Anthracnose of olive trees and fruit

Transcription

1 TUESDAY 16 FEBRUARY KLEIN JOOSTENBERG, MULDERSVLEI Dr Antonia Carlucci University of Foggia, Italy Anthracnose of olive trees and fruit SA OLIVE ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING

2 Italian Olive production Region Hectares % Apulia is the most region of Italy with the biggest area cultivated with olive trees, with more of 377 thousands hectares (32%), 12 milions of quintals of olive drupes (35%). The 34,4% of Italian olive oil is produced in Apulia region.

3 Anthracnose of olive is caused from Colletotrichum spp. and also Fusarium lateritium Morphological and molecular characterization of Colletotrichum spp. as causal agent of olive Anthracnose in southern Italy (Apulia): preliminary control means Doctoral thesis during

4 OLIVE DISEASES Anthracnose - Colletotricum spp., The disease is favored from warm and wet conditions; the rains increase the infection cycles. The disease cause high oleic acid values, so the oil is not high quality.

5 The Anthracnose infections of olive It is possible to think that the infections start from the stalk of the fruits. But secondary infections can start from mesocarp of olive fruits. The Colletotrichum infections can occur also on leaves, indeed olive plants often show stunting and leaf falls (strong defoliation). We ascertained that Colletotrichum spp. are able to infect leaves. Olive drupes infected from Colletotrichum spp. give oil called red oil. It is enough 5-10% of olive fruits infected to have an oil with high acidity.

6 OLIVE DISEASES Anthracnose - Colletotricum spp.,

7 Survey has been carried out in more of 300 olive orchards located in Apulia region from February to December for three years ( ) % Disease Incidence n. of olive Apulian provinces n. of towns orchards examinated 2008/ / /2011 Foggia >1 Bat Bari *RH=68 11 RH=71 9 RH=77 17 Taranto Brindisi Lecce *Means calculated on the hottest months of the year. Medit. sea

8 Isolation frequency (%) of fungi from olive tissues related to Lecce province Fungal species isolated Stem Leaf stalk Drupe Acremonium curvulum 0 0 1,1 3,4 4,5 Alternaria alternata 2,3 0,3 0,7 5,7 9 Aspergillus niger 0,2 0 0,2 0 0,4 Aureobasidium oleae 0 0 0,9 2,8 3,7 Botryosphaeriaceae 11,7 0 4,3 11,3 27,3 Cadophora malorum 3,4 0,4 1,2 0,7 5,7 Cladosporium tenuissimum 4, ,3 4,9 Colletotrichum acutatum complex 6,5 1,5 18,9 42,7 69,6 Colletotrichum gloeosporioides 2,2 0,8 3,4 12,3 18,7 Cytospora oleina 7,3 1, ,1 Eutypa lata 8,5 0 0,4 0 8,9 Fusarium lateritium var. lateritium 0, ,6 10,5 Glomerella cingulata 1, ,2 3,5 Lecythophora lignicola 6, ,8 Microsphaeropsis olivacea 5,9 0,8 0 1,2 7,9 Monochaetia karstenii 4, ,6 Phaeoacremonium angustius 2,3 0 0,6 0 2,9 Phaeoacremonium inflatipes 1, ,2 Phaeoacremonium mortoniae 1, ,2 Phaeoacremonium rubrigenum 3,2 0 0,6 0 3,8 Phaeoacremonium aleophilum 7,2 0 1,6 0 8,8 Phoma incompta 2, ,4 Phomopsis spp. 5,6 0,7 0,6 0,8 7,7 Pleurophoma cava 1, ,2 Pleurostomophora richardsiae 1, ,4 Pseudocercospora cladosporioides 0, ,5 1,4 Septoria olea 1,5 1,1 0 1,1 3,7 Spilocaea oleaginea 0 1,5 0,2 0,2 1,9 Stemphylium botryosum 1, ,3 3,5 others 4,5 91,1 65,3 2,9 100% 100% 100% 100%

9 Colletotrichum acutatum Conidia are hyaline ellipticalfusiform, pointed at both ends c g h i

10 Colletotrichum gloeosporioides The conidia are sub-cylindrical, rounded at both ends a c d d e f g h i

11 Phylogenetic tree based on Neighborg Joining (NJ) analysis of ITS sequences Species identified -A2= C. simmondsii -A3= C. fiorinae -A4= C. clavatum -A5= C. acutatum sensu strictu -A7= C. phormii -C. gleosporioides 100 EF Musicillium EF Musicillium Outgroup 99 DQ C. agavensis 87 DQ AY AY C. boninense DQ AF A2 397 AJ A2 PT135 Olivo AY A2 STE U4459 Protea 79 AJ A2 BBA Lupino A AF A2 HV83C Anemone DQ C lupini AR AJ A1 BBA var.lupini A1 72 AJ A1 BBA var. setosum DQ C lupini AR AF A8 TOM9 AF A8 TOM12 A8 AF A8 TOM21 AJ A5 PT227 Olivo AY A5 STE U4466 HAKEA AY STE U164 PINUS 97 AY G acutata STE U 5292 AY A5 STE U4460 PROTEA C359 A DQ G acutata ATCC56816 DQ MELO G acutata ATCCMY 88 AJ A3 PT AY STE U5287 MALUS 314 A3 310 DQ G acutata VACCINO MEP 99 AJ A6 PT AF A6 S2 AF A4 NI90 A6 AJ A4 CBS C A4 C C L AJ A7 BBA DQ F phormii MEP1334 A AB C higginsianum IFO AB C higginsianum MAFF23 99 Colletotrichum higginsianum AB C fuscum MAFF AB C linicola 313 Colletotrichum linicola 56 DQ C trichellum MEP AJ C truncatum BBA DQ C dematium AR3563 LIR Colletotrichum dematium 58 AJ C dematium BBA AB C coccodes MAFF Colletotrichum coccodes AY C coccodes STE U Colletotrichum circinans AJ C circinans BBA DQ C crassipes CBS DQ C capsici AR AY C dematium STE U5299 AY G truncata STEU5294 DQ G cingulata AR AY gloeosporioides STE Colletotrichum gloeosporioides AY C gloeosporioides STE C. clavatum Glomerella acutata/colletotrichum acutatum complex 10

12 Anthracnose of olive is caused from Colletotrichum spp. Colletotrichum acutatum Complex -A2= C. simmondsii (IF, 4.5%) -A3= C. fiorinae (IF, 7.4%) -A4= C. clavatum (IF, 44.6%) -A5= C. acutatum sensu strictu (IF, 25.8%) -A7= C. phormii (IF, 11,3%) -C. gleosporioides (IF, 6.4%) Highlight C. clavatum was isolated with highest Isolation frequency then C. gleosporioides. The first hypothesis was that C. clavatum is the really responsible of Anthracnose of olive in Apulia.

13 Anthracnose of olive is caused from Colletotrichum spp. So, the subsequent aims of this study were: -Assessment of pathogenicity of Colletotrichum spp. in vivo and in vitro; - Assessment of control trials against Anthracnose in open field.

14 (a)c.gloeosporioides, Pathogenicity Test in vitro conditions a b c (a)c. gloeosporioides (b) C. simmondsii (c) C. fiorinae (d) C. clavatum (e) C. phormii (f) C. acutatum (g)c. coccodes (h) C. circinans (i) C. destructivum d e f C. acutatum sensu strictum g h i

15 Anthracnose of olive is caused from Colletotrichum spp. artificially inoculated Fungal species C. gleosporioides C. simmondsii C. acutatum sensu strictum C. fiorinae C. clavatum C. coccoides C. destructivum C. circinans Control Severity Disease Anova, Duncan test P<0,5

16 Results All Colletotrichum species inoculated were able to infect the olive drupes although values of Severity Disease index were different. The most aggressive fungus was C. simmondsii, which never has been isolated from olives, this is the first time. C. acutatum sensu strictum was the second fungus able to infect olive drupes more than C. clavatum, although this last fungus was the most isolated. Moreover, C. coccoides, C. circinans e C. destructivum resulted to be able to infect olive drupes but with values of Severity Disease index very low.

17 Chemical control trials Experimental trial was carried out from September 2008 to October 2008 in two olive orchards (two cultivar: cv Ogliarola salentina and Picholine). - Extensive orchard (cv Ogliarola), 10 x 10 mt, >100 years old, Disease Diffusion 2007 was 88% - Intensive orchard (cv Picholine ), 3 x 3 mt, <35 years old, Disease Diffusion 2007 was 85%. The trial included 10 olive trees for each treatments, and replicated 5 times. The treatments were carried out in September and October (before and during ripening stage), and were the following; 50 trees as Control not treated ; 50 Trees treated with Difenconazolo/Copper; 50 Trees treated with Dodina; 50 Trees treated with Boscalid/Pyraclostrobin; 50 Trees treated with Kresoxim-methyl;

18 Results % drupes infected from Treatment Colletotrichum species by isolation in cultures Control not treated 81.2 Difenconazolo/Copper 43.5 Dodina 34.9 Boscalid/Pyraclostrobin 33.7 Kresoxim-methyl 11.5 No fungicide was quite able to control olive Anthracnose during the field trial. It was possible to observed that the fungicide more efficacious was Kresoxim-methyl. This result is very important because was obtained from a trial that included just two treatments.

19 CONCLUSIONS 1. Preliminary study allowed to detected five species belonging to C. acutatum complex such as C. simmondsii, C. fiorinae, C. clavatum, C. phormii, C. acutatum sensu strictum. 2. The most aggressive species resulted to be C. acutatum s.s., while the most frequent in Apulia region was C. clavatum. 3. C. gleosporioides resulted to be isolated occasionally, and moreover, it was not be able to infect olive drupes in pathogenicity tests. 4. Chemical control carried out in open field showed that no fungicide was really able to protect olive drupes from Colletotrichum anthracnose, except Kresoxim-methyl resulted to be more efficacious.. 5. Maybe, the treatments should be started before September, and the number of treatments should increase.

20 Therefore, on the base of results obtained next August, a control trial will be started with 7 fungicides and two organic products Control of Anthracnose of olive fruit Randomized blocks scheme A B C D E F G H I J K F E H G J A I K D C B J D K I B H C F A E G Each trial consists of at least 10 plants. A= Pyraclostrobin B= Tebuconazolo C= Mancozeb D= Trifloxystrobin E= Boscalin F= Control G= Cuprolivo (Copper) H= Difeconazolo I= Dodina J= Kendal TE (for organic agriculture) K= Agroallium (extracts from onion and garlic) Trial dates 20 August (lignification seed) 15 September (darkening of olive drupes) 10 October (ripening of olive drupes) Harvesting: from 10 November

21 Thank you for your attention