Leafy Greens. Leafy Greens, Illiana Vegetable Growers Symposium 3/4/2014. Liz Maynard, Purdue, ext.

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Sharon Cameron
5 years ago
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and LA Illiana Vegetable Growers March 4,

demand Product can be available for early

Suitable for season extension structures

Indiana consumption 1 13 2014 http://content.

1 Leafy Greens Liz Maynard Extension Specialist, Dept. of Hort. and LA Illiana Vegetable Growers March 4, 2014 Teibel s Restaurant, Schererville, IN Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service is an equal access/equal opportunity institution. NYT Mag NYT Front Page Why Grow Them? Interest in local food creates year-round demand Product can be available for early Spring, late Fall, Winter, as well as Summer Suitable for season extension structures Current Indiana production less than 1% of Indiana consumption PT Spinach, Jan. 12, 2014 Liz Maynard, Purdue, emaynard@purdue.edu, ext

Sunflower 4A Endive Sunflower 4A Lettuce Valerian 4A Corn salad Buckwheat 4B Rhubarb Carrot 4B Celery Goosefoot 4B Chard leaves of root crops Non-brassica leafy greens Non-brassica leaf petioles

2 What Are Leafy Greens? Plant Family EPA CCrop Goosefoot 2 Beet, greens Mustard 2 Turnip greens Buckwheat 4A Dock Carrot 4A Chervil Carrot 4A Parsley Goosefoot 4A Orach Goosefoot 4A Spinach Ice plant 4A New Zealand sp. Madeira-vine 4A Malabar sp. Mustard 4A Cress, garden Mustard 4A Cress, upland Mustard 4A Arugula Pigweed 4A Amaranth Purslane 4A Purslane, garden Sunflower 4A Chrysanthemum, Sunflower 4A Dandelion Sunflower 4A Radicchio Sunflower 4A Endive Sunflower 4A Lettuce Valerian 4A Corn salad Buckwheat 4B Rhubarb Carrot 4B Celery Goosefoot 4B Chard leaves of root crops Non-brassica leafy greens Non-brassica leaf petioles What Are Leafy Greens? Plant Family EPA Crop Mustard 5A Broccoli Mustard 5A Br. sprouts Mustard 5A Cabbage Mustard 5A Cauliflower Mustard 5A Napa cabbage Mustard 5A Ch. mustard (gai choy) Mustard 5A Kohlrabi Mustard 5B Bok choy Mustard 5B Mizuna Mustard 5B Broccoli raab Mustard 5B Collards Mustard 5B Kale Mustard 5B Mustard greens Mustard 5B Mustard spinach Brassica head and stem Brassica leafy greens Hardy, Half-hardy, and Warm Season Crops Warm Season Options Orach Beet Chard Orach... Amaranth Source: D. N. Maynard and G.J. Hochmuth, Knott's Handbook for Vegetable Growers, 5th Ed., John Wiley and Sons, New York, Photos: Rodale Institute, C. Wang F. New Zealand Spinach Mangan, Temperature and Daylength Effects Flowering Bolting Bulbing Quality Crop Long Days High Temp. Low Temp. Broccoli, Cauliflower -Q F Many Mustard Family Plants (F) F Lettuce F F, -Q Spinach F Liz Maynard, Purdue, emaynard@purdue.edu, ext

Major Nutrients P2O5 and K2O are maintenance amounts based on crop removal. Major Nutrients P2O5 and K2O are maintenance amounts based on crop removal.

5 B, Cu Mn, Zn Goosefoot Chard 100 7 55 6.5 B, Cu, Mn, Zn Goosefoot Spinach 170 16 72 6.5 B, Cu, Zn Mn Sunflower Endive 100 18 113 6.5 Cu, Mn B, Zn Sunflower Lettuce 100-140 40 180 6.

3 Major Nutrients P2O5 and K2O are maintenance amounts based on crop removal. Major Nutrients P2O5 and K2O are maintenance amounts based on crop removal. Plant Family Crop N P2O5 K2O ph Micro Response lb./a High Med. Carrot Celery B Cu, Mn Carrot Parsley Mn B, Cu, Zn Goosefoot Beet B, Cu Mn, Zn Goosefoot Chard B, Cu, Mn, Zn Goosefoot Spinach B, Cu, Zn Mn Sunflower Endive Cu, Mn B, Zn Sunflower Lettuce Cu, Mn B, Zn Source: Warncke, D., J. Dahl, B. Zandstra Nutrient Recommendations for Vegetable Crops in Michigan. E2934. Michigan State University, E. Lansing. Plant Family Crop N P2O5 K2O ph lb./a Mustard Br. sprouts Micro Response High Med. B, Cu, Mn Mustard Broccoli B Cu, Mn Mustard Cabbage B Cu, Mn Mustard Cauliflower B Cu, Mn Mustard Collards Cu, Mn B, Zn Mustard Kale Cu, Mn B, Zn Mustard Mustard Cu, Mn B, Zn Mustard Radish Mn Mustard Rutabaga B Mustard Turnip B B, Cu, Zn Cu, Mn, Zn Cu, Mn, Zn Source: Warncke, D., J. Dahl, B. Zandstra Nutrient Recommendations for Vegetable Crops in Michigan. E2934. Michigan State University, E. Lansing. Major Nutrients Nitrogen Take into account N from prior crop and organic materials Phosphorus Use maintenance levels when soil P is more than ppm No more needed if soil P is more than 80 ppm Potassium Use maintenance levels when soil K more than 85 ppm on soils with CEC=4 soil K more than 115 ppm on soils with CEC=16 No more needed if soil K more than 135 ppm on soils with CEC=4 soil K more than 165 ppm on soil with CEC=16 Source: Warncke, D., J. Dahl, B. Zandstra Nutrient Recommendations for Vegetable Crops in Michigan. E2934. Michigan State University, E. Lansing. Plant Population Much denser plantings are common if plants are harvested when small, either individually or by shearing. Source: ID and Knott's Handbook Plant Bet. Family Crop Row In-row Ft In Buckwheat Rhubarb Carrot Celery Carrot Parsley Goosefoot Beet Goosefoot Chard Goosefoot Spinach Mustard Broccoli Mustard Br. sprouts Mustard Cabbage Mustard Cauliflower Mustard Ch. cabbage Mustard Collards Mustard Kale Mustard Kohlrabi Mustard Mustard Mustard Turnip, greens Sunflower Chicory Sunflower Endive Sunflower Lettuce Weed Management Mechanical Cultivation Hoe and hand-weeding It s a system: row or bed spacing, plant spacing, equipment, people Stale seedbed Flaming Mulches Dense planting Herbicides See the ID-56 at mwveguide.org Insect Management Aphids Caterpillars Imported cabbageworm Diamondback moth Cabbage looper Flea Beetles Leafhoppers (transmit aster yellows) Leaf miners Tarnished plant bug (Slugs) Liz Maynard, Purdue, emaynard@purdue.edu, ext

4 Disease Management Harvest Black rot (brassicas) Bottom rot Damping off Downy mildew spinach, lettuce) Leaf spots Sanitation Rotation Resistant varieties Environmental management Diagnosis is important Harvest Harvest Postharvest Remove field heat! Wash if needed Dry Store cold and damp 32 F for cool season crops 90-95% RH Keep cold during transport and marketing Searching for the Highest Quality Green ~Lanes End Farm Growers: Liz and Corey Aquino Liz Maynard, Purdue, emaynard@purdue.edu, ext

5 3 Points Not just a business, but a philosophy. Not just good enough for customers, but our children, family, and friends. Safe Product Long-lasting Product Healthy Product Safe Product Healthy Soil and Environment Safe Greens Long-Lasting Product Timing Water Source Immediately Vented Bags Keep cool Sell different greens, differently Liz Maynard, Purdue, emaynard@purdue.edu, ext

Not just for greens! Healthy Product Sanitization Vented Bags Keep Searching Thank you!

other Asian Brassicasstd Asian Brassicasother Broccolistd Broccoliother Cylindra Early Blood Soloist San Fen Arcadia Fiesta Baby Pac Bull's Blood Boro Choy Fen Jen

Magic Early Merlin Wonder Gypsy* Pronto* Gold varieties Pak Man Red Ace* Golden Solo Tall Top Tall Top Forono Varieties Cabbage - std Cabbage - other Varieties

Dynasty Alantis Ablodo Dragon Absolute Champion Vates Blue Vantage* Bravo Chantenay Laguna Amazing Cheers Capture Danvers Mokum* Bishop Copenhagen Charmant Hercules

6 Not just for greens! Healthy Product Sanitization Vented Bags Keep Searching Thank you! Keep experimenting, Keep improving Varieties Varieties reported by survey respondents as standard or other varieties you would like to see in trial Beet std Beet other Asian Brassicasstd Asian Brassicasother Broccolistd Broccoliother Cylindra Early Blood Soloist San Fen Arcadia Fiesta Baby Pac Bull's Blood Boro Choy Fen Jen Belstar* Imperial Chiogga* Bulls Blood MeiQing Mizuna DiCicco Detroit Dark Shanghai Red* Chioggia Green Napa Green Belt Green Early Wonder Eagle Tatsoi Prize Choy Magic Early Merlin Wonder Gypsy* Pronto* Gold varieties Pak Man Red Ace* Golden Solo Tall Top Tall Top Forono Varieties Cabbage - std Cabbage - other Varieties reported by survey respondents as standard or other varieties you would like to see in trial Carrot-std Cauliflow er-std Carrotother Collardsstd Collardsother Blue Dynasty Alantis Ablodo Dragon Absolute Champion Vates Blue Vantage* Bravo Chantenay Laguna Amazing Cheers Capture Danvers Mokum* Bishop Copenhagen Charmant Hercules Cheddar Little fingersearly Deadon Early Edith Gonzales Early Thunder Nantes Fremont* Kaitlin Late Dutch Napoli* Orange Purple Red Dynasty Reds Nelson Graffiti Stonehead Snow Crown Super Star Thunderhead Liz Maynard, Purdue, emaynard@purdue.edu, ext

Varieties Varieties reported by survey respondents as standard or other varieties you would like to see in trial Varieties Varieties reported by survey respondents as standard or other varieties you

7 Varieties Varieties reported by survey respondents as standard or other varieties you would like to see in trial Varieties Varieties reported by survey respondents as standard or other varieties you would like to see in trial Kale-std Kaleother Kohlrabistd Lettucestd Lettuceother Mustardstd Mustardother Red Blue Armor Russian* Kohlabri Bergams Cardinale Green Wave Baby cuts Dwarf Siberian Winterbor Kossack* Cherokee Dancine Broadleaf Lacinato Winner Concept Green Ice Florula Rhubarb Red Green Forest Pablo Salad Types Toscano Guzmaine Tropicana Southern Giant Curled Tuscan types Leaf Types Nancy Paris Island Cos Turnip greensstd? Family Seed Parsnipstd Radish - Radish - Spinach - Spinach - Rutabag Turnip - std other std other a - std std French Asian Andover Breakfast Rudolf Menorca America Laurentian Varieties Purple Tops Javelin Champion Daikons Bloomsdale* Giant Nobel Hakurei Large Cherriette Donkey Upright Hakurei* German Giant Pigeon Summer Tolerant Purple Top* Sparkler Raccoon* Tyee Shogoin White Icicle Space Teton Tyee* Skyphos Screening of Lettuce Varieties 38 Lettuce Varieties in Unreplicated Trial Pinney Purdue Ag Center, Wanatah, Indiana 2013 Organic production practices at 1,884 lb./a to supply estimated 132 lb./a N Hand-seeded May 16 Rows 2 ft., thinned in-row to 6 in. Drip irrigation First harvest July 1, thinned to 12 in. Final harvest July 9-10 Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service is an equal access/equal opportunity institution. Funded by Indiana Dept. of Agriculture/USDA Specialty Crop Block Grant Varieties Evaluated Variety Source Type Adriana JS Butterhead Aerostar HMS Romaine Bambi JS Bibb Bergam's Green HMS Leaf Buttercrunch JS Bibb Coastal Star HMS Romaine Concept JS Summer Crisp Deer Tongue JS Bibb Fenberg JS Romaine Freckles HMS Romaine Green Forest JS Romaine Green Star HMS Leaf Green Towers HMS Romaine Jericho HMS Romaine Lettony HMS Leaf Mirlo HMS Butterhead Nancy JS Butterhead Nevada HMS Summer Crisp Panisse JS Leaf Variety Source Type Parris Island HMS Romaine Pirat HMS Butterhead Salvius JS Romaine SF Green Incised JS Leaf SF Green Sweet Crisp JS Leaf SF Red Incised JS Leaf SF Red Sweet Crisp JS Leaf SP Green Butter JS Butterhead SP Green Oakleaf JS Leaf SP Red Butter JS Butterhead SP Red Oakleaf JS Leaf Spretnak HMS Romaine Sylvesta HMS Butterhead Tango JS Leaf Tin Tin HMS Romaine Tropicana JS Leaf Two star HMS Leaf Waldmann's HMS Leaf Winter Density HMS Romaine Lettuce Characteristics Of Interest: Survey Results Very Important Important Not Important Eating Quality Slow Bolting Disease Resistance Yield Other characteristics: Freeze resistance (winter) Nutritional value (red vs. green) Liz Maynard, Purdue, emaynard@purdue.edu, ext

8 Characteristics Evaluated Promising Varieties: Bibb Number and weight of heads, marketable and total Average weight of heads, before and after trimming Head length and width Eating quality Bolting Notes on disease and appearance Promising Varieties: Butterhead Promising Varieties: Butterhead Promising Varieties: Leaf Promising Varieties: Romaine Liz Maynard, Purdue, ext

9 Promising Varieties: Romaine Promising Varieties: Romaine Promising Varieties: Summer Crisp Promising Varieties: Salanova Promising Varieties: Salanova Pests, Diseases, Disorders Bottom Rot (Rhizoctonia solani) Aster Yellows (?) Insect Feeding Liz Maynard, Purdue, ext

Pests, Diseases, Disorders, cont. More Photos at flickr.

Report for 2013 Split Midrib Possible Future Plans Replicated trial of

varieties Trials in high tunnels for late fall/winter/early spring

quality/culinary evaluation Thank you for your attention.

Center David Goad, Fawn Hartz, Jay Sipes, and Juli Smiddy, NW Hort

10 Pests, Diseases, Disorders, cont. More Photos at flickr.com search for member emaynard2003 Tip Burn Lettuce Report at ag.purdue.edu/hla/fruitveg Follow link to Reports/Presentations MW Veg Trial Report for 2013 Split Midrib Possible Future Plans Replicated trial of promising varieties and others suggested Screening trial for red varieties Trials in high tunnels for late fall/winter/early spring production Questions Harvest Method Grading Standards Eating quality/culinary evaluation Thank you for your attention. Acknowledgments Jon Leuck, Mark O Neal, Daron Bruder, Pinney Purdue Ag Center David Goad, Fawn Hartz, Jay Sipes, and Juli Smiddy, NW Hort Summer Crew; and Cassandra Galindo, NW Hort Office Funded by Indiana Dept. of Agriculture/USDA Specialty Crop Block Grant Liz Maynard, Purdue, emaynard@purdue.edu, ext

Leafy Greens. Liz Maynard. Extension Specialist, Dept. of Hort. and LA

Leafy Greens. Liz Maynard. Extension Specialist, Dept. of Hort. and LA Leafy Greens Liz Maynard Extension Specialist, Dept. of Hort. and LA Illiana Vegetable Growers Symposium March 4, 2014 Teibel s Restaurant, Schererville, IN Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service