The human colonisation of the Pacific: Process and Impact

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1 The human colonisation of the Pacific: Process and Impact Elizabeth Matisoo-Smith Dept of Anthropology and Allan Wilson Centre of Molecular Ecology and Evolution, University of Auckland

2 Commensal models for the human settlement of the Pacific

3 Early Animal Translocations within Near Oceania Phalanger orientalis New Guinea to New Ireland 20,000 BP? Rattus mordax, Rattus praetor & Melomys sp. New Guinea throughout the Bismarcks Late Pleistocene Thylogale browni New Guinea to New Ireland By 8,400 BP

4 Lapita Animal Introductions

5 R. exulans distribution From Roberts, 1991

6 PNAS 101(24): Matisoo-Smith & Robins 2004 N=131 R. exulans samples 33 from AMNH, 87 archaeological samples 11 tissue samples 3 major groups Identified No link between Near and Remote Oceanic rats!

7 3 Mitochondrial Lineages of R. exulans in Near Oceania At least 2 of those appear to be associated with Lapita Tench

8 Single Pacific Pig Clade Origin: Not the Philippines Not Taiwan Southern mainland Vietnam, Laos (Larson et al PNAS)

9 Pacific dogs Polynesian dog from the Bishop Museum, Hawaii

10 NZ & East Polynesia dogs (archaeological) only share lineage with a modern Indonesian dog Dingo and NGSD (modern) Asian and Pacific dogs Archaeological & modern in Near and Remote Oceania At least 3 dog introductions to the Pacific: Dingoes/ NGSD Coastal New Guinea/Pacific Polynesia Indonesia?

11 Who let the dogs out? Possible evidence for pre- Lapita dog bone in PNG (mainland) around BP These are consistent with molecular estimates for timing of dingo/ngsd introductions Possible evidence for Lapita dogs (Kamgot, Mussau, Tikopia) Introduction from ISEA around 2000 BP? Lots of dog bone in sites across Pacific post 2000BP. How did dogs get to Polynesia? No dog bone recorded in Vanuatu or New Caledonia

12 Density and Distribution of Pacific Chickens

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14 Chicken Haplogroups and Dates 9 42 Hawaii WAI001 EasterIsland HAN Hawaii PLR Hawaii PLK EasterIsland ANA004 Lombok2 42 Thailand1 22 Lombok1 Yap NGU001 front EasterIsland ANA Yap NGU003 AD AD AD Hawaii WAI001 EasterIsland HAN001 Hawaii PLR Hawaii PLK002 EasterIsland ANA004 Lombok2 After AD 1600 AD Thailand Truuk CSM002 Yap NGU Philippines Lombok3 Truuk CSM001 Vietnam2 Sumatora1 96 Sumatora2 Hawaii KIP002 Tonga TD AmericanSamoa FTF001 Niue PKI009 Hawaii KUA001 Tonga HB EasterIsland ANA011 Vietnam1 Thailand BCH Tonga TD AmericanSamoa FTF001 Niue PKI Hawaii KUA001 Philippines Lombok3 42 Thailand1 22 Lombok1 Yap NGU001 front Sumatora1 EasterIsland ANA Sumatora2 Hawaii Yap KIP002 NGU003 Tonga HB EasterIsland ANA011 Vietnam1 ~AD BC AD 400 ~AD Truuk CSM002 cal AD AD cal AD ~50BC AD 400 AD Thailand2 Yap NGU002 Truuk CSM001 Vietnam2 AD AD Thailand BCH

15 Re-drawing the Polynesian triangle DNA and other evidence of Polynesian contacts with South America

16 Dispersal of the Sweet Potato

17 Genetic Analyses of Kumara Crop & Food Research Four Maori cultivars Rekamaroa Hutihuti Taputini (I and II) Yen Collection in Tsukuba, Japan 300 sweet potato accessions Polynesian varieties South America varieties Andrew Clarke PhD

18 Sweet Potato AFLP Gel Combo 1 Combo 2 Combo 3 Combo Andrew Clarke PhD

19 Kumara

20 Bottle Gourd Lagenaria siceraria

21 Bottle Gourd Genetics Andrew Clarke PhD

22 Modern Bottle Gourd Genetics cpdna revealed an Asian origin for Polynesian bottle gourd ndna revealed an Asian and American origin for Polynesian bottle gourd Nuclear BR01_19 Nuclear MR06_24 Asia Polynesia Americas From Clarke et al. 2006

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24 Alice Storey PhD El Arenal 1

25 Radio Carbon Dates CHLARA /-35 3 dates on 3 bones all date to AD Isotopes show terrestrial diet CHLARA /-30 CHLARA /- 30 (Red arrow indicates 1492 AD Date of Columbus arrival in Americas)

26 Compare Patterns of DNA variation in species across the Pacific to clarify process and impact Human mediated vs Natural distribution Intentional vs Unintentional introductions Prehistoric introductions vs Historic introductions Allows for modelling/interpreting process, speed and impacts of future invasions/introductions?

27 DNA Surveillance Species identification with DNA What Rat is That? Home About How to Use The Science Links and Publications Data Ownership Search Cluster (Simple) Cluster (Advanced) Maximum Likelihood Example Data What Rat is That?

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30 What Rat is That? This site provides phylogenetic tools for the identification of rats (Rattus spp.) from the region of southeast Asia and the Pacific. These species are often difficult to identify using morphological characters. We have operationally defined species as phylogenetic clades on a tree built using sequences from three mitochondrial DNA regions. Users identify unknown samples by submitting a DNA sequence, which is then incorporated into a phylogenetic analysis. The identity of the unknown sequence can then be inferred from its placement in the phylogenetic tree. The identifications made by this site are operational and the whole system, including the reference sequence alignments, is a work in progress. Contact: Howard Ross Bioinformatics Institute and School of Biological Sciences University of Auckland h.ross@auckland.ac.nz Illustration courtesy of Tim Mackrell, University of Auckland, Department of Anthropology

31 The Team Judith Robins (rats & pigs) Dr Howard Ross (bioinformatics) Prof Glenn Summerhayes (archaeology) Alice Storey (chickens) Melanie Pierson (humans) Melanie Hingston (rats) Andrew Clarke (kumara, gourd) Thanks to those who provide our funding: The Centres of Research Excellence - AWC Marsden Fund of the Royal Society of New Zealand University of Auckland Research Fund Skinner Fund, Royal Society