SPECIES COMPOSITION OF VEGETATION IN VINEYARDS OF THE WINERY VILLAGE POPICE

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1 SPECIES COMPOSITION OF VEGETATION IN VINEYARDS OF THE WINERY VILLAGE POPICE ALZBETA MAXIANOVA 1, JIRI SOCHOR 2, TOMAS KOPTA 2,3, JAN WINKLER 1,2 1 Department of Plant Biology 2 Department of Viticulture and Enology 3 Department of Vegetable Growing and Floriculture Mendel University in Brno Zemedelska 1, Brno CZECH REPUBLIC alzbeta.maxianova@gmail.com Abstract: The purpose of the work is to compile a list of species growing in vineyards of the winery village Popice and evaluate importance of occurring plant species for growing of vine. According to the winery law, the village Popice is registered as winery village belonging to the winery region Morava and Mikulov winery sub-region. Within the winery village there were delimited 8 vine lines: Mitrberk, Panenský kopec, Písky, Ráfle, Sonberk, Stará hora, Svidrunk and Unédy. During our monitoring we found 104 plant species. As for the found species that can compete directly with vine, we can mention, above all, Cirsium arvense, Convolvulus arvensis, Elytrigia repens, Elytrigia intermedia, Artemisia vulgaris, Arrhenatherum elatius and Medicago sativa. Further, there were species that can be considered as invasive and may compete negatively with vine, such as Robinia pseudacacia, Lycium barbarum, Calamagrostis epigejos and Solidago canadensis. Key Words: vegetation, vineyards, plant species, Popice INTRODUCTION The Czech Republic is classified as small winery country. Within Europe, this includes winery regions located on the north and spreading over two winery regions, in Bohemia and Moravia. In Bohemia, two sub-regions can be distinguished, Mělník and Litoměřice. In Moravia, sub-regions Znojmo, Mikulov, Velké Pavlovice and Slovácko (Pavloušek 2011). Further the vineyards are divided into winery villages and finally into winery lines (Obůrková 2013). Winery regions of the Czech Republic belong to warm and dry regions with mild winter and slight lack of precipitations (Kraus 1999). These conditions have big influence on quality of grapes. Particularly the course of day and night temperatures is significant (Pavloušek 2011). Each winery region consists of typical mosaic of ecosystems and each individual winery region consists of a mosaic different from any other (Kraus 1999). Vegetation growing in the vineyard has positive influence on its whole ecosystem. We can see increase of organogenous nitrogen, improvement of permeability and structure of soil, increase of the content of humus in top layers, reduction of water erosion and elution of nitrogen and other nutrients, increase of the content of edaphone, enhancement of thermal regime of soil, improved infiltration of water, increased water capacity of soil, restricted growth of weed, support and stabilisation of fauna and arthropods in the vineyard, etc. (Trioli and Hofmann 2009). In the years 2009 to 2012 the ECOWIN project was realised by the Vienna institute Bioforschung Austria and Association Ekovín, whose purpose was, among others, to create conditions for existence of a big number of plant and animal species on more than 1000 ha of vineyards. A group of scientists working on a project VineDivers exists in France in last years. The project has to analyse impacts of various farming systems in vineyards on biodiversity and ecosystem services (Vinedivers 2016). The purpose of the work is to compile a list of species growing in vineyards of the winery village Popice and evaluate the importance of occurring species in view of vine growing. 111 P age

2 MATERIAL AND METHODS Characteristics of the interest territory Popice The cadastral unit of the village Popice is situated in the South Moravian region, approximately 30 km south of Brno. The altitude varies from 175 to 308 meters. The territory lies in very warm and dry climatic region. Geological subsoil consists of Paleogene claystones and sandstones of flysch zone, covered discontinuously with loess and loess soils. Soil types are represented by pararendzina typical and cambisol, brown soil typical and luvisol typical. According to the winery law, the village Popice is registered as winery village, belonging to the winery region Morava and Mikulov winery sub-region. Eight winery lines are recognised within the winery village: Mitrberk, Panenský kopec, Písky, Ráfle, Sonberk, Stará hora, Svidrunk and Unédy. On winery lines Písky and Ráfle no vineyards were found in time of the evaluation and their territories consisted mostly of arable land and therefore evaluation of vegetation was not performed there. Total area of the cadastral unit Popice is ha, of this farming land makes ha. As for farming land, arable land makes ha, meadows and pastureland 36.6 ha, permanent plantation ha. Methodology of evaluation of vegetation species composition Evaluation of vegetation was made using a floristic list of the found species. Evaluation was made in the course of July Scientific names of individual plant species were used according to Kubát et al. (2002). Itineraries of the inspection routes were determined on the selected territories within the winery lines. The found species were registered during the inspections. Occurrence of each found species was evaluated using a simple three-point scale after completion of the inspections. Scale evaluating occurrence of species: 3 very frequently occurring species with dominant occurrence (dominant species) 2 common species with frequent occurrence on some parts in the vineyard only (sub-dominant species) 1 rare species with rare and sporadic occurrence RESULTS AND DISCUSSION List of plant species found on the evaluated winery lines In the course of monitoring, there were found total 104 plant species. Their occurrences on individual winery lines and intensity of their occurrences can be found in Table 1. Table 1 Occurrence of species on winery lines of the winery village Popice Winery line Species Panenský kopec Unédy Sonberk Svidrunk Stará hora Mitrberk Lolium perenne Setaria pumila Chenopodium album Cirsium arvense Amaranthus retroflexus Convolvulus arvensis Elytrigia repens Achillea millefolium Tripleurospermum inodorum Trifolium repens P age

3 Taraxacum sect. Ruderalia Falcaria vulgaris Carduus acanthoides Echinochloa crus-galli Plantago lanceolata Polygonum aviculare Conyza canadensis Hordeum murinum Lactuca serriola Artemisia vulgaris Crepis tectorum Medicago lupulina Plantago major Arrhenatherum elatius Bromus tectorum Erigeron annuus Atriplex patula Arctium tomentosum Daucus carota Consolida regalis Rosa canina Dactylis glomerata Medicago sativa Mercurialis annua Cichorium intybus Melilotus officinalis Astragalus glycyphyllos Ballota nigra Malva neglecta Bromus sterilis Crepis biennis Calamagrostis epigejos Echinops sphaerocephalus Setaria viridis Lathyrus tuberosus Capsella bursa-pastoris Urtica dioica Festuca rubra Tragopogon dubius Astragalus exscapus Atriplex prostrata Linaria vulgaris Papaver rhoeas Chenopodium hybridum P age

4 Sonchus oleraceus Fallopia convolvulus Juglans regia Arenaria serpyllifolia Elytrigia intermedia Phragmites australis Reseda lutea Agrimonia eupatoria Seneciovulgaris Galium verum Portulaca oleracea Lotus corniculatus Robinia pseudacacia Dictamnus albus Onobrychis viciifolia Epilobium ciliatum Conium maculatum Securigera varia Origanum vulgare Anagallis arvensis Scabiosa ochroleuca Leucosinapis alba Picris hieracioides Sisymbrium officinale Trifolium pratense Geranium pusillum Urtica urens Astragalus cicer Lycium barbarum Atriplex sagittata Poa pratensis Arctium lappa Artemisia absinthium Erodium cicutarium Cerastium arvenxe Xanthium strumarium Dipsacus fullonum Rumex crispus Rumex acetosa Hypericum perforatum Vicia cracca Viola arvensis Cerinthe minor Solidago canadensis P age

5 Evaluation of occurrence of plant species on the monitored winery lines The winery line Panenský kopec was the first evaluated territory. Most of the area, belonging to this line, is occupied by vineyards. Similar arrangement of vineyards is applied on larger areas, with alternating cultivated and grassed inter-rows; alternatively the cultivated inter-rows were sown by annual plants. During the monitoring there were found 46 plant species on this line. As for the found plant species on this line that can compete directly with vine, we can mention particularly Elytrigia repens, Convolvulus arvensis, Cirsium arvense, Artemisia vulgaris, Medicago sativa, Arrhenatherum elatius, Rosa canina and Calamagrostis epigejos. The line Unédy was the second evaluated winery line. Most of the line area consists of vineyards and similar arrangement of vineyards is applied here. Grassy inter-rows are used here with alternating intentionally and spontaneously grassed inter-rows. During the monitoring we could find 37 plant species on this line. As for the plant species found on this line, we can mention particularly Cirsium arvense, Convolvulus arvensis, Elytrigia repens and Rosa canina. The line Sonberk was the third evaluated winery line. Most of this line area consists of vineyards and similar arrangement of vineyards is applied here. Grassy inter-rows are used here with alternating intentionally and spontaneously grassed inter-rows. During the monitoring we could find 59 plant species on this line. As for the plant species found on this line that can compete directly with vine, we can mention particularly Convolvulus arvensis, Cirsium arvense, Arrhenatherum elatius, Elytrigia intermedia, Artemisia vulgaris, Elytrigia repens and Calamagrostis epigejos. The line Svidrunk was the fourth evaluated winery line. Most of this line area consists of vineyards and similar arrangement of vineyards is applied here. Grassy inter-rows are used here with alternating grassy and cultivated inter-rows. During the monitoring we could find 42 plant species on this line. As for the plant species found on this line that can compete directly with vine, we can mention particularly Cirsium arvense, Convolvulus arvensis, Elytrigia repens, Arrhenatherum elatius, Artemisia vulgaris, Calamagrostis epigejos and Solidago canadensis. The line Stará hora was the fifth evaluated line. Most of this line area consists of orchards and lands with other types of utilisation. Vineyards form a minor part here and are newly planted. All interrows are cultivated here. During the monitoring we could find 15 plant species on this line. As for the plant species found on this line that can compete directly with vine, we can mention particularly Cirsium arvense. The line Mitrberk was the sixth evaluated line. Vineyards on this line are cultivated in different ways that alternate very frequently. A part of the vineyards is used by small private wine producers. Grassy and cultivated inter-rows are used here including their alternating. During the monitoring we could find 54 plant species on this line. As for the plant species found on this line that can compete directly with vine, we can mention particularly Cirsium arvense, Convolvulus arvensis, Elytrigia repens, Artemisia vulgaris, Robinia pseudacacia, Medicago sativa, Melilotus officinalis, Phragmites australis and Lycium barbarum. CONCLUSION During the monitoring of vegetation in vineyards in the winery village Popice we found 104 plant species. As for the found plant species that can compete directly with vine, we can mention particularly Cirsium arvense, Convolvulus arvensis, Elytrigia repens, Elytrigia intermedia, Artemisia vulgaris, Arrhenatherum elatius and Medicago sativa. Further there were found species that we can consider as invasive and may compete negatively with vine, such as Robinia pseudacacia, Lycium barbarum, Calamagrostis epigejos and Solidago canadensis. Currently the vineyards are perceived as a plant community, where in addition to vine also other plant species are growing. Occurrence of numerous plant species prevent erosion, provides food for insect and vertebrate species, enriches soil with nitrogen. Some of these plant species may compete with vine, e.g. species with deep root systems and possible species with allelopathic abilities. However, also invasive species occur in vineyards; these represent danger for vegetation of the vineyards as well as for the surrounding ecosystems. 115 P age

6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was supported by a Programme of applied research and development of national and cultural identity, project DG16P02R017 Viticulture and winery for preservation and restoration of cultural identity of winery regions in Moravia. REFERENCES Kraus, V Réva a víno v Čechách a na Moravě: tradice a současnost. 1 st ed., Prague: Radix. Kubát, K. a kol Klíč ke květeně České republiky. 1. vyd., Praha: Academia. Obůrková, E Kam za vínem. 1. vyd., Brno: CPress. Pavloušek, P Pěstování révy vinné: moderní vinohradnictví. 1. vyd., Praha: Grada. Trioli, G., Hofmann, U. 2009: Kodex dobrého ekologického vinohradnictví: Orwine. 1. vyd., Brno: Svaz ekologické a integrované produkce vína Ekovín. Vinedivers. 2016: About. Online database. Available at: [ ]. 116 P age