Determination of the Weed Species Frequence and Density in Apple Orchards in Kahramanmaras Region

Transcription

1 Academia Journal of Agricultural Research 4(): , December 06 DOI: 0.543/ajar ISSN: Academia Publishing Research Paper Determination of the Weed Species Frequence and Density in Apple Orchards in Kahramanmaras Region Accepted 5 th April, 06 ABSTRACT Tamer Üstüner University of Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam, Facılty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey. *Corresponding author TamerUstuner@ksu.edu.tr This study was carried out to determine the range and frequencies of weed species in apple orchards in Kahramanmaraş. In apple orchards, 33 weed species belonging to 3 families were determined. The average density of weeds was.486 plant/m. From these, one of them belonged to Pterydophyta, species of Monocotyledoneae and species of Dicotyledoneae. Densities of these species were 3.76 plant/m for Agropyron repens,.73 for Chenopodium album,.03 for Bromus arvensis and for Amaranthus retroflexus. According to the occurrence frequency of the weeds; C. album was found to be more than 56% in 6 subregion excluding Andırın, Pazarcık, Türkoğlu and Center. A. repens was found to be more than 50% in the 0 subregions. A. retroflexus was detected to be more than 54% in the other 7 subregions excluding Center, Türkoğlu and Pazarcık. Cynodon dactylon was found only in Afşin (50.%), Çağlayancerit (50.9%), Andırın (76.9%) and it was below 50% in the other 7 subregions. In terms of coverage, Alopecurus myosuroides, A. retroflexus, A.repens, B. arvensis, C. album, Convolvulus arvensis, C. dactylon and Lactuca serriola were determined to be within a range of 0. to 48.% in the study area while other species were below 0%. Key words: Apple, weed, density, frequency and general coverage. INTRODUCTION Turkey has a considerably fruit production potential due to its suitable ecological condition and it is ranked at the third place after China and USA with its tons annual apple production (Anonim, 0). In apple farming, Isparta is ranked at the first place with its 634,795 tons output and then Karaman and Niğde followed with their production 388,400 tons and 37.7, respectively. Kahramanmaraş is ranked at the 0 th place with the area of ha, and it is ranked at the th place with the production of tons (Anonim, 03). Many factors affect the productivity and quality of the apple production and one of the most important of these is weed. Zeki et al. (994) reported that Cynodon dactylon L., Digiteria saguinalis (L.) Scop., Alopecurus spp., B. tectorum L., Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. were founded densely as narrow-leaved weeds and C. arvensis L., Acroptilon repens (L.) DC., Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop., Sinapis arvensis L. Daucus carota L., C. album L. and Tribulus terrestris L. were founded densely as broad-leaved weeds in the apple orchards at the region of Ankara, Adana, Samsun in İzmir. Weeds such as A. myosuroides Huds., Amaranthus spp., Anagallis arvensis L., Anthemis spp., Avena spp., Bromus spp., Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik, C. album L., Convolvulus arvensis L., C. dactylon L., Cyperus rotundus L., Lolium spp., Malva spp., Poa spp., Rumex crispus L., S. arvensis L. and S. halepense (L.) Pers. caused problems in fruit orchards in Turkey (Tepe, 997). According to Yazlık and Tepe (00), there were 8 species of weeds belonging to 8 different families in apple orchards in Van region and they consisted of 37. weeds per square

2 Academia Journal of Agricultural Research; Tamer 676 meter. Poa annua L., Trifolium spp., Lolium perene L., Lotus corniculatus L. and Taraxacum spp. were densely determined weeds. A total of 09 species of weeds belonging to 3 different families were determined in the apple orchards at the region of Karaman and their density was m (Karaca and Güncan, 003). A. retroflexus L., C. album L.and C. arvensis L. were highly densed and Seteria viridis (L.) P. Beauv. and S. arvensis (L.) P. Beauv. were densely detected. Akbolat et al. (007) stated that some species such as A. retroflexus L., C. album L., Xanthium strumarium L. and C. arvensis L., were detected at the high density; Sonchus oleraceus L., T. terrestris L., S. arvensis L., A. repens (L.) DC. and A. repens (L.) P.Beauv. were at medium density in the apple orchards at the region of Isparta. According to Üstüner and Akyol (007), 87 species of weeds belonging to 8 different families were detected and approximately 0.8 species of weeds was estimated per square meter in Nigde's apple orchards. From these 87 weed species, of them was fern plant (Pterydophyta), of them were monocot (Monocotyledon) and 75 of them were dicots (Dicotyledon). In terms of density at the unit area, A. repens (L.) P. Beauv., A. myosuroides Huds., B. tectorum L., and C. dactylon (L.) Pers had high density and related with the frequency of occurance, A. repens (L.) P. Beauv. was the most occurring weed species (84.6%), B. tectorum L. (7.%), A. myosuroides Huds. (54.9%) and Dactylis glomerata L. (49.%) followed. Junk et al. (997) reported that C. album L., C. bursapastoris (L.) Medik, Alopecurus aequalis Sobol and Erigeron canedensis L. had high density in Korea's apple orchards. According to Dastgheib and Frampton (000), Malva spp., Solanum nigrum L., C.album L., A. retroflexus L. and C. arvense L. were densed at the region Nelson in New Zealand. Harrington et al. (000) stated that annual weeds especially Solanum.nigrum L., C.album L., Veronica persica Poir., Polygonum aviculare L. and Coronopus didymus (L.) Smith were highly densed and perennial weeds such as Crepis capillaris (L.) Wallr., Picris echioides L, Trifolium repens L., Plantago lanceolata L., Bromus willdenowii Kunth and Rumex obtusifolius L were densely found in New Zealnd s apple orchards. Perennial and annual weeds caused problems on the fruits and vegetables in Nigeria and perennial species were Commelina beghalensis, C. dactylon (L.) Pers., Digitaria scalarum, Cyperus esculentus, C. rotundus L., Eleusine indica, Solanum incanum, Imperata cylindrica, Panicum spp., Mimosa spp., Lantana camara, and annual species were Maranthus spinosa, C.album L., S. nigrum L., Avena fatua L., Eleusine indica, E. colonum, Ageratum conyzoides and Polygonium ariculare (Hamma and Ibrahim, 03). In order to determine the effect of the harms of weeds on the culture plants, the first step to be determined should be weed species in control of the weeds. Different weed species respond to the different control methods. The challenge without recognizing weeds will be unsuccessful and this will cause waste of time, money and environmental pollution of herbicide. The most susceptible phase of the weeds is their 3 to 5 leaf stages in the chemical control. So, recognizing the life sateges of the weed will help in determining the control methods. In this study, identification, densities, frequency of occurence and coverage of weeds in the apple orchards in Kahramanmaraş were detected. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the study, surveys were applied in the apple orchards in Kahramanmaraş region (Center, Afşin, Andırın, Çağlayancerit, Ekinözü, Elbistan, Göksun, Nurhak, Pazarcık and Türkoğlu) in 0 to 03. Considering the distribution and density of the apple orchards in the region, 0 sub-region were selected and the samples obtained from these sub-regions. In the survey, it was considered at least 3 km among the gardens and the samples were obtained from 5 m inside of the edge of the garden. Within the da area, 4 frames ( m ) were used and weeds were obtained and counted (Odum, 97). The number of weeds in the m was calculated by dividing the total number of each species in m to the survey area. Weed density was calculated using the formula: Density =B/n formula (Güncan, 00). Here; B= Total weeds number in the sample, n= Number of sample. In the evaluation, broad-leaved weeds were considered as whole plants while narrow leaved weed were considered as their stems and recorded on the survey cards. Species, numbers and coverages of weeds were recorded and frequency of occurrence, number of plants and general coverages of obtained data were calculated using the following formulas: Frequency of occurrence (F.O.): The percent of the occurance of the weeds (%) in an area. Frequency of occurrence (%) = n/m 00 n: the number of the orchards containing species. M: total number of the orchard measured Species coverage (T.K.A.): It is expressed as the average value of any species of weed covered surface. This is calculated using the formula: G.K.A (%) = T.K.A./m G.K.A.: General coverage, m: Total number of survey. Table shows the survey studies were applied. Because fruit trees are perennial, both summer and winter weeds grow in the apple orchards. Therefore, a total of 666

3 Academia Journal of Agricultural Research; Tamer 677 Table. Surveyed regions, in the area of apple plantation and the number of frame in the study. Sub- regions Apple plantation area (da) (Anonim, 03) Number of frames Afşin Andırın 8 60 Çağlayancerit Ekinözü Elbistan Göksun Merkez Nurhak 7 53 Pazarcık Türkoğlu 64 Total samples were obtained in two different seasons. The first survey was applied on April and May while the second survey was applied on August and September. RESULTS In the surveys of apple orchards in Kahramanmaraş region, a total of 33 species of weeds belonging to 3 families including pterophyta (Pterydophyta), monocots (monokotiledon) and dicots (dikotiledon) and.486 (piece/m ) per square meter were detected. The average density of weeds in the unit area was 3.76 piece plant/m for A. repens (L.),.73 for C. album L.,.03 for B. arvensis L., for A. retroflexus L. and it had high density (avarege plant in m >0) for C. dactylon (L.) Pers., for A. myosuroides Huds., 6.80 for C. arvensis L., for D. glomerata L., 4.4 for B. tectorum L., for L. serriola L.,.50 for S. viridis (L.) P. Beauv.,.80 for D. sangunialis (L.) Scop.,.06 for L. temulentum L.,.990 for S. halepense (L.) Pers.,.33 for C. draba ssp draba (L.) Desv.,.48 for A. cylindrica Host.,.07 for C.arvense (L.) Scop.,.038 for C. galaticus Rost. ExChoisy and.03 for M. chamomilla L. was densely present (average plant in m to 0) (Annex: Table ). Frequency of occurrence for weeds in the region; C. album L. was more than 56% in the 6 subregions except for Andırın, Pazarcık, Türkoğlu and Center. A. repens (L.) P. Beauv. was more than 50% in the 0 subregions. A. retroflexus L. was more than 54% in 7 subregions except from Center, Türkoğlu and Pazarcık. C. dactylon (L.) Pers. was less than 50.% in Afşin, 50.9% in Çağlayancerit, 76.9% in Andırın and 50% in the other 7 subregions. B. arvensis L. was less than 50% in Center subregion, more than 5% in the other 9 subregions. A. myosuroides Huds. was detected to be more than 50% in Andırın, Center, Çağlayancerit and Göksun and less than 50% in the other subregions. C.arvensis L. was only detected as 55.6% in Center and less than 50% in the other subregions. The coverages for A. myosuroides Huds., A. retroflexus L., A.repens (L.) P. Beauv., B. arvensis, C. album L., C. arvensis L., C. dactylon (L.) Pers. and L.serriola L., varied from 0. to 48.%, while it was less than 0% for other species. The study area was divided into 0 sub-regions and the number of species and families were given in Table 3. The weeds in the apple orchards in Kahramanmaras were evaluated according to the survey results. Afşin sub-region A total of 69 different weeds belonging to 0 families were determined in the apple orchards of Afşin subregion. In this subregion, C. album, A. repens (L.) P. Beauv., A. retroflexus, C. dactylon, B. arvensis, A. myosuroides and D. sanguinalis (L) Scop. were determined to be highly densed (average plant in m >0). C. arvensis, C. arvense (L) Scop., L. serriola, C. galaticus, M. chamomilla L., A. cylindrica Host., B. tectorum, E. crus-galli, L. temulentum and P. rhoeas were determined to be densed (average plant in m to 0) (Table 4). The most frequency of occurence for weed species were 60.8% for C. album, 5.5% for B. arvensis, 4.3% for C. arvensis L, 57.6% for A. retroflexus, 50.4% for A. repens (L.) P.Beauv. and 50. % for C. dactylon. General coverage of weeds were 48.% for C. album, 3.6% for A. retroflexus, 8.% for B. arvensis, 7.9% for A. repens and 0.3% for C. dactylon. Andirin sub-region A total of 49 different weeds belonging to 7 families were determined in the apple orchards of Andırın subregion. In this subregion, A. repens (L.) P. Beauv., C. dactylon, D. glomerata L., B. arvensis and A. myosuroides were determined to be highly densed (average plant in m >0). C. arvensis, A. cylindrica, E. crus-galli, B. tectorum and S. viridis were determined to be densed (average plant in m to 0) (Table 5). The most frequency of occurence for weed species were 8.4% for A. repens (L.) P. Beauv., 76.9% for C. dactylon,

4 Academia Journal of Agricultural Research; Tamer 678 Table. The distribution of weed species and density in the region of Kahramanmaras. Weed species Regions Average Pteridophyta Familya: Equisetaceae Equisetum arvense L Monocotyledoneae Familya: Liliaceae (Amaryllidaceae) Allium rotundum Allium vineale L Familya: Cyperaceae Cyperus rotundus L Familya: Gramineae (Poaceae) Aegilops columnaris ZHUK Aegilops cylindrica Host Agropyron repens (L.) P.Beauv Alopecurus myosuroides Huds Avena sterilis L Bromus arvensis L Bromus tectorum L Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers Dactylis glomerata L Digitaria sanguinalis (L) Scop Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv Hordeum murinum L Lolium temulentum L Phalaris canariensis L Phragmites australis (CAV.) Trin. Ex Steudel Poa trivialis L Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers Dicotyledoneae Familya:Amaranthaceae Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats Amaranthus retroflexus L Familya: Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) Caucalis platycarpos L Daucus carota L Eryngium billardieri Delar Heracleum humile Sm Familya: Boraginaceae Anchusa officinalis L Heliotropium europaeum L Familya: Brassicaceae Alyssum desertorum STAPF

5 Academia Journal of Agricultural Research; Tamer 679 Table Contd. The distribution of weed species and density in the region of Kahramanmaras. Weed species Regions Average Familya: Caryophyllaceae Agrostemma githago L Dianthus coleocephalus BOISS Saponaria kotschyi BOISS Stelleria media (L) Vill Vaccaria pyramidata Medik Familya: Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium album L Chenopodium foliosum (Moench) Aschers Chenopodium vulvaria L Familya:Compositae (Asteraceae) Achillea biebersteinii Afan Achillea millefolium L Acroptilon repens (L.) DC Carduus nutans L Centaurea solstitialis subsp. solstitialis Centaurea virgata Lam Chondrilla juncea L Chrysanthemum segetum L Cichorium intybus L Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop Lactuca serriola L Matricaria chamomilla L Matricaria perforata Merat Onopordum acanthium L Picnomon acarna (L.) CASS Picris kotschyi Boiss Silybum marianum (L.) GAERT Senecio vernalis Waldst. Et Kit Sonchus asper (L.) Hill Taraxacum officinale F.H.Wigg Taraxacum scaturiginosum G.Hagl Taraxacum serotinum (Waldst.EtKit) Poriet. Xanthium strumarium L Xanthium spinosum L Familya: Convolvulaceae Convolvulus arvensis L Convolvulus betonicifolius MILL Convolvulus galaticus Rost. ExChoisy

6 Academia Journal of Agricultural Research; Tamer et al. 680 Table Contd. The distribution of weed species and density in the region of Kahramanmaras. Weed species Regions Average Familya: Cruciferae (Brassicaceae) Alyssum desertorum Stapf Brassica nigra (L.) Koch Boreava orientalis Jaub. Et Spach Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik Cardaria draba ssp draba (L.) Desv Fibigia clypeata (L.) Medik Lepidium latifolium L Lepidium perfoliatum L Raphanus raphanistrum L Sinapis arvensis L Familya: Cuscutaceae Cuscuta campestrisyuncker Familya: Dipsacaceae Dipsacus laciniatus L Familya: Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia helioscopia L Euphorbia orientalis L Euphorbia serpyllifolia Pers Familya: Fabaceae (Leguminosae) Alhagi pseudalhagi (Bieb.) Desv Astragalus microcephalus Willd Lathyrus annuus L Lathyrus sylvestris L Medicago turbinata (L.) All Medicago minima (L.) Bart Medicago orbicularis (L.) Bart Medicago radiata L Medicago rigidula (L.) All Medicago truncatula Gaerth Medicago turbinata (L.) All Melilotus elegans Salzm Melilotus officinalis (L.) Desr Trifolium campestre Schreb Trifolium carescens Wılld Trifolium fragiferum L Trifolium lappaceum L Trifolium medium L

7 Academia Journal of Agricultural Research; Tamer 68 Table Contd. The distribution of weed species and density in the region of Kahramanmaras. Weed species Regions Average Trifolium pauciflorum DA URV Trifolium pratense L Trifolium repens L Trifolium stellatum L Trifolium tomentosum L Prosopis farcta (Banks and Sol.) Mac Vicia sativa L Vicia narbonensis L Familya: Geraniaceae Erodium cicutarium (L.) Lâ Herit Geranium lucidum L Familya: Hypericaceae (Guttiferae) Hypericum perforatum L Familya: Labiatae (Lamiaceae) Lamium amplexicaule L Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson Salvia sclarea L Familya: Malvaceae Malva neglecta Wallr Malva sylvestris L Familya: Papaveraceae - Fumaria officinalis L Papaver rhoeas L Familya: Plantaginaceae Plantago lanceolata L Plantago media L Familya: Polygonaceae Polygonum aviculare L Rumex acetosella L Rumex crispus L Familya: Portulacaceae Portulaca oleracea L Familya: Primulaceae Anagallis arvensis L

8 Academia Journal of Agricultural Research; Tamer 68 Table Contd. The distribution of weed species and density in the region of Kahramanmaras. Weed species Regions Average Familya: Ranunculaceae Adonis flammea Jacq Consolida orientalis (Gay) Schröd Ranunculus repens L Ranunculus argyreus BOISS Familya: Rubiaceae Galium aparine L Familya: Scrophulariaceae (Scrophyllaceae) Verbascum sinuatum var. adenosepalum MURB Familya: Solanaceae Solanum nigrum Physalis angulata L Familya: Zygophyhllaceae Tribulus terrestris L Total Sub-regions: ) Afşi; ) Andırın; 3) Çağlayancerit; 4) Ekinözü; 5) Elbistan; 6) Göksun; 7) Merkez İlçe; 8) Nurhak; 9) Pazarcık; 0) Türkoğlu. As suggested by Üstüner and Güncan (00), density scale was used as follows: Density scale: A) High dense (average more than 0 in per square meter); B) Dense (average between to 0 in per square); C) Less dense (average between 0. to in per square meter); D) Rarely observed (average between 0.0 to 0. in per square meter). Table 3. The number of species and families of the weeds caused problems on the apple orchards in Kahramanmaras. Sub-regions Number of families Number of species Afşin 0 69 Andirin 7 49 Çağlayancerit 8 53 Ekinozu 8 58 Elbistan 0 64 Goksun 4 93 Merkez 30 5 Nurhak 6 50 Pazarcik 9 48 Turkoglu % for D. glomerata L., 63.% for B. arvensis, and 40.% for A. myosuroides. General coverage of weeds were 4.3% for A. repens (L.) P. Beauv., 35.6% for C. dactylon, 8.4% for D. glomerata L. and 4.8% for B. arvensis. Çağlayancerit district A total of 53 different weeds belonging to 8 families were determined in the apple orchards of Çağlayancerit subregion. In this subregion, B. tectorum, B. arvensis, C.

9 Academia Journal of Agricultural Research; Tamer 683 Table 4. Weed densites, frequency occurrence (%) and general coverage (%) of weeds in Afşin. Chenopodium album L Agropyron repens (L.) P.Beauv Amaranthus retroflexus L Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers Bromus arvensis L Alopecurus myosuroides Huds Digitaria sanguinalis (L) Scop Convolvulus arvensis L Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop Lactuca serriola L Convolvulus galaticus Rost.Ex Choisy Matricaria chamomilla L Aegilops cylindrica Host Bromus tectorum L Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv Lolium temulentum L Papaver rhoeas L Others 5, Total 0, Table 5. Weed densites, frequency occurrence (%) and general coverage (%) of weeds in Andırın. Agropyron repens (L.) P.Beauv Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers Dactylis glomerata L Bromus arvensis L Alopecurus myosuroides Huds Convolvulus arvensis L Aegilops cylindrica Host Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv Bromus tectorum L Setaria viridis (L.) Pal. Beauv Others 5, Total 85, album, A. myosuroides, A. repens, A retroflexus and C. dactylon were determined as highly densed (average plant in m >0). C. arvensis, D. glomerata, Cuscuta campestris, L. temulentum and S. viridis were determined as densely present (average plant in m to 0) (Table 6). The most frequency of occurence for weed species were 76.7% for B. tectorum, 73.3% for B. arvensis, 70.% for C. album, 54.% for A. retroflexus, 5.7% for A. myosuroides, 50.9% for C. dactylon and 50.3%for A. repens. General coverage of weeds were 47.3% for B. tectorum, 4.% for C. album, 40.8% for B. arvensis, 35.% for A. retroflexus, 8.9% for C. dactylon and 6.3% for A. repens. Ekinözü sub-region A total of 58 different weeds weeds belonging to 8 families were determined in the apple orchards of Ekinözü town. In this district, C. album, A. retroflexus, B. arvensis, A. repens, C. dactylon and A. myosuroides were determined as highly densed (average plant in m >0). C. arvensis, S. viridis, L. serriola, C. draba ssp draba, C. galaticus, A. cylindrica, E. crus-galli, B. tectorum, C. arvense and Amaranthus blitoides were determined as densely present (average plant in m to 0) (Table 7). The most frequency of occurence for weed species were

10 Academia Journal of Agricultural Research; Tamer 684 Table 6. Weed densites, frequency occurrence (%) and general coverage (%) of weeds in Çağlayancerit. Bromus tectorum L Bromus arvensis L Chenopodium album L Alopecurus myosuroides Huds Agropyron repens (L.) P.Beauv Amaranthus retroflexus L Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers Convolvulus arvensis L Dactylis glomerata L Cuscuta campestrisyuncker Lolium temulentum L Setaria viridis (L.) Pal. Beauv Others, Total 4, Table 7. Weed densites, frequency occurrence (%) and general coverage (%) of weeds in Ekinözü. Chenopodium album L Amaranthus retroflexus L Bromus arvensis L Agropyron repens (L.) P.Beauv Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers Alopecurus myosuroides Huds Convolvulus arvensis L: Setaria viridis (L.) Pal. Beauv Lactuca serriola L Cardaria draba ssp draba (L.) Desv Convolvulus galaticus Rost.Ex Choisy Aegilops cylindrica Host Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv Bromus tectorum L Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop Amaranthus blitoides S.Wats Others 4, Total 5, % for C. album, 60.7% for A. retroflexus, 58.% for B. arvensis, 50.% for A. repens and 46.7% for C. dactylon. General coverage of weeds were 46.8% for C. album, 4.3% for A. retroflexus, 30.4% for B. arvensis, 9.% for C. arvensis L. and 8.4 % for A. myosuroides. Elbistan sub-region A total of 64 different weeds belonging to 0 families were determined in the apple orchards of Elbistan town. In this district, C. album, B. arvensis, A. retroflexus, A. repens, L. serriola, C. dactylon and A. myosuroides were determined to be highly densed present (average plant in m >0). C. arvensis, L. temulentum, C. draba ssp draba, A. cylindrica, C. arvense and P. lanceolata were determined as densely present (average plant in m -0) in Table 8. The most frequency of occurence for weed species were 73.6% for C. album, 65.8% for B. arvensis, 6.4% for A. retroflexus, 5.7% for A. repens and 44.% for Lactuca serriola. General coverage of weeds were 39.6% for C. album,

11 Academia Journal of Agricultural Research; Tamer 685 Table 8. Weed densites, frequency occurrence (%) and general coverage (%) of weeds in elbistan. Chenopodium album L Bromus arvensis L Amaranthus retroflexus L Agropyron repens (L.) P.Beauv Lactuca serriola L Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers Alopecurus myosuroides Huds Convolvulus arvensis L Convolvulus galaticus Rost.Ex Choisy Lolium temulentum L Cardaria draba ssp draba (L.) Desv Aegilops cylindrica Host Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop Plantago lanceolata L Others 7, Total 6,9 - - Table 9. Weed densites, frequency occurrence (%) and general coverage (%) of weeds in Göksun. Agropyron repens (L.) P.Beauv Amaranthus retroflexus L Chenopodium album L Bromus arvensis L Alopecurus myosuroides Huds Lactuca serriola L Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers Lolium temulentum L Dactylis glomerata L Convolvulus arvensis L Daucus carota L Aegilops cylindrica Host Cardaria draba ssp draba (L.) Desv Setaria viridis (L.) P.Beauv Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop Bromus tectorum L Plantago lanceolata L Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers Cirsium arvense Convolvulus galaticus Rost.Ex Choisy Plantago media L Others 8, Total 77, % for B. arvensis, 9.8% for A. retroflexus, 6.% for C. arvensis and 5.4% for A. repens (L.) P. Beauv. Göksun sub-region A total of 93 different weeds belonging to 4 families were determined in the apple orchards of Göksun district. In this district, A. repens (L.) P. Beauv., A. retroflexus, C. album, B. arvensis, A. myosuroides, L. serriola, C. dactylon, L. temulentum, D. glomerata were determined to be highly densed present (average plant in m >0). C. arvensis, D. carota, A. cylindrica, C. draba ssp draba, S. viridis, D. sanguinalis, B. tectorum, P. lanceolata, C. arvense, C. galaticus and P. media were determined as densely present (average plant in m to 0) (Table 9).

12 Academia Journal of Agricultural Research; Tamer 686 Table 0. Weed densites, frequency occurrence (%) and general coverage (%) of weeds in Center. Agropyron repens (L.) P.Beauv Alopecurus myosuroides Huds Convolvulus arvensis L Bromus tectorum L Chenopodium album L Amaranthus retroflexus L Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers Digitaria sanguinalis (L) Scop Dactylis glomerata L Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers Avena sterilis L Poa trivialis L Cuscuta campestrisyuncker Centaurea solstitialis subsp. Solstitialis Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv Cardaria draba ssp draba (L.) Desv Acroptilon repens (L.) DC Bromus arvensis L Matricaria chamomilla L Cyperus rotundus L Phragmites australis (CAV.) Trin. Ex Steudel Others 8, Total 7, The most frequency of occurence for weed species were C. album 7.4%, A. retroflexus 70.9%, B. arvensis L. 69.3%, A. repens 68.6% and A. myosuroides 54.8%. General coverage of weeds were 43.% for A. repens, 38.% for A. retroflexus, 33.4% for C. album, 3.5% for B. arvensis L., 30.0% for C. arvensis L. and.6% rate for A. myosuroides. Center sub-region A total of 5 different weeds belonging to 30 families were identified in the apple orchards of Center district. In this area, A. repens, A. myosuroides and C. arvensis were determined to be highly densed (average plant in m >0). B. tectorum L., C. album, A. retroflexus, C. dactylon, D. sanguinalis, D. glomerata, S. halepense, C. campestris, A. sterilis, P. trivialis, C. solstitialis subsp. solstitialis, S. viridis, C. draba ssp draba, A. repens (L.) DC., B. arvensis, M. chamomilla, C. rotundus and P. australis species were determined as densely present (average plant in m to 0) (Table 0). The most frequency of occurence for weed species were 58.% for A. repens (L.) P.Beauv, 57.% for A. myosuroides, 55.6% for C. arvensis (L.) Pers., 53.7% for B. tectorum L. and 4.5% for C. album. General coverage of weeds were 30.3% for C. album, 30.% for C. arvensis (L.) Pers., 8.3% for A. retroflexus, 4.7% for B. tectorum L. and.6% rate for A. myosuroides Huds.. Nurhak sub-region Fifty (50) different weeds belonging to 6 families were identified in the apple orchards of Nurhak district. In this area, B. arvensis, A. repens (L.) P. Beauv., D. glomerata, A. retroflexus, C. album and A. myosuroides were determined to be highly densed (average plant in m >0). L. serriola, S. viridis, C. dactylon, C. arvensis, C. solstitialis subsp. solstitialis, E. crus-galli, L. temulentum and M. longifolia were determined as densely present (average plant in m to 0) (Table ). The most frequency of occurence for weed species were 60.6% for B. arvensis, 59.4% for A. retroflexus, 56.% for C. album, 54.3% for A. repens (L.) P. Beauv. and 5.% for D. glomerata. General coverage of weeds were 3.6% for B. arvensis, 34.8% for A. retroflexus, 9.3% for C. album, 6.5% for D. glomerata and 3.4% for A.repens. 9. Pazarcik sub-region Different 48 weed species belonging to 9 families were identified in Pazarcık district's apple orchards. In this region, B. arvensis, A. repens (L.) P.Beauv. were determined high densely (average plant in m >0). B. tectorum, C. dactylon, C. album, A. retroflexus, C. arvensis, A. myosuroides, S. halepense, D. glomerata, C. solstitialis subsp. solstitialis, D. sanguinalis, S. viridis, L. temulentum, L. amplexicaule and A. columnaris species were determined

13 Academia Journal of Agricultural Research; Tamer 687 Table. Weed densites, frequency occurrence (%) and general coverage (%) of weeds in Nurhak. Bromus arvensis L Agropyron repens (L.) P.Beauv Dactylis glomerata L Amaranthus retroflexus L Chenopodium album L Alopecurus myosuroides Huds Lactuca serriola L Setaria viridis (L.) P.Beauv Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers Convolvulus arvensis L Centaurea solstitialis subsp. Solstitialis Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv Lolium temulentum L Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson...3. Others 6, Total 97, Table. Weed densites, frequency occurrence (%) and general coverage (%) of weeds in Pazarcık. Bromus arvensis L Agropyron repens (L.) P.Beauv Bromus tectorum L Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers Chenopodium album L Amaranthus retroflexus L Convolvulus arvensis L Alopecurus myosuroides Huds Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers Dactylis glomerata L Centaurea solstitialis subsp. Solstitialis Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop Setaria viridis(l.) P.Beauv Lolium temulentum L Lamium amplexicaule L Aegilops columnaris ZHUK Others 0, Total 69, as densely present (average plant in m to 0) (Table ). The most frequency of occurance for weed species were 54.9% for B. arvensis, 53.6% for A. repens, 38.3% for B. tectorum, 3.8% for C. dactylon and 30.4% for C. album. General coverage of weeds were 30.3% for B. arvensis, 5.% for A. repens, 9.8% for B. tectorum, 9.3% for A. retroflexus and 7.% for C. dactylon. Türkoğlu sub-region Seventy (70) different weed species belonging to 5 families were identified in the apple orchards of Türkoğlu district. In this region, B. arvensis, S. halepense, A. repens (L.) P. Beauv. were determined to highly densed (average plant in m >0). C. album, A. retroflexus, C. arvensis, S. viridis, L. serriola, A. myosuroides, C. dactylon, M. chamomilla, D. sanguinalis, S. arvensis, C. rotundus, S. asper and D. glomerata were determined as densely present (average plant in m to 0) (Table 3). The most frequency of occurence for weed species were 54.% for B. arvensis, 5.4% for S. halepense, 5.8% for A. repens (L.) P. Beauv., 43,9% for C. album and 37.3% for A. retroflexus. General coverage of weeds were 30.9% for B. arvensis, 9.4% for S. halepense, 8.% for A. retroflexus, 5.% for

14 Academia Journal of Agricultural Research; Tamer 688 Table 3. Weed densites, frequency occurrence (%) and general coverage (%) of weeds in Türkoğlu. Bromus arvensis L Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers Agropyron repens (L.) P.Beauv Chenopodium album L Amaranthus retroflexus L Convolvulus arvensis L Setaria viridis (L.) P.Beauv Lactuca serriola L Alopecurus myosuroides Huds Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers Matricaria chamomilla L Digitaria sanguinalis (L) Scop Sinapis arvensis (L.) Cyperus rotundus L Sonchus asper (L.) Hill Dactylis glomerata L Others 8, Total 89, C. album and 4.6% for A. repens. DISCUSSION In this study, species of weeds and their densities, frequency of occurrences and general coverages that caused problems in the apple orchards in Kahramanmaraş region were determined. A total of 33 species of weeds belonging to 3 different families were identified and their average density was.486 weeds/m. One species of these belonged to the ferns (Pterydophyta), of these were monocot (Monocotyledone), and of these were dicots (Dicotyledone). The densities of weeds were determined in the apple orchard in the sub-regions of Göksun (77.98), Elbistan (6.9), Ekinözü (5.946), Afşın, (0.34), Center (7.943), Çağlayancerit (4.898), Nurhak (97.753), Türkoğlu (89.38), Andırın (85.95) and Pazarcık (69.505), respectively. With regards to the average densities in the unit area, A. repens (L.) P. Beauv. (3.76 piece plant/m ), C. album L.(.73), B. arvensis L.(.03), A. retroflexus L (0.758) were determined and found to be highly densely present (average plant in m >0). However, C. dactylon (L.) Pers. (9.48), A. myosuroides Huds. (9.064), C. arvensis L. (6.80), D) glomerata L. (4.537), B. tectorum L. (4.4), L. serriola L. (3.938), S. viridis (L.) P. Beauv. (.50), D. Sangunialis (L.) Scop. (.80), L. temulentum L. (.06), S. halepense (L.) Pers. (.990), C. Draba ssp draba (L.) Desv. (.33), A. Cylindrica host (.48), C.arvense (L.) Scop. (.07), C. galaticus Rost. ExChoisy. (.038) and M. chamomilla L. (.03) were densely present (average plant in m to 0). Frequency of the occurrence of C. album L. was more than 56% in the 6 sub-regions except from Andırın, Pazarcık, Türkoğlu and Center sub-regions and A. repens (L.) P. Beauv. was more than 50% in 0 sub-regions. A. Retroflexus L. was more than 54% in the 7 sub-regions except from Center, Türkoğlu and Pazarcık. C. Dactylon (L.) Pers. was founded less than 50.% in Afşin, 50.9% in Çağlayancerit, 76.9% in Andırın and was found to be less than 50% in other 7 sub-regions. While B. arvensis L. was less than 50% in the Center was more than 5% in other 9 sub-regions. A. Myosuroides Huds. were defined to be more than 50% in the sub-regions of Andırın, Center, Çağlayancerit and Göksun, and less than 50% in the other 6 sub-regions. C. arvensis L. was also detected in the Center with 55.6% ratio. Coverages of the weeds varied from 0. to 48.% for the species of A. myosuroides Huds., A. Retroflexus L., A.repens (L.) P. Beauv., B. Arvensis, C. album L., C. arvensis L., C. dactylon (L.) Pers. and L.serriola L. Coverages of the other weeds were less than 0%. Species and densities of the weeds that caused problems in the apple orchards in Kahramanmaraş showed differencies according to the sub-regions. Some species were distributed in all regions while some species were distributed regionally. A. Repens (L.) P. Beauv. was determined at high density (average plant number in m 0) in all the sub-regions. C. Album was observed to be highly densely present in the sub-regions of Afşin, Çağlayancerit, Ekinözü, Elbistan, Göksun and Nurhak while it was densely present in the sub-regions of Center, Pazarcık and Türkoğlu. It was less densely populated (average plant number in 0. to m ) in the Andırın. B. Arvensis L. was found to highly densely present in the subregions of Afşin, Çağlayancerit, Ekinözü, Elbistan, Göksun, Nurhak, Pazarcık and Türkoğlu while it was densely present (average plant number in to 0 m ) in Andırın and Center.

15 Academia Journal of Agricultural Research; Tamer 689 Similarly, A. Retroflexus L. was observed to be highly densely present in the sub-regions of Afşin, Çağlayancerit, Ekinözü, Elbistan, Göksun, Center, Nurhak and Türkoğlu while it was densely present in Pazarcık, less densely in the Andırın. C. Dactylon (L.) Pers was determined as highly densely present in the sub-regions of Afşin, Andırın, Çağlayancerit, Ekinözü, Elbistan and Göksun while it was determined as densely present in the sub-regions of Center, Nurhak, Pazarcık and Türkoğlu. A. Myosuroides Huds. was detected as highly densely present in the subregions of Afşin, Çağlayancerit, Ekinözü, Elbistan, Göksun, Center and Nurhak while it was founded densely in the sub-regions of Andırın, Pazarcık and Türkoğlu. C. Arvensis L. was highly densely present in Center and Türkoğlu, dense in Afşin, Andırın, Çağlayancerit, Ekinözü, Elbistan, Göksun, Nurhak and Pazarcık. D. Glomerata L. was highly densely present in Andırın and Göksun, dense in Çağlayancerit, Center, Pazarcık and Türkoğlu, and it does not exist in Afşin, Ekinözü, and Elbistan. B. Tectorum L. was highly densely present in Çağlayancerit and Center, dense in Afşin, Andırın, Ekinözü, Göksun and Pazarcık, and less dense in Elbistan, Nurhak, and Türkoğlu. L. serriola was highly densed in Elbistan and Göksun, dense in Afşin, Ekinözü, Nurhak and Türkoğlu, less dense in Andırın, Çağlayancerit, Center and Pazarcık. S. viridis was dense in Andırın, Çağlayancerit, Ekinözü, Göksun, Center, Nurhak and Pazarcık, less dense in Afşin and Elbistan. D. Sanguinalis L. Scop. was highly dense in Afşin, dense in Göksun, Center, Pazarcık and Türkoğlu and does not exist in Andırın, Çağlayancerit, Ekinözü, Elbistan and Nurhak. L. temulentum Lam. was high dense in Göksun, dense in Afşin, Çağlayancerit, Elbistan, Nurhak and Pazarcık, less dense in Andırın, Ekinözü, Center and Türkoğlu. S. halepense L. Pers. was highly dense in Türkoğlu, dense in Göksun, Center and Pazarcık, and does not exist in Afşin, Andırın, Çağlayancerit, Ekinözü, Elbistan and Nurhak. C. Draba ssp draba (L.) Desv.), was dense in Ekinözü, Elbistan, Göksun and Center, less dense in Afşin, Çağlayancerit, Nurhak, Pazarcık and Türkoğlu (average plant number in 0. to m ), rarely observed in Andırın (average plant number in 0.0 to 0. m ). A. Cylindrica Host. was dense in Afşin, Andırın, Ekinözü, Elbistan and Göksun, less dense in Çağlayancerit, and it does not exist in Center, Nurhak, Pazarcık and Türkoğlu. C. Arvense (L.) Scop. was dense in Afşin, Ekinözü, Elbistan and Göksun, was less dense in Çağlayancerit, Center, Nurhak, Pazarcık and Türkoğlu and less dense in Andırın. C. Galaticus Rost. ExChoisy was dense in Afşin, Ekinözü, Elbistan and Göksun, less dense in Andırın, Çağlayancerit and Center and does not exist in Nurhak and Pazarcık. M. chamomilla L. was dense in Afşin, Center and Türkoğlu, less dense in Çağlayancerit, Ekinözü, Elbistan, Göksun, Nurhak and Pazarcık and less dense in Andırın. Kahramanmaraş region is located in the Mediterranean region and Continental climate zones. Therefore, while Center, Pazarcık and Türkoğlu sub-regions are located in the Mediterranean climate, Andırın and Çağlayancerit are located in the transition climate. However, Göksun, Afşin, Elbistan, Nurhak and Ekinözü have a continental climate. Species number of the weeds in the regions of Mediterranean climate was determined more than the continental climate regions. In addition, the region has different soil structure types. The ph of the soil in the region varied from 7.06 to 8.33 and generally it is From the examining soil profile, 8 of them was saltfree, 3 of them less saline and of high saline. KDK of the soils varied from 0 to 80 me/00 g and generally between 30 and 40 me/00 g. The dominant cation was calcium and this was followed by magnesium, potassium and sodium, respectively. Calcareous contents of the region were generally less than 5% (Yılmaz et al., 990). The weed density in the Göksun subregion was found to be much more than that of the other subregions because it has 6 times larger apple orchards area than the other subregions. Because Pazarcık subregion has the smallest apple orchads area, its weed density was found to have less density. Determined density, frequency of occurance and coverage of some the species of weeds varied according to subregions. In this study, densities of the perennial plants with rhizome and stolon were especially found with high densities. Densities of Cyperus spp. and P. Oleracea in the Mediterranean region were roperted as the most common weeds especially in the summer season (Kadıoğlu and Ulu, 993). Frequency of occurrence of Stelleria media, Matricaria chamomille, Oxalis spp., Poa annua and Lactuca serriola were more than 50% in March and April in the same study. In Aydın region, 47 weed species belonging to 0 families were reported by Öğüt and Boz (007) and frequency of occurrencies were 79.80% for S. media, 63.60% for M. chamomilla, 55.50% for O. corniculata, 5.80% for P. annua and 50.0% for L. serriola in the dormant season. During the summer season, frequencies of occurrence of P. oleracea, C. rotundus and Amaranthus spp. were 87.80, and 63.30%, respectively. Frequencies of occurrence of T. terrstris, C. dactylon, C. arvensis, D. sanguinalis, L. serriola, C. album, E. crus-galli and S. halepense varied from 0 to 45% while the other weeds were in between and 0% frequencies of occurrence. The coverage of the weeds were 56.5% for P. oleracea, 5.70% for Cyperus rotundus,6.6% for C. dactylon, 6.54% for Trifolium spp., 3.39% for D. sanguinalis, and.74% for Amaranthus spp. (Öğüt and Boz, 007). A total of 47 weed species belonging to 9 families were identified on the apple orchards in Niğde. Six species of these belonged to monocotyledone and 4 of them belonged to dicotyledons (Ustuner and Ustuner, 0). In the survey studies in Isparta's apple orchards, 6 species of weeds belonging to 3 families consist of one seedless, two monocotyledons and 0 dicotyledons. Densities of A. retroflexus L., P. oleracea L. (8.9) and Setaria verticillata (L.) P.B. were detected as 0.56, 8.9 and 4.79%, respectively. The coverage areas were 5.4% for A.

16 Academia Journal of Agricultural Research; Tamer 690 retroflexus, 3.69% for Tribulus terrestris L. and 3.00% for P. oleracea. The most common weed species in the apple orchards were 83.33% for C. album, C. arvensis L. and P. oleracea, 77.78% for A. retroflexus and 77.% for L. serriola L. (Kitiş, 0). Densities and frequencies of occurrence of weeds in Turkey were reported by Kadıoğlu and Ulu (993), Zeki et al. (994); Tepe (997); Yazlık and Tepe (00), Karaca and Güncan (003) Üstüner and Akyol (007), Öğüt and Boz (007) and Kitiş (0). The results of these studies were similar with our results. Majority of the weeds were A. repens (L.) P. Beauv., A. myosuroides Hudson, Amaranthus spp., B. tectorum L., C. album, C. dactylon (L.) Pers., S. viridis (L.) P. Beauv., D. glomerata L., C. arvensis, M. chamomill, L. serriola, S. Halepense and D. sanguinalis. However, the species of Trifolium spp., Lolium perene L., Lotus corniculatus L., Taraxacum spp., P. annua L., P. lanceolata L., Stelleria media, O. corniculata, P. Oleracea, C. bursa-pastoris, C. rotundus, E. crus-galli and T. terrstris showed differences according to the region. The reason of these differences is due to different climate conditions, irrigation systems, soil type and altitudes of the regions. The results of the present study were also consistent with the results of the studies carried out in different regions in the world (Jung et al., 997; Dastgheib and Frampton, 000; Harrington et al,, 00; Hamma and Ibrahim, 03). A. retroflexus L., A. repens, C. album L. and C. arvensis in the present study were similar with the species in the previous studies. Some of the factors such as the altitude, soil structure, climate, irrigation system and plant communities of the region played a role in these similarities. Consequently, densities, frequency of occurrence and coverage of the weeds may be different according to the region. These numerical values may also vary in the same region. These factors such as altitude, climate, soil structure, irrigation systems, tree corolla width (shadowing) and plantation area's size of the region may play a role in the emergence of this variation. Harrington KC, Hartley MJ, Rahman A, James TK (000). Strategies for Controlling Weeds in New Zealand Apple Orchards. Thirteenth Australian Weeds Conference. Jung JS, Lee JS, Choi CD (997). Weed Occurence ın Apple Orcgards ın Korea. Weed Absract. 47: 0. Kadioğlu İ, Uluğ E (993). Research on the Determination of Fruit Nursery Weeds in the Mediterranean Region. Turkey I. Herbology Congress, 3-5 February. Karaca M, Güncan A (003). Research on Control of Weeds were Problem in Young Apple Orchards Karaman and Region. 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The development of weed tillage equipment commonly used in weed control in apple orchards and its impact on soil CO output. J. Sci. Agric. Machinery. 3 (): Anonim (0). Food and Agriculture Organization of the Onited Nations Anonim (03). The Amount Of Apple Production According to Province. Dastgheib F, Frampton C (000). Weed Management Practices in Apple Orchards and Vineyards in the South Island of New Zealand. New Zealand J. Crop Hortic. Sci. 8: Güncan A (00). Weeds and Principles, Selçuk Univ. Agriculture faculty, Textbook, Konya. Hamma IL, Ibrahim U (03). Weed Management Techniques of Horticultural Crops in Nigeria. American-Eurasian J. Agric. Environ. Sci. 3(3): Cite this article as: Tamer U (06). Determination of the Weed Species Frequence and Density in Apple Orchards in Kahramanmaras Region. Acad. J. Agric. Res. 4(): Submit your manuscript at