Mutation of Tea Plants Induced by y-irradiation
Somatic Mutation of Tea Plants Induced by y-irradiation By AOGU NAKAYAMA Tea Agronomy Division, National Research Institute of Tea As tea plants are highly heterozygous in genetic composition, great variations
More informationSTUDIES ON THE CHROMOSOME NUMBERS OF SOME SPECIES IN SOLANACEAE. Kanemasa TOKUNAGA
STUDIES ON THE CHROMOSOME NUMBERS OF SOME SPECIES IN SOLANACEAE Kanemasa TOKUNAGA INTRODUCTION In Capsicum annuum, there are many garden varieties showing 12 chromosomes in haploid and 24 in diploid (Vilmorin
More informationAngiosperms. Figure 38.4 Development of angiosperm gametophytes. Life cycle, fruits, seeds
Angiosperms Figure 38.4 Development of angiosperm gametophytes Life cycle, fruits, seeds 1 Angiosperm seeds consist of diploid and triploid tissues Embryo: Diploid (from fertilized egg) Food Supply: Triploid
More information12. A Cytogenetic Assessment on the Origin o f the Gold. fish
58 Proc. Japan Acad., 55, Ser. B (1979) [Vol. 55(B), 12. A Cytogenetic Assessment on the Origin o f the Gold. fish By Yoshio OJIMA, Takayoshi USDA, and Toshitaka NARIKAWA Department of Biology, Faculty
More informationTHE NEW PHYTOLOGIST VOL. XVI., Plate I.
THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST VOL. XVI., Plate I. Flg. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. DAVEY AND GIBSON My/?/a4 GALE A. J. Davey & C. M. Gibson. 147 NOTE ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF SEXES IN MY RICA GALE. BY A. J. DAVEY, M.SC, AND
More informationDiseases in Illinois Seed Corn as Found in the Fifth Utility Corn Show
LbC, July, 1925 Circular No. 299 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND EXPERIMENT STATION Diseases in Illinois Seed Corn as Found in the Fifth Utility Corn Show BY BENJAMIN KoEHLER AND N. A.
More informationSeed Structure. Grass Seed. Matured Florets. Flowering Floret 2/7/2008. Collection of cleaned, mature florets. Grass Flower.
Seed Structure Grass Seed Collection of cleaned, mature florets Matured Florets Bluegrass Fescue Ryegrass Bentgrass Flowering Floret Grass Flower Three stamens Each with one anther and one stigma One ovary
More informationThe fruits and the seeds.
The fruits and the seeds. The Flower- Fruit Relation Double Fertilization Double fertilization occurs: One sperm nucleus (1n) fertilizes the egg, producing a zygote (2n) which becomes the plant embryo
More informationPart I: Floral morphology
OEB 59 Plants and Human Affairs Plant Anatomy Lab 1: Flowers, Fruits and Seeds Objectives of this lab: 1) Explore the structure and function of flowering plant reproductive organs from flower development
More informationMid-Atlantic Regional Seed Bank N A T I V E A S H S E E D C O L L E C T I O N P R O T O C O L
Mid-Atlantic Regional Seed Bank N A T I V E A S H S E E D C O L L E C T I O N P R O T O C O L Collection Strategy and Protocol Protocol Kept separate by mother tree - one bag per tree One standard paper
More informationABNORMAL specimens showing concrescence of the two needle
L. A. Boodle. 19 CONCRESCENT AND SOLITARY FOLIAGE LEAVES IN PINUS. BY L. A. BOODLE, F.L.S., Jodyell Laboyatory, Royal Gaydens, Keis. [WITH FOUU FIOURES IN THE TEXT.] ABNORMAL specimens showing concrescence
More informationSeed Starting. A Visual Primer. Starting Tray. As the title expresses, this article is about seed starting the way we do it.
Seed Starting A Visual Primer As the title expresses, this article is about seed starting the way we do it. The seeds used are all seed that was collected and stored by us and comprises four varieties,
More informationPreliminary observation on a spontaneous tricotyledonous mutant in sunflower
Preliminary observation on a spontaneous tricotyledonous mutant in sunflower Jinguo Hu 1, Jerry F. Miller 1, Junfang Chen 2, Brady A. Vick 1 1 USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Northern Crop Science
More informationBIOL 221 Concepts of Botany (Spring 2008) Topic 13: Angiosperms: Flowers, Inflorescences, and Fruits
BIOL 221 Concepts of Botany (Spring 2008) Topic 13: Angiosperms: Flowers, Inflorescences, and Fruits A. Flower and Inflorescence Structure Angiosperms are also known as the Flowering Plants. They have
More informationA Note on Avocado Culture in New Zealand
California Avocado Society 1947 Yearbook 32: 108-111 A Note on Avocado Culture in New Zealand Lai-Yung Li* and C. E. Woodhead Plant Diseases Division, Plant Research Bureau, Department of Scientific and
More informationProgress Report on Avocado Breeding
California Avocado Society 1942 Yearbook 27: 36-41 Progress Report on Avocado Breeding W. E. Lammerts Division of Horticulture, University of California, Los Angeles INTRODUCTION It is by now well known
More informationUnit B: Plant Anatomy. Lesson 4: Understanding Fruit Anatomy
Unit B: Plant Anatomy Lesson 4: Understanding Fruit Anatomy 1 Terms achene aggregate fruits berry capsule caryopsis cytokinins dehiscent fruits disseminated drupe endocarp exocarp follicle fruit gibberellins
More informationTHE GROWTH OF THE CHERRY OF ROBUSTA COFFEE
THE GROWTH OF THE CHERRY OF ROBUSTA COFFEE L WEIGHT CHANGES CORRELATED WITH WATER AVAILABILITY DURING DEVELOPMENT BY J. DANCER Department of Agriculture, Kawanda Research Station, Kampala, Uganda {Received
More informationSome Common Insect Enemies
How to Recognize Some Common Insect Enemies of Stored Grain I By M. D. Farrar and W. P. Flint F the ever-normal granary is to benefit the people of the United States and not the insect population, owners
More informationACCREDITED VS NON-ACCREDITED INDIVIDUALS
ACCREDITED VS NON-ACCREDITED INDIVIDUALS 7.35% Accredited Non-Accredited 92.65% BREAKDOWN OF ACCREDITED INDIVIDUALS 2.42% 6.45% 3.23% 9.68% 7.26% CSAAC CSA CVT RST RST/CSAAC RST/CSA 70.97% ACCREDITED
More informationThe Story of Flowering Plants: flowers, fruits and seeds and seedlings. Matthaei Botanical Gardens and Nichols Arboretum, University of Michigan
The Story of Flowering Plants: flowers, fruits and seeds and seedlings Matthaei Botanical Gardens and Nichols Arboretum, University of Michigan And now; SEEDS and PLANT PARTS for 2 nd & 3 rd graders! When
More informationCORN : Structurally Speaking
CORN : Structurally Speaking AUTHOR: Kimbre Haflich Fourth Grade Teacher Seaman Elementary EDITORS: Teresa Woods, Ph.D. Educational Consultant Teresa Woods, LLC Brian McCornack, Ph.D. Associate Professor
More informationCollege of Science Al-Mustanseiriyah University Dep.: Biology
College of Science Al-Mustanseiriyah University Dep.: Biology Academic year: 2014-2015 Subject: Plant taxonomy Class: Third Grade Lecturer:Dr.Hadeel R.,Dr.Rana A.,Dr.Aseel M.,Dr.Zena K. Lecture: 6 ***Fruits:
More informationSTEM ELONGATION AND RUNNERING IN THE MUTANT STRAWBERRY, FRAGARIA VESCA L.
Euphytica 22 (1973) : 357-361 STEM ELONGATION AND RUNNERING IN THE MUTANT STRAWBERRY, FRAGARIA VESCA L. A R B O R EA STAUDT C. G. GUTTRIDGE Long Ashton Research Station, University of Bristol, England
More informationGermination Kindergarten through 2nd Grade
LESSON OUTCOMES STANDARDS ALIGNTMENT In this lesson, students will identify that seeds germinate and grow into plants. A seed is made up of different parts (cotyledon, seed coat, embryo) Seeds sprout into
More informationagronomy Grassy Weeds
agronomy OCTOBER 2018 SOUTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY AGRONOMY, HORTICULTURE & PLANT SCIENCE DEPARTMENT Grassy Weeds Review and Revision: Paul O. Johnson SDSU Extension Weed Science Coordinator Original
More informationMorphological Characteristics of Greek Saffron Stigmas from Kozani Region
Morphological Characteristics of Greek Saffron Stigmas from Kozani Region Theodora Mitsopoulou and Maria Z. Tsimidou Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Chemistry Laboratory of Food Science
More informationBig Green Lessons Germination: Kindergarten-2 nd Grade
Big Green Lessons Germination: Kindergarten-2 nd Grade Lesson Outcomes In this lesson, students will identify that seeds germinate and grow into plants. A seed is made up of different parts (cotyledon,
More informationTHE EFFECT OF ETHYLENE UPON RIPENING AND RESPIRATORY RATE OF AVOCADO FRUIT
California Avocado Society 1966 Yearbook 50: 128-133 THE EFFECT OF ETHYLENE UPON RIPENING AND RESPIRATORY RATE OF AVOCADO FRUIT Irving L. Eaks University of California, Riverside Avocado fruits will not
More informationIntroduction. What is plant propagation? Can be done in one of two ways. The reproduction or increasing in number of plants. Sexual. Asexual.
Plant Propagation Introduction What is plant propagation? The reproduction or increasing in number of plants. Can be done in one of two ways. Sexual. Asexual. Sexual Propagation The propagation or reproducing
More informationRecommended Resources: The following resources may be useful in teaching this
Unit B: Plant Anatomy Lesson 4: Understanding Fruit Anatomy Student Learning Objectives: Instruction in this lesson should result in students achieving the following objectives: 1. Describe the functions
More informationPhysiological gradients in fleshy pericarp of avocado
South African Avocado Growers Association Yearbook 1987. 10:32-34. Proceedings of the First World Avocado Congress Physiological gradients in fleshy pericarp of avocado CA SCHROEDER Department of Biology,
More informationCURD COCONUT: ITS MYSTERY AND POTENTIALITIES
CURD COCONUT: ITS MYSTERY AND POTENTIALITIES Narong Chomchalow Chairman, Thailand Network for the Conservation and Enhancement of Landraces of Cultivated Plants ABSTRACT Curd coconut (CC) is a rare abnormality
More informationUnit A: Introduction to Forestry. Lesson 4: Recognizing the Steps to Identifying Tree Species
Unit A: Introduction to Forestry Lesson 4: Recognizing the Steps to Identifying Tree Species 1 Terms Angiosperms Dehiscent fruits Dichotomous venation Dioecious Gymnosperms Hardiness Indehiscent fruits
More informationPOLLINATION AND FRUIT SET OF AVOCADO
Proceedings of the First International Tropical Fruit Short Course: The Avocado. J.W. Sauls, R.L. Phillips and L.K. Jackson (eds.). Gainesville: Fruit Crops Dept., Florida Cooperative Extension Service.
More informationObservations and thoughts on resistance of corn to Ustilago maydis
Observations and thoughts on resistance of corn to Ustilago maydis Snook Pataky Department of Crop Sciences University of Illinois j-pataky@illinois.edu www.sweetcorn.illinois.edu Two paths of investigation
More informationPhysiological Gradient in Avocado Fruit
California Avocado Society 1985 Yearbook 69: 137-144 Physiological Gradient in Avocado Fruit C. A. Schroeder Deportment of Biology, University of California, Los Angeles. Studies on fruit maturity of avocado
More informationFRUIT GROWTH IN THE ORIENTAL PERSIMMON
California Avocado Society 1960 Yearbook 44: 130-133 FRUIT GROWTH IN THE ORIENTAL PERSIMMON C. A. Schroeder Associated Professor of Subtropical Horticulture, University of California at Los Angeles. The
More informationBay Area Scientists in Schools Presentation Plan
Bay Area Scientists in Schools Presentation Plan Lesson Name Plant Life Cycle Presenter(s) Aaron Sluis, Adam Steinbrenner, Elias Cornejo-Warner, Megan Casey, Claire Bendix Grade Level 2 Standards Connection(s)
More informationSELF-POLLINATED HASS SEEDLINGS
California Avocado Society 1973 Yearbook 57: 118-126 SELF-POLLINATED HASS SEEDLINGS B. O. Bergh and R. H. Whitsell Plant Sciences Dept., University of California, Riverside The 'Hass' is gradually replacing
More informationInfluence of Seed Health on the Germination Quality of Seeds
Influence of Seed Health on the Germination Quality of Seeds Valerie Cockerell ISTA Germination Seminar 13 June 2011, Zurich Influence of seed health on germination: Outline Seed Health Disease transmission
More informationT existed between maize and teosinte has resulted in an interest from that
THE INHERI'TANCE OF INFLORESCENCE CHARACTERS IN MAIZE-TEOSINTE HYBRIDS' JOHN S. ROGERS Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, ColleEe Station, Texas Received February 1, 1950 HE realization near the end
More informationFigure #1 Within the ovary, the ovules may have different arrangements within chambers called locules.
Name: Date: Per: Botany 322: Fruit Dissection What Am I Eating? Objectives: To become familiar with the ways that flower and fruit structures vary from species to species To learn the floral origin of
More informationSeeds. What You Need. SEED FUNCTIONS: hold embryo; store food for baby plant
LESSON 7 Seeds C hildren dissect and compare bean and almond seeds. They observe the tiny plant embryos surrounded by food for the baby plant, and test the seeds for the presence of natural oil. They learn
More informationSorghum Yield Loss Due to Hail Damage, G A
1 of 8 6/11/2009 9:27 AM G86-812-A Sorghum Yield Loss Due to Hail Damage* This NebGuide discusses the methods used by the hail insurance industry to assess yield loss due to hail damage in grain sorghum.
More informationGROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE AVOCADO FRUIT
California Avocado Society 1958 Yearbook 42: 114-118 GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE AVOCADO FRUIT C. A. Schroeder Associate Professor Subtropical Horticulture, University of California at Los Angeles. The
More informationSeeds, Miraculous Seeds
Grade Level: Primary Location: The Farm Standards: Common Core Connections Reading: Anchor Standards LITERACY.CCRA.R.1 LITERACY.CCRA.R.2 LITERACY.CCRA.R.4 Speaking and Listening: Anchor Standards LITERACY.CCRA.SL.1
More informationTREES & SHRUBS. Evaluating Tree Fruit Bud & Fruit no Damage from Cold. Quick Facts...
G A R D E N I N G S E R I E S TREES & SHRUBS Evaluating Tree Fruit Bud & Fruit no. 7.426 Damage from Cold by H. J. Larsen 1 (6/2010) Quick Facts... Grower s can benefit from evaluating damage following
More information(12) Plant Patent Application Publication
(19) United States (12) Plant Patent Application Publication Pate US 201001.38965P1 (10) Pub. No.: US 2010/0138965 P1 (43) Pub. Date: Jun. 3, 2010 (54) BLUEBERRY VARIETY NAMED BLUE MOON (75) Inventor:
More informationAsexual Propagation of Pinus by Rooting Needle Fascicles
Asexual Propagation of Pinus by Rooting Needle Fascicles Introduction The place of asexual propagation in a forest biology research program is well documented. Besides the practical advantage 01 this type
More informationVEGETATIVE FLUSHING AND FLOWERING OF MACADAMIA INTEGRIFOLIA IN HAWAII
VEGETATIVE FLUSHING AND FLOWERING OF MACADAMIA INTEGRIFOLIA IN HAWAII M.A. Nagao, E.B. Ho-a, J.M. Yoshimoto, E.R. Yoshimura, E. Notley and L.H. Fuchigami 1 Department of Horticulture, Beaumont Research
More informationTEMPERATURE CONDITIONS AND TOLERANCE OF AVOCADO FRUIT TISSUE
California Avocado Society 1961 Yearbook 45: 87-92 TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS AND TOLERANCE OF AVOCADO FRUIT TISSUE C. A. Schroeder and Ernest Kay Professor of Botany. University of California, Los Angeles;
More informationThe Blount Oat Variety
University of Tennessee, Knoxville Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Bulletins AgResearch 7-1961 The Blount Oat Variety University of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station N. I. Hancock
More informationREPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY IN POA ANNUA L. A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. Bridget Anne Ruemmele
REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY IN POA ANNUA L. A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA by Bridget Anne Ruemmele IN PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
More informationDo the Kanza and Excel pecan cultivars have a place in Georgia orchards?
Do the Kanza and Excel pecan cultivars have a place in Georgia orchards? Dr. Patrick Conner University of Georgia Tifton Campus In this article I will discuss two cultivars which have drawn some interest
More informationA new petrified pentalocular capsular fruit from the deccan intertrappean beds of Mohgaonkalan, M.P., India
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 5 Number 4 (2016) pp. 483-487 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2016.504.057
More informationSRGC Bulb Log Diary Pictures and text Ian Young. BULB LOG rd February Includes chapter on Erythronium hybrids
SRGC ----- Bulb Log Diary ----- Pictures and text BULB LOG 05...3 rd February 2016 Includes chapter on Erythronium hybrids An early Iris reticulata flower survives all the gales and rain it has also escaped
More informationPresent and future plans of the sunflower Doubled Haploid project
Present and future plans of the sunflower Doubled Haploid project C. C. Jan 1, Lili Qi 1, Brent Hulke 1, Xuelin Fu 2 1 USDA-ARS, Northern Crop Science Laboratory, Fargo, ND 58102 2 North Dakota State University,
More informationPart 1: Naming the cultivar
IPC Logo REGISTRATION FORM FOR a CULTIVAR NAME of SALIX L. Nomenclature and Registration Addresses for correspondence: FAO - International Poplar Commission (appointed in 2013 as the ICRA for the genus
More informationAvocado Fruit Abnormalities and Defects Revisited
California Avocado Society 2002 Yearbook 86: 147-162 Avocado Fruit Abnormalities and Defects Revisited Reuben Hofshi avocadosource.com, The Hofshi Foundation Mary Lu Arpaia Dept. of Botany and Plant Sciences,
More informationUptake and Utilization of Nitrogen Applied to Tea Plants
Uptake and Utilization of Nitrogen Applied to Tea Plants By TSUGUO HOSHINA Makurazaki Branch, National Research Institute of Tea (Beppu, Makurazaki, Kagoshima, 898 Japan) Tea produced in Japan is mostly
More informationPurdue University Department of Agronomy
Page 1 of 9 Purdue University Department of Agronomy Corny News Network Published 2001 (rev. Sep 2008) URL: http://www.kingcorn.org/news/timeless/grainfill.html R.L. (Bob) Nielsen Agronomy Dept., Purdue
More informationBrief information about the species status of Utricularia cornigera Studnička.
Brief information about the species status of Utricularia cornigera Studnička. MILOSLAV STUDNIČKA Liberec Botanic Gardens, Purkyňova 630/1, CZ-460 01 Liberec, botangarden@volny.cz Abstract: The carnivorous
More informationISTA Variety Committee. Activity Report Chairperson Rainer Knoblauch LTZ Augugstenberg, Karlsruhe Germany
ISTA Variety Committee Activity Report 2007 Chairperson Rainer Knoblauch LTZ Augugstenberg, Karlsruhe Germany Committee Membership List Chair. 1 Rainer Knoblauch Germany Vice-chair: 2 Kae-Kang Hwu Taiwan
More informationOILSEEDS GROUND NUT (MONKEY NUT, PEANUT) Arachis hypogaea (2n = 40) Allo tetraploid Genomic constitution AABB
Place of origin : Brazil OILSEEDS GROUND NUT (MONKEY NUT, PEANUT) Arachis hypogaea (2n = 40) Allo tetraploid Genomic constitution AABB Putative parents and origin of cultivated ground nut. The cultivated
More informationChapter V SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Chapter V SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION Coffea is economically the most important genus of the family Rubiaceae, producing the coffee of commerce. Coffee of commerce is obtained mainly from Coffea arabica and
More informationPotential of Three Tropical Legumes for Rotation of Corn-Based Cropping System in Thailand
Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 44 : 14-19 (21) Potential of Three Tropical Legumes for Rotation of Corn-Based Cropping System in Thailand Sukum Chotechaungmanirat ABSTRACT This study was an attempt to search
More informationSeed Germination at Supra-optimal Temperatures)
J. Japan. Soc. Hort. Sci. 53(1) : 38-44. 1984. Role of Pericarp in Reducing Spinach (Spinacia oleracea Seed Germination at Supra-optimal Temperatures) L.) Norio SUGANUMA and Hajime OHNO Laboratory of Horticultural
More informationA maize ing Corn Activities
A maize ing Corn Activities Grade Level K-4 Science Experiments Language Arts Crossword Puzzle Social Studies Mapping Bulletin Board Nebraska Agriculture in the Classroom A maize ing Corn Activities Grade
More informationThe genus Citrus arose from Southeast Asia, but cultivated citrus fruits are derived from species native to India, China and Myanmar (Burma).
Citrus fruits Orange trees produce more than any other perennial fruit tree crop in the U.S. All of these fruits are in the genus Citrus (Rutaceae). All citrus species grow on trees with shiny, evergreen
More informationFood Allergies on the Rise in American Children
Transcript Details This is a transcript of an educational program accessible on the ReachMD network. Details about the program and additional media formats for the program are accessible by visiting: https://reachmd.com/programs/hot-topics-in-allergy/food-allergies-on-the-rise-in-americanchildren/3832/
More informationOXYLOBUS SUBGLABER KING & H. ROB. (ASTERACEAE: EUPATORIEAE) - ACCEPTANCE OF ITS SPECIFIC STATUS
Turner, B.L. 2011. Oxylobus subglaber King & H. Rob. (Asteraceae: Eupatorieae) acceptance of its specific status. Phytoneuron 2011-35: 1 5. OXYLOBUS SUBGLABER KING & H. ROB. (ASTERACEAE: EUPATORIEAE) -
More informationAvocado Productivity: Pollination, Pollenizers, Fruit Set and Abscission.
Avocado Productivity: Pollination, Pollenizers, Fruit Set and Abscission. Thesis submitted for the degree of M.Sc (Agric.) to the Faculty of Agriculture of The Hebrew University of Jerusalem By Ehud Katz
More informationForage Plant Pocket Guide
Jackson Soil and Water Conservation District Forage Plant Pocket Guide 2014 Compiled by Charlie Boyer 2 About this guide: This guide was compiled for the Jackson Soil and Water Conservation District to
More informationLevel 2 Mathematics and Statistics, 2016
91267 912670 2SUPERVISOR S Level 2 Mathematics and Statistics, 2016 91267 Apply probability methods in solving problems 9.30 a.m. Thursday 24 November 2016 Credits: Four Achievement Achievement with Merit
More informationSRGC Bulb Log Diary ISSN Pictures and text Ian Young. BULB LOG rd April Erythronium hendersonii
SRGC ----- Bulb Log Diary ----- ISSN 2514-6114 Pictures and text Ian Young BULB LOG 14...3 rd April 2019 Erythronium hendersonii Erythronium hendersonii In our garden Erythronium hendersonii is always
More informationFruit rot of tomato caused by Gilbertella persicaria.
Fruit rot of tomato caused by Gilbertella persicaria. M. Das Mehrotra *). With Plate I II. A storage rot of tomato fruits caused by Gilbertella persicaria var. indica Mehrotra & Mehrotra, was observed
More informationChapter from Erythroniums in Cultivation Erythronium revolutum
SRGC ----- Bulb Log Diary ----- Pictures and text BULB LOG 48...2 nd December 2015 Chapter from Erythroniums in Cultivation Erythronium revolutum ERYTHRONIUMS IN CULTIVATION Erythronium revolutum Erythronium
More informationTHE SOLANACEAE LESSON ONE FRUIT
THE SOLANACEAE LESSON ONE FRUIT Adrienne La Favre, Ph.D. Jeffrey La Favre, Ph.D. In this lesson we will begin to learn about the Solanaceae. We will spend most of our effort over the next year on the potato.
More informationA new approach to understand and control bitter pit in apple
FINAL PROJECT REPORT WTFRC Project Number: AP-07-707 Project Title: PI: Organization: A new approach to understand and control bitter pit in apple Elizabeth Mitcham University of California Telephone/email:
More informationTakao IcHli and Kenichi HAMADA Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Kobe and Agricultural Experiment Station of Hyogo Prefecture, Sumoto
J. Japan. Soc. Hort. Sci. 47(1) ; 1-6. 1978 Studies of `Rind Yellow Spot', a Physiological Disorder of Naruto (Citrus medioglobosa Hort, ex TANAKA)- Low Temperature and Ethylene Evolution from Injured
More informationInstructor: Stephen L. Love Aberdeen R & E Center 1693 S 2700 W Aberdeen, ID Phone: Fax:
Vegetable Crops PLSC 451/551 Lesson 3,,. Instructor: Stephen L. Love Aberdeen R & E Center 1693 S 2700 W Aberdeen, ID 83210 Phone: 397-4181 Fax: 397-4311 Email: slove@uidaho.edu Origin, Evolution Nikolai
More informationSustainable Sweet Corn Production?
Sustainable Sweet Corn Production? A few facts Very! Crop Per capita consumption of 30 lbs. 3 rd highest consumed vegie behind potatoes and tomatoes. 73% for Processing 23% for Fresh Market Only 30% of
More informationVAPOR-HEAT TREATMENT FOR FRUITS AND VEGETABLES GROWN IN HAWAII
HAWAII AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION of the UNIVERSITY OF HAWAll CIRCULAR N0. 16 VAPOR-HEAT TREATMENT FOR FRUITS AND VEGETABLES GROWN IN HAWAII by WINSTON W. JoNES, Assistant Horticulturist HONOLULU,
More informationTHE ANTISCORBUTIC VALUE OF FRESH AND CANNED ENGLISH TOMATOES. XC. (Received May 1st, 1924.)
XC. THE ANTISCORBUTIC VALUE OF FRESH AND CANNED ENGLISH TOMATOES. BY ELLEN MARION DELF. (Received May 1st, 1924.) THE juice of raw tomatoes is known to be powerfully antiscorbutic, and according to American
More informationProject Justification: Objectives: Accomplishments:
Spruce decline in Michigan: Disease Incidence, causal organism and epidemiology MDRD Hort Fund (791N6) Final report Team leader ndrew M Jarosz Team members: Dennis Fulbright, ert Cregg, and Jill O Donnell
More informationLecture Fruits. Topics. Fruit Types. Formation of fruits Basic Fruit Types
Lecture 27-28. Fruits Topics Formation of fruits Basic Fruit Types Formation of fruits Basic Fruit Types The two principal Fruit Types are Fleshy & Dry Caution: A Legume is a dry fruit. We eat unripe legumes
More informationBIOL 305L Laboratory Three
Please print Full name clearly: BIOL 305L Laboratory Three Fruit structure and its link to the mechanism of seed dispersal Introduction In this lab we will:consider the structure, function, and dispersal
More informationFruit develops from the ovary wall (pericarp) or accessory tissue, surrounds and protects the seeds, and aids in seed dispersal.
Fruit develops from the ovary wall (pericarp) or accessory tissue, surrounds and protects the seeds, and aids in seed dispersal. Seed dispersal syndromes: characteristics of the fruit ex. anemochory FRUIT
More information