Bitter gourd germplasm in India. Mamta Pathak Department of Vegetable Science Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana , India

Transcription

1 Bitter gourd germplasm in India Mamta Pathak Department of Vegetable Science Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana , India

2 Momodica Latin word mordeo (to bite) (bitten appearance of the groved margins of the seeds)

3 Bitter gourd Genus Momordica origin Tropical Africa Asian species long distance dispersal

4 Momordica 59 species 12 (Asia) 7 (India) 9 (dioecious) 3 (monoecious)

5 Monoecious Dioecious 1. M. charantia 1. M. dioica 2. M. balsamina 2. M. sahyadrica 3. M. cymblaria 3. M. cochinchinensis 4. M. subangulata subsp. subangulata 5. M. subangulata subsp. renigera 6. M. rumphii 7. M. clarkeana 8. M. denticulata 9. M. denudata

6 Local people consume different types of gourds. So, there availability is restricted in different agro geographical regions.

7 Bhat karela of Assam (teasel gourd) M. dioica M. cochichinensis M. subangulata subsp. renigera

8 Wild bittergourd (M. charantia var. muricata) misidentified M. balsamina

9 Wild bittergourd (M. charantia var. muricata) misidentified M. balsamina

10 M. charantia is the most widely cultivated species of this genus in India M. sahyadrica are the semi-domesticated, grown commercially in several states of India (West Bengal, Odisha, Assam, Tripura, Andaman and Nicobar Islands) and Bangladesh. M. balsamina is restricted to the arid belt comprising southern belt of Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat states of India.

11 Seven species found in India are M. charantia M. balsamina M. dioica M. cymbalaria M. subangulata Blume subsp. renigera M. cochinchinensis M. sahyadrica

12 M. chrantia

13 M. Charantia var. charantia Annual, slender climber, 2-4 m high. monoecious. Flower. Male flower stalks slender with bract midway or toward base; peduncle 2-5 cm Long Fruit: white or green turning orange on maturity soft tuberculate with 8-10 broken or continuous ridges. Seed: 5-30 John K. Joseph and V. T. Antony Genet Resour Crop Evol (2008) 55:

14 M.charantia. var. muricata Small and round fruits Large tubercles

15 M. balsamina Plant: Annual, trailing herb, m high Monoecious Flower: Staminate flowers large than pistillate Pale yellow to creamish-yellow Fruit: (4.0) cm long, cm in circumference Stalk 1-2 cm long 2-3 white tubercles in lines across the whole length of fruits Fruits turning orange and later scarlet red on ripening Pericarp thin Seed: 3-5 Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat states of India

16 M. dioica Vine climbing up to 8-10 m high Dioecious Male flower female flower Tuberous roots Flower: Staminate flowers solitary; peduncles cm long pale yellow Fruit: Oblong, rounded at base The entire surface covered with soft short spines (except the beak) Light green or dark green Seed: 2-3mm across, black lustrous and golden-lined (when fresh)

17 Mature fruit M. cochinchinensis Perennial climber up to 20 m high, Roots tuberous, woody. Dioecious. female flower Fruit: Stalk 5-12 cm long Pericarp densely tuberculate with uniformly round conical structures Single fruit weighing between g young spiny fruit Green turning orange on ripening and bursting irregularly. Seed: Many, variable in size

18 M. subangulata subsp. renigera Vine climbing up to 6-10 m high Tuberous roots Dioecious Fruit: Dome-shape ends 7-8 x cm Light green turning yellow and finally bright orange on ripening Aril deep red Cultivated in NE India and Andaman Islands.

19 M. cymblaria perennial climber Available only in monsoon season Found in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharastra, and Tamil Nadu. Traditionally used for the treatment of diabetes.

20 Germplasm Development The National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), New Delhi, India possesses unique accessions resistant to fruit fly resistant to downy mildew high yield and long-fruited type high yield and white-fruited type high yield and greater number of fruits Wild bitter gourd ecotypes and botanical varieties e.g. M. charantia var. muricata are also important source of economically important traits

21 Germplasm holding in Momordica species Species M. charantia var. charantia No. of accessions Institute 519 Natioa1nal Gene Bank of NBPGR, New Delhi 219 IIVR, Varanasi, India 95 Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikara, India 65 IIHR, Banglore, India 30 Vivekananda Parvatiya krishi Anusandhan shala, UP, India 15 NI Vavilov research institute of plant industry, Russia 281 AVRDC, Taiwan 1 Institute of Agronomy, Hungry (ABI) 1 Cucurova University, Turkey 2 Aburi botanic garden, Ghana 250 Kasetsart University, Bankok, Thiland 12 Southern regional plant introduction station, Georgia,USA 72 Institute of plant breeding, Laguna, Phillipines

22 M. charantia var. muricata 11 Natioa1nal gene bank of NBPGR, New Delhi M. cochichinensis 6 AVRDC, Taiwan 8 Central Horticultural Experimental Station, Bhubaneswar, India 2 Krishna Chandra Mishra Research Institute of Wild Vegetable Crops M. dioica 60 Central Horticultural Experimental Station, Bhubaneswar, India 8 IIVR, Varanasi, India 2 AVRDC, Taiwan 5 Krishna Chandra Mishra Research Institute of Wild Vegetable Crops

23 M. balsamina 1 NBPGR, New Delhi 1 AVRDC, Taiwan 1 Krishna Chandra Mishra Research Institute of Wild Vegetable Crops M. sahyadrica 10 NBPGR, New Delhi M. subangulata ssp. renigera 70 Central Horticultural Experimental Station, Bhubaneswar, India Bahera et al, 2011

24 Punjab-14 Cultivars Oblong and glossy green fruits Features Punjab kareli-1 Thin long dark green fruits Pusa Do Mausami Medium long, dark green fruits Pusa Vishesh Medium long, glossy green fruits Arka Harit Short to medium long, grayish green fruits Coimbatore Long VK-1 Priya White, medium long (20-25 cm) and thin Selection from local type, Developed by KAU, extra long (40 cm) CO1 Coimbatore green Preethi Priyanka Phule Green Gold Dark green, medium long (25-30 cm) 60 cm long fruits fruit 30 cm. long, KAU white colour Developed by MPKV, Rahauri, fruit cm long, dark green Phule Priyanka, Phule Ujawala, Hirkani, Pant Karela 1, Pant Karela 3

25 Private Sector Prachi East-West seeds Fruit medium short, cm, spineless, dark green color, Harvesting: days of seed sowing, Suitable for stuffed preparation Chaman, Amanshri Nunhems Seeds Dark green Colour, good shipping quality, intermediate resistant to downy mildew NS 1024 Namdhari Seeds Start fruiting days, from sowing, cm long fruit, dark green with shining skin Vivek Sungro Seeds Fruits are straight, dark green colour, weight in 125 gm.

26 Cause 38 to 48.2 % yield losses. Six genotypes MB -3, MB-4, MB- 5, MB-11, MB-13, and MB-16 were found resistant to root knot nematode. whereas the other six lines viz., MB-6, MB-10, MB-14, MB-15, MB-30 and MB-35 were moderately resistant. The lines showing resistance for root knot nematode can be further exploited in the resistance breeding programme. Plant Dis Research, 2007 Kaur and Pathak

27 Thanks