AGROBIOLOGICAL ESTIMATION OF INTRODUCED GRAPE VARIETIES IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE SOUTH - EAST OF KAZAKHSTAN

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1 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES (CROP SCIENCES, ANIMAL SCIENCES) GRAPE VARIETIES IN THE CONDITIONS Dinara Manarova 1,2, Saule Kazybaeva 2 1 Kazakh National Agrarian University 2 Kazakh Scientific - Research Institute of Fruit and Grape Growing dikosya_quest@mail.ru Abstract Assortment improvement is a natural process of updating varieties and improving the quality of variety assortment. The article presents the results of studying the introduced grape (Vitis vinifera) varieties in the conditions of the southeast of Kazakhstan, in particular in the bottom-mountain area of Almaty region. The beginning and the end of the main phenological phases passing for the vegetative period in a grape plant directly depended on climatic and weather conditions of this district. It is established that varieties Kuibyshevsk early-maturing, Iyulsky and Priusadebny have a good degree of eyes wintering buds and are able to give a yield of high quality in this area in comparison with recognized variety Almaty early-maturing. Key words: grape, variety, phenological phases, harvest, quality, wintering degree. Introduction It is known that a major factor determining the increased efficiency of grape (Vitis vinifera) plants is an assortment which is improved both by introduction of varieties based on soil and climatic analogs, and removal and introduction of the genotypes created by methods of combinative selection on a genetic basis. Assortment improvement is a natural process of updating varieties and improving the quality of variety assortment. Varieties with high adaptation level reduce the degree of risk of harvest failure due to the adverse weather factors. All this significantly raises the profitability level of grape growth, improves economic indicators of economic entities and an ecological situation in regions of grape cultivation (Troshin and Radchevsky, 2001). The Republic of Kazakhstan has developed the Concept on the basis of which RK (Republic of Kazakhstan) Cabinet approved The program of grape and wind growing restoration and development in Kazakhstan in According to this Program the vineyard area in Kazakhstan shall be brought to the level of the ies of the last century (26-27 thousand hectares) in the long term. In addition, the efficiency of vineyards as a whole by Republic of Kazakhstan shall significantly increase even in comparison with the ies and gross production of grapes may really reach thousand tons in favorable years. Improvement of variety assortment of grapes will promote the performance of these tasks. At cultivation of table grapes, the absolute productivity value is not the main criterion by which the best of compared grades shall be determined. For such conclusion it is necessary to determine the commodity grapes yield: the sale price and productivity in harvesting and sorting depend on this factor. Much attention shall be given to the size of grapes and berries at introduction of new highly productive table grapes possessing a complex of economic and valuable characteristics. Only large berries with beautiful coloring provide elegance and attraction of table grapes (Aliyev, 2002). Formerly the most widespread way of assortment improving was the direct introduction of varieties, but in recent years it has become almost impossible. According to UPOV Convention, it is prohibited to import not patented or counterfeit varieties for economic use, also because of the risk of delivering the quarantine pest phylloxera (Phylloxera vitifoliae) (Izbasarov and Madenov, 1997). Kazakhstan is in the zone where the scionrooted grape culture still remains. In case of phylloxera delivery, the Republic shall pass to the imparted grapes culture. Kazakhstan unlike the main wine growing regions of the world uses covering labor-intensive culture of grapes, and it may result in the increased cost of a landing material and product cultivation. Therefore, the delivery of new varieties is made through in vitro culture. Kazakh scientific research institute of fruit and grape growing has been introducing grapes from the near and far abroad countries for many years. The Ampelografic collection is constantly replenishing with new varieties. In the Kazakh scientific research institute of fruit and grape growing for the purpose of replenishment of assortment of table varieties of grapes long-term selection work on creation of new large clusters of table varieties of different term of maturing which could compete in a domestic and foreign market of the republic is carried out. As a result of selection work of a number of scientists, the extensive hybrid fund of grapes of the table direction from which by a step technique the best hybrids candidates for varieties are selected has been created (Kazybaeva, 2006). 39

2 monthly air temperature in south-east zone of Almaty area ( ) on the meteorological station Chilik Table 1 Months I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII temperature Absolute minimum Absolute maximum annual The purpose of work is to study phenological features of the introduced grape varieties and a comparative assessment of performance and quality of indicators of the harvest. Materials and Methods Researches were conducted in in a bottom mountain zone of Zailiysky Alatau at the height of 1070 meters above the sea level, north latitude and east longitude, in Almaty region on the pilot farm base Pomology garden by Kazakh scientific - research institute of fruit and grape growing. The introduced table varieties of early and middle term of maturation served as objects of researches: Iyulsky, Kuibyshevsk early-maturing, Muscat Yubileyny, Priusadebny, Almaty earlymaturing (standard of Kazakhstan selection). The year of landing is 2001, the planting scheme of bushes of m. Culture of grapes is covering. The climate of the zone is sharply continental. According to mean annual data, the average daily temperature is +8.9 C, an absolute maximum +39 C, minimum C. The annual amount of precipitation is 650 mm with uneven distribution within a year (table 1). Phenological phases were noted: blooming of kidneys, beginning and end blossoming, maturing of berries. The average mass of clusters was established by a blossoming weighing way on 100 clusters. The crop from a bush was defined by multiplication quantities of clusters on their average weight. Productivity from a hectare was defined by crop multiplication from a bush on quantity of plants/hectare at this scheme of landing. All these calculations were performed using the standard technique of primary cultivar. Yield data was processed by the analysis of variance (Dospekhov, 1979). Observations were made by the standard procedure Methodical instructions on grape selection (Yerevan, 1973), Studying the grape varieties (Lazarevsky, 1963). Results and Discussion The beginning and the end of the main phenological phases passing for the vegetative period in a grape plant directly depended on climatic and weather conditions of this district. Weather conditions in 2012 differed from mean annual data and were characterized by steady and continuous low temperatures during the winter period. An average daily temperature of December and January was 4 5 C, and in February about 2 3 C lower than mean annual values. In the third decade of January the frosts reached -25 C. Precipitation dropped out for three times more than the norm. Considerable thaw had not been noted. Spring was amicable and warm that accelerated passing of phenological phases (with-sap flow and bud pushing). Especially the varieties Priusadebny (12.04) and Iyulsky (13.04) had early bud pushing. The bud pushing of varieties Kuibyshevsk early-maturing and the Muscat Yubileyny had been observed for 3 4 days later. The bud pushing of a control variety Almaty had been observed on April 14. Spring frosts to -2 C (on April 23) damaged part of already dismissed buds of grapes that had an adverse effect on productivity of all varieties. The beginning of blossoming passed in earlier terms from 26 May to 31 May, mass blossoming from June 2 to June 7, the end of blossoming was from June 10 to June 13. The summer was hot and dry. In June temperature reached an absolute maximum (+39 C), a precipitation dropped out for 30% less than norm. All this determined the intensive growth and maturing of berries. The removable maturity of berries was noted for 8 10 days before the usual term. The earliest maturing of berries was noted at varieties Iyulsky (24.07), Almaty early-maturing (1.08) and at Priusadebnyi (8.08). Maturing of berries at varieties the Muscat Yubileyny and Kuibyshevsk earlymaturing is Weather conditions of the winter period 2013 were close to mean annual values, thaw was not observed during the winter period. The spring was early with 40

3 intensive increase of temperature. The bud pushing in this year was for 2 3 days earlier than in However, the damp spring decreased a temperature mode at the end of April and May. Therefore, blossoming of varieties took place in usual terms. Blossoming began on June 5 7, mass blossoming was observed on June and the end of blossoming was noted on June. The summer was hot, but damper than in previous year. The harvest formation took place in favorable conditions. The removable maturity of berries was noted at varieties Iyulsky (8.08), Almaty early-maturing (10.08) and at Priusadebny (14.08). At varieties Muscat Yubileyny and Kuibyshevsk early-maturing Weather conditions in these years determined the degree of grapes eyes safety, which was different in varieties. The best variety of eyes wintering had been noted at grapes Priusadebny (64.7%) and Iyulsky (63.3%) for 2 years on average. The variety Muscat Yubileyny endures winter conditions of this district less well; therefore, the wintering of buds was lower than at standard and amounted to 57.6% only. The degree of eyes safety at a variety the Kuibyshevsk early-maturing was slightly higher than control one (figure 1). Determining the levels of varieties productivity enables to reveal the maximum ability of a variety to yield harvest in specific conditions of growth, in comparison with standards. According to Table 1, it is obvious that the studied varieties of grapes are capable to yield the harvest of high quality in the conditions of a bottom mountain zone of Almaty area. Despite the spring frost in 2012, which sharply reduced the number of scions and consequently the grapes, the productivity of almost all varieties was higher than at the control variety Almaty early maturing (except for Muscat Yubileyny ). The comparison of varieties shows that the greatest number of grapes is noted at the variety Iyulsky (22 pieces/bush) for an average of 2 Figure 1. The wintering degree of the introduced grape varieties ( ). Agrobiological indicator of the introduced grape varieties ( ) Table 2 Name of the variety Quantity of grapes, pc mass of grapes, g Crop of a bush, kg Content of sugar in berries, g kg -1 Titrable acidity, g L -1 Productivity, t ha -1 Almaty early-maturing (st) Iyulsky Kuibyshevsk early-maturing Muscat Yubileyny Priusadebny LSD

4 Table 3 Biometric indicators based on the growth and ripening of scions of grape varieties ( ) Extent of ripening of escapes, Total amount of growth, m length of a scion, cm Name of the variety % average average average Almaty early-maturing (st) Iyulsky Kuibyshevsk earlymaturing Muscat Yubileyny Priusadebny LSD years. In spite of the fact that among studied varieties the Iyulsky has the least average mass of grapes (188 g) due to the good set of grapes, the crop from the bush is higher (4.1 kg) in comparison with other varieties that in terms of hectare amounted to 9.94 t. The good harvest is received at the variety Priusadebnyi (7.76 t ha -1 ). The critical factor of this variety is an average mass of grapes (360 g). Despite the good wintering of eyes this variety had a smaller quantity of grapes per bush than other varieties (Table 2). The small crop is received at the variety Muscat Yubileyny, the yield per hectare amounted to 5.82 t ha -1 that is 2.4 c less than at a standard one. The variety Kuibyshevsk early-maturing had a productivity exceeded the limit for 0.73 t ha -1. The content of sugar in berries at the varieties Iyulsky, Kuibyshevsk early-maturing. Muscat Yubileyny equaled to 18 g kg -1. For the varieties Priusadebnyi and Almaty early-maturing it has been 19 g kg -1. According to the content of titrable acid, the first place takes Iyulsky (5.6 g L -1 ), then Kuibyshevsk early-maturing (5.4 g L -1 ), Almaty early-maturing (st) (5.2 g L -1 ), Priusadebny (5.0 g L -1 ). The content of titrable acid at the Muscat Yubileyny did not exceed 4.9 g L -1. Total amount of the growth and ripening grade of one-year scions characterize the plant readiness for wintering and ability to fructify well the next year. The assessment of biometric indicators of one-year scion of studied grape varieties makes it possible to conclude that on average within 2 years the growth amount, average length of scions and the ripening grape allow to cultivate these varieties in this zone. The analysis showed that in 2012 the growth amount was higher at the varieties Muscat Yubileyny m bush -1 and Kuibyshevsk earlymaturing m bush -1, but the smallest - at the variety Priusadebny m bush -1 and Iyulsky m bush -1. In 2013, these indicators were better than in the previous year. The growth amount of all studied varieties exceeded a control variety (Table 3). A good performance has been observed at the varieties Kuibyshevsk early-maturing (37.00 m bush -1 ) and Muscat Yubileyny (32.20 m bush -1 ). According to the factor average length of a scion, the best result is received at the variety Kuibyshevsk early-maturing (171.1 cm) on average for two years, though this factor for this variety was much lower in 2013 than in The smallest average length of a scion has been noted at the variety Priusadebny (135.7 cm). The extent of ripening of studied varieties for this zone is satisfactory on average for 2 years. The variety Kuibyshevsk early-maturing (78.3%) stands out by this factor. The ripening of varieties Priusadebny and Iyulsky has been slightly lower than at the standard variety Almaty early-maturing (table 2). The lowest extent of ripening is noted at the variety Muscat Yubileyny (48.2%). Bad ripening of scions during the autumn period probably affects the wintering degree of this variety (Fig. 1). Conclusions According to the results of researches, it is established that the varieties Kuibyshevsk earlymaturing, Iyulsky, Priusadebny are possible to be cultivated in the bottom mountain zone of Almaty region based on eyes wintering degree, productivity, the growth amount and extent of ripening. The variety Muscat Yubileyny had a low degree of eyes safety during the winter period due to the bad ripening of rods, and, as a consequence, a low productivity. This variety is not recommended for cultivation in this zone. 42

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