Leafy Greens. Liz Maynard. Extension Specialist, Dept. of Hort. and LA
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1 Leafy Greens Liz Maynard Extension Specialist, Dept. of Hort. and LA Illiana Vegetable Growers Symposium March 4, 2014 Teibel s Restaurant, Schererville, IN Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.
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3 Why Grow Them? Interest in local food creates year-round demand Product can be available for early Spring, late Fall, Winter, as well as Summer Suitable for season extension structures Current Indiana production less than 1% of Indiana consumption Spinach, Jan. 12, 2014
4 NYT Mag NYT Front Page PT
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7 What Are Leafy Greens? Plant Family EPA CCrop Goosefoot 2 Beet, greens Mustard 2 Turnip greens Buckwheat 4A Dock Carrot 4A Chervil Carrot 4A Parsley Goosefoot 4A Orach Goosefoot 4A Spinach Ice plant 4A New Zealand sp. Madeira-vine 4A Malabar sp. Mustard 4A Cress, garden Mustard 4A Cress, upland Mustard 4A Arugula Pigweed 4A Amaranth Purslane 4A Purslane, garden Sunflower 4A Chrysanthemum, Sunflower 4A Dandelion Sunflower 4A Radicchio Sunflower 4A Endive Sunflower 4A Lettuce Valerian 4A Corn salad Buckwheat 4B Rhubarb Carrot 4B Celery Goosefoot 4B Chard leaves of root crops Non-brassica leafy greens Non-brassica leaf petioles
8 What Are Leafy Greens? Plant Family EPA Crop Mustard 5A Broccoli Mustard 5A Br. sprouts Mustard 5A Cabbage Mustard 5A Cauliflower Mustard 5A Napa cabbage Mustard 5A Ch. mustard (gai choy) Mustard 5A Kohlrabi Mustard 5B Bok choy Mustard 5B Mizuna Mustard 5B Broccoli raab Mustard 5B Collards Mustard 5B Kale Mustard 5B Mustard greens Mustard 5B Mustard spinach Brassica head and stem Brassica leafy greens
9 Hardy, Half-hardy, and Warm Season Crops Beet Chard Orach... Source: D. N. Maynard and G.J. Hochmuth, Knott's Handbook for Vegetable Growers, 5th Ed., John Wiley and Sons, New York, 2007.
10 Warm Season Options Orach Amaranth New Zealand Spinach Photos: Rodale Institute, C. Wang F. Mangan,
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12 Temperature and Daylength Effects Flowering Bolting Bulbing Quality Crop Long Days High Temp. Low Temp. Broccoli, Cauliflower -Q F Many Mustard Family Plants (F) F Lettuce F F, -Q Spinach F
13 Major Nutrients P2O5 and K2O are maintenance amounts based on crop removal. Plant Family Crop N P2O5 K2O ph Micro Response lb./a High Med. Carrot Celery B Cu, Mn Carrot Parsley Mn B, Cu, Zn Goosefoot Beet B, Cu Mn, Zn Goosefoot Chard B, Cu, Mn, Zn Goosefoot Spinach B, Cu, Zn Mn Sunflower Endive Cu, Mn B, Zn Sunflower Lettuce Cu, Mn B, Zn Source: Warncke, D., J. Dahl, B. Zandstra Nutrient Recommendations for Vegetable Crops in Michigan. E2934. Michigan State University, E. Lansing.
14 Major Nutrients P2O5 and K2O are maintenance amounts based on crop removal. Plant Family Crop N P2O5 K2O ph lb./a Mustard Br. sprouts Micro Response High Med. B, Cu, Mn Mustard Broccoli B Cu, Mn Mustard Cabbage B Cu, Mn Mustard Cauliflower B Cu, Mn Mustard Collards Cu, Mn B, Zn Mustard Kale Cu, Mn B, Zn Mustard Mustard Cu, Mn B, Zn Mustard Radish Mn Mustard Rutabaga B Mustard Turnip B B, Cu, Zn Cu, Mn, Zn Cu, Mn, Zn Source: Warncke, D., J. Dahl, B. Zandstra Nutrient Recommendations for Vegetable Crops in Michigan. E2934. Michigan State University, E. Lansing.
15 Major Nutrients Nitrogen Take into account N from prior crop and organic materials Phosphorus Use maintenance levels when soil P is more than ppm No more needed if soil P is more than 80 ppm Potassium Use maintenance levels when soil K more than 85 ppm on soils with CEC=4 soil K more than 115 ppm on soils with CEC=16 No more needed if soil K more than 135 ppm on soils with CEC=4 soil K more than 165 ppm on soil with CEC=16 Source: Warncke, D., J. Dahl, B. Zandstra Nutrient Recommendations for Vegetable Crops in Michigan. E2934. Michigan State University, E. Lansing.
16 Plant Population Much denser plantings are common if plants are harvested when small, either individually or by shearing. Source: ID and Knott's Handbook Plant Bet. Family Crop Row In-row Ft In Buckwheat Rhubarb Carrot Celery Carrot Parsley Goosefoot Beet Goosefoot Chard Goosefoot Spinach Mustard Broccoli Mustard Br. sprouts Mustard Cabbage Mustard Cauliflower Mustard Ch. cabbage Mustard Collards Mustard Kale Mustard Kohlrabi Mustard Mustard Mustard Turnip, greens Sunflower Chicory Sunflower Endive Sunflower Lettuce
17 Weed Management Mechanical Cultivation Hoe and hand-weeding It s a system: row or bed spacing, plant spacing, equipment, people Stale seedbed Flaming Mulches Dense planting Herbicides See the ID-56 at mwveguide.org
18 Insect Management Aphids Caterpillars Imported cabbageworm Diamondback moth Cabbage looper Flea Beetles Leafhoppers (transmit aster yellows) Leaf miners Tarnished plant bug (Slugs)
19 Disease Management Black rot (brassicas) Bottom rot Damping off Downy mildew spinach, lettuce) Leaf spots Sanitation Rotation Resistant varieties Environmental management Diagnosis is important
20 Harvest
21 Harvest
22 Harvest
23 Postharvest Remove field heat! Wash if needed Dry Store cold and damp 32 F for cool season crops 90-95% RH Keep cold during transport and marketing
24 Searching for the Highest Quality Green ~Lanes End Farm Growers: Liz and Corey Aquino
25 Not just a business, but a philosophy. Not just good enough for customers, but our children, family, and friends.
26 3 Points Safe Product Long-lasting Product Healthy Product
27 Safe Product Healthy Soil and Environment Safe Greens
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29 Long-Lasting Product Timing Water Source Immediately Vented Bags Keep cool Sell different greens, differently
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31 Healthy Product Sanitization Vented Bags
32 Not just for greens!
33 Keep Searching Keep experimenting, Keep improving
34 Thank you!
35 Varieties Beet std Beet other Asian Brassicasstd Asian Brassicasother Broccolistd Broccoliother Cylindra Early Blood Soloist San Fen Arcadia Fiesta Baby Pac Bull's Blood Boro Choy Fen Jen Belstar* Imperial Chiogga* Bulls Blood MeiQing Mizuna DiCicco Detroit Dark Shanghai Red* Chioggia Green Napa Green Belt Green Early Wonder Eagle Tatsoi Prize Choy Magic Early Merlin Wonder Gypsy* Pronto* Gold varieties Pak Man Red Ace* Solo Tall Top Golden Tall Top Forono Varieties reported by survey respondents as standard or other varieties you would like to see in trial
36 Varieties Varieties reported by survey respondents as standard or other varieties you would like to see in trial Cabbage - std Cabbage - other Carrot-std Cauliflow er-std Carrotother Collardsstd Collardsother Blue Dynasty Alantis Ablodo Dragon Absolute Champion Vates Blue Vantage* Bravo Chantenay Laguna Amazing Cheers Capture Danvers Mokum* Bishop Copenhagen Charmant Hercules Cheddar Little fingersearly Deadon Early Edith Gonzales Early Thunder Nantes Fremont* Kaitlin Late Dutch Napoli* Orange Purple Red Dynasty Reds Nelson Graffiti Stonehead Snow Crown Super Star Thunderhead
37 Varieties Varieties reported by survey respondents as standard or other varieties you would like to see in trial Kale-std Kaleother Kohlrabistd Lettucestd Lettuceother Mustardstd Mustardother Blue Armor Red Russian* Kohlabri Bergams Cardinale Green Wave Baby cuts Dwarf Siberian Winterbor Kossack* Cherokee Dancine Broadleaf Lacinato Winner Concept Green Ice Florula Rhubarb Red Green Forest Pablo Salad Types Toscano Guzmaine Tropicana Southern Giant Curled Tuscan types Leaf Types Nancy Paris Island Cos Skyphos
38 Varieties Varieties reported by survey respondents as standard or other varieties you would like to see in trial? Family Seed Turnip greensstd Parsnipstd Andover Radish - std Radish - other Spinach - std Spinach - other Rutabag a - std French Breakfast Rudolf Menorca America Laurentian Turnip - std Asian Varieties Purple Tops Javelin Champion Daikons Bloomsdale* Giant Nobel Hakurei Cherriette Donkey Large Upright Hakurei* German Giant Pigeon Summer Tolerant Purple Top* Sparkler Raccoon* Tyee Shogoin White Icicle Space Teton Tyee*
39 Screening of Lettuce Varieties Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service is an equal access/equal opportunity institution. Funded by Indiana Dept. of Agriculture/USDA Specialty Crop Block Grant
40 38 Lettuce Varieties in Unreplicated Trial Pinney Purdue Ag Center, Wanatah, Indiana 2013 Organic production practices at 1,884 lb./a to supply estimated 132 lb./a N Hand-seeded May 16 Rows 2 ft., thinned in-row to 6 in. Drip irrigation First harvest July 1, thinned to 12 in. Final harvest July 9-10
41 Varieties Evaluated Variety Source Type Adriana JS Butterhead Aerostar HMS Romaine Bambi JS Bibb Bergam's Green HMS Leaf Buttercrunch JS Bibb Coastal Star HMS Romaine Concept JS Summer Crisp Deer Tongue JS Bibb Fenberg JS Romaine Freckles HMS Romaine Green Forest JS Romaine Green Star HMS Leaf Green Towers HMS Romaine Jericho HMS Romaine Lettony HMS Leaf Mirlo HMS Butterhead Nancy JS Butterhead Nevada HMS Summer Crisp Panisse JS Leaf Variety Source Type Parris Island HMS Romaine Pirat HMS Butterhead Salvius JS Romaine SF Green Incised JS Leaf SF Green Sweet CrispJS Leaf SF Red Incised JS Leaf SF Red Sweet Crisp JS Leaf SP Green Butter JS Butterhead SP Green Oakleaf JS Leaf SP Red Butter JS Butterhead SP Red Oakleaf JS Leaf Spretnak HMS Romaine Sylvesta HMS Butterhead Tango JS Leaf Tin Tin HMS Romaine Tropicana JS Leaf Two star HMS Leaf Waldmann's HMS Leaf Winter Density HMS Romaine
42 Lettuce Characteristics Of Interest: Survey Results Very Important Important Not Important Eating Quality Other characteristics: Freeze resistance (winter) Nutritional value (red vs. green) Slow Bolting Disease Resistance Yield 8 6 6
43 Characteristics Evaluated Number and weight of heads, marketable and total Average weight of heads, before and after trimming Head length and width Eating quality Bolting Notes on disease and appearance
44 Promising Varieties: Bibb
45 Promising Varieties: Butterhead
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