1. What is made when a solute is dissolved in a solvent?

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1 A solution is made when a solute dissolves in a solvent. The solutions we will look at are those where a solid dissolves in a liquid. The solid is the solute and the liquid is the solvent. Solute + Solvent = Solution When the solute dissolves, it looks like it disappears, but it is still in the solution. The weight of the solvent and the solute is the same as the weight of the solution. 4 small beakers 4 soluble powders Scales Filter paper Solvent Solute Solution 1. Weigh the values of the solutes and solvents from the table. 2. Add them together in a beaker. Give the beaker a swirl to dissolve the solute. 3. Wait a few minutes and then weigh the solution. Record the results. Number Solute Weight Solvent Weight 1 Sugar 5 grams 50 grams 2 Salt 4 grams 100 grams 3 Baking soda 3 grams 150 grams 4 Jelly crystals 2 grams 200 grams Expected weight of solution Actual weight of solution 1. What is made when a solute is dissolved in a solvent? 2. If 10 grams of solute dissolve in 90 grams of solvent, what will be the weight of the solution? 1

2 Solubility is the ability for the solute to dissolve in a solvent to make a solution. A solute will only dissolve if it is attracted to the solvent particles. A solute that dissolves in a solvent is said to be soluble. A solid that cannot dissolve in a liquid is said to be insoluble. If the solid does not dissolve, no solution is made. It is simply a mixture. The solute (cubes) is attracted to the solvent (spheres) so it dissolves. The solute (cubes) is not attracted to the solvent (pyramids) so it doesn t dissolve. 4 test tubes Test tube rack 2 beakers Sugar Salt Scales Filter paper Vegetable oil 1. Pour 5mL of water into two of the test tubes and 5mL of oil into the other two test tubes. 2. Add 2g of salt to one water test tube and one oil test tube. Add 2g of sugar to the other water test tube and the other oil test tube. 3. Stir the test tubes and observe what happens. Number Combination Soluble/Insoluble Evidence 1 Salt + water 2 Sugar + water 3 Salt + oil 4 Sugar + oil 1. Which solvent appeared to dissolve the solutes best? 2. Use the particle theory to explain why a solute is able to dissolve in a solvent. 2

3 In most cases, more solid solutes can dissolve in hotter solvents. The amount of solute that can dissolve at different temperatures can be shown as a temperature-solubility graph. The temperature-solubility graph to the side shows how many grams of the salts dissolve in 100 grams of water. 3 beakers 3 test tubes Sugar Thermometer Rubber stopper Graduated cylinder Ice 1. Half fill a beaker with ice and water. Put In a test tube that has 10mL of water in it. Use a thermometer and wait until the temperature reaches 5 degrees. Add a small scoop of sugar to the test tube and shake it. If the sugar dissolves, add another scoop. Keep doing this until no more sugar dissolves. Complete a temperature-solubility graph with your results. 2. Repeat step 1 this time with only tap water in the beaker. The temperature in the test tube should be about 20 degrees when you start to add the sugar. Temperature Repeat step 1 this time with hot water in the beaker. The temperature in the test tube should be about 50 degrees when you start to add the sugar. Number of sugar scoops dissolved 1. What is the relationship between the amount of sugar that dissolved and the temperature of the water? 3

4 When a solvent is stirred, more solvent particles are free to bump into the solute particles and surround them. This means that it is quicker for the solute to dissolve. At higher temperatures, particles move quicker. If the solvent particles are moving quickly, more solute will dissolve quicker because the solvent particles will bump into the solute particles more quickly. If the solute is broken into smaller pieces, it is easier for the solvent particles to bump into them. This means that the solute will dissolve quicker. 8 sugar cubes Stirring rod Beaker Hot water Tap water Stopwatch 1. Dissolve sugar in water using the guidelines from the chart. 2. Pour 100mL of hot water into the beaker when doing the hot section and pour 100mL of tap water into the beaker when doing the cold section. 3. Use a stopwatch to record the time it takes for the sugar to dissolve in each part of the chart. Time taken for sugar to dissolve Hot water Cold water Treatment Stirred Not stirred Stirred Not stirred Cube Crushed 1. Why did the sugar dissolve fastest in the hot water? 2. If you want something to dissolve very quickly, what three things should you do? 4

5 A dilute solution is when only a little amount of solute has dissolved in a solvent. A concentrated solution is when a large amount of solute has dissolved in a solvent. Objects that don't normally float in dilute solutions start to float in concentrated solutions. For example, an egg won't float in a dilute saltwater solution, but it will in a concentrated saltwater solution. 2 golf balls 2 large beakers Salt 1. Watch your teacher put a golf ball in water with only a small amount of salt dissolved in it. 2. Watch your teacher put a golf ball in water with a large amount of salt dissolved in it. 3. Use the information you have learned to try and make a golf ball float in the middle of the beaker. Use the following pictures to help you draw a salt solution with a density that shows how a golf ball would float in the middle of the water. = dissolved salt 1. Why could the golf ball float when the teacher completed step 2? 5

6 A solution that has only a small amount of solute dissolved in it will be lighter than a solution where a lot of the same solute has dissolved. The dissolved particles in the dilute solution are far apart, making it less dense than a solution that has a lot of solute dissolved in it. A lighter solution will float on top of heavier solutions. This can be seen in density columns. 300g sugar Balance Graduated cylinder Beakers Stirring rod Food colorings Test tubes Pipettes Final volume with water is 140mL Red 0g of sugar Orange 14g of sugar Yellow 28g of sugar 1. Use the sugar and water amounts from the table to make up sugar solutions. Add one drop of food coloring to each solution. 2. Use a pipette to put a few milliliters of the different solutions into the same test tube. Start with purple and finish with red. Green Blue Purple 42g of sugar 56g of sugar 70g of sugar Draw a picture of your density rainbow column. 1. Why was the blue solution heavier than the yellow solution? 2. Why could the orange solution stay on top of the yellow solution? 3. If you made a solution using 50g of sugar and make it up to 140mL, between what colors do you expect it to stay? 6

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