Remediation of radionuclide contaminated sites using phytotechnologies

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1 Department of Plant Tissue Cultures Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic Remediation of radionuclide contaminated sites using phytotechnologies Petr Soudek and Tomáš Vaněk

2 URANIUM MILL IN MYDLOVARY

3 MYDLOVARY The uranium mill was in operation from About tons of U-ore with a low content of uranium (0.184 %) were processed in this period. The U-ore was processed by two technologies: about tons by acid-leached and about tons by alkaline extraction. The sludge beds are distributed on area about km 2.

4 CONTENT Greenhouse studies Heavily polluted dumps Botanical survey Transfer of radionuclides Small field experiments Mydlovary Dreanage water Small constructed wetland Constructed wetland in the large scale Low contaminated areas Field experiment technical crops production Recultivated sites Biomonitoring

5 URANIUM MILL TAILINGS 212 Pb, 214 Pb and 227 Th C o u n t s 235 U and 226 Ra 214 Pb 214 Pb 214 Bi Energy [kev]

6 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS ph = 8.06 Particle size from 45 to 75 µm. Small amounts of SiO 2, but mostly very complex clay-like silicates of Na, Ca, Mn, Mg, Al, and Fe; also metallic oxides. Activity Bq 226 Ra /g DW 50 g of dry soil extracted by 2 M solution HNO 3 CH 3 COOH H 2 O NH 4 OH NaOH Bq/mL

7 HEAVILY POLLUTED DUMPS

8 GREENHOUSE EXPERIMENTS 27 plant species and cultivars were tested (2004)

9 POT EXPERIMENTS (2004) Substrate composition: uranium mill tailings + compost 1:3 total activity 13 Bq 226 Ra/ g DW Plant s pecies activity Bq 226Ra/g DW Amaranthus caudatus "Atropurpureus" 0,76 Amaranthus hypochondriacus 0,74 Amaranthus tricolor 0,59 Amaranthus tricolor "Early Splendor" 2,16 Brassica oleracea 0,75 Daucus carota 1,10 Lupinus albus 0,72 Lupinus luteolus 1,24 Lupinus polyphyllus 2,20 Lycopersicon lycopersicum "Albertovské" 0,86 Lycopersicon lycopersicum "Stupické" 0,57 Phas e olus vulgaris "Aida Gold" 0,55 Phase olus vulgaris "Bobis Nano" 0,95 Sinapis alba 0,55 Other plant species: Capsicum annuum, Linum usitatissimum, Canabis sativa, Pisum sativum, Helianthus annuus

10 SOIL PLANT TRANSFER 226 Ra 7,5 7,0 Lupinus albus Lupinus luteolus log [HM plant ] 6,5 6,0 5,5 5,0 9 9,2 9,4 9,6 9, ,2 10,4 10,6 log [HM soil ] Log-log linear relationship is represented by the following formula: log[ 226 Ra]Lupinus albus = - 4, ,155log[ 226 Ra]soil R 2 = 0,9065 log[ 226 Ra]Lupinus luteolus = ,6835 * log[ 226 Ra]soil R 2 = 0,7546

11 PHYTOEXTRACTION DURATION Model conditions: activity of soil in Mydlovary = Bq 226 Ra/g DW amount of polluted soil = 1000 ton annual production of Lupinus sp. = 10 ton the site contains 21.8 GBq 226 Ra 2,5E+10 the target clean-up level is 0.2 Bq 226 Ra /g DW 2,0E+10 Lupinus luteolus Lupinus albus activity [Bq] 1,5E+10 1,0E+10 5,0E+09 0,0E time [years]

12 PLANT COLLECTION Calamagrostis epigeios Lactarius piperatus

13 ACTIVITY OF COLLECTED PLANTS 43 plant species tested Highest activity Lowest activity Plant species activitybq 226 Ra/g Pote ntilla re ptans 4,09 Mentha arvensis 4,00 Calamagrostis epigeios 3,40 Rubus caesius 2,65 Daucus carota 3,70 S ile ne vulgaris 2,60 Cirsium arvense 2,46 Hypericum perforatum 2,13 Echinum vulgare 1,79 Sphagnum fallax 1,76 Artemisia vulgaris 0,19 Trifolium repens 0,00 Amanita phalloides 0,00 S is ymbrium loes s e lli 0,10 Urtica dioica 0,11 Me lilotus officinalis 0,06 Tanacetum vulgare 0,08 Me lilotus alba 0,02 Polygonum amfibium 0,00

14 SMALL SCALE FIELD EXPERIMENTS Dump IV/R Total activity: 9 Bq/g of DW

15 SMALL SCALE FIELD EXPERIMENTS (2004) Plant species activity 226 Ra Bq/g DW Bromus lanceolatus 2,17 Cannabis sativa "Beniko" 0,28 Cannabis sativa "Juso-11" 0,41 Cannabis sativa "Silesia" 0,38 Capsicum annuum "Drákula" 0,94 Festuca glauca 1,70 Hypericum perforatum 1,02 Linum usitatissimum "Atalante" 0,15 Linum usitatissimum "Jitka" 0,26 Lupinus albus 0,89 Lupinus luteolus 0,66 Lupinus polyphyllus 1,29 Lycopersicon lycopersicum "Albertovské" 0,47 Mentha pipericum 3,05 Phaseolus vulgare "Bobis Nano" 0,30 Solidago canadiensis 1,60 Sorghum bicolor 1,03 Sorghum nigrum 1,55

16 5-XI. 26-X. 16-X. 6-X. 26-IX. 16-IX. 6-IX. TRANSFER OF RADIONUCLIDES Alnus glutinosa - leaves 0, ,25 0,20 0,15 0,10 0,05 0,00 27-VIII. 17-VIII. 7-VIII. 28-VII. 18-VII. 8-VII. 28-VI. 18-VI. 8-VI. 29-V. 19-V. 9-V. 29-IV. date of sampling activity [Bq 226 Ra/g DW]

17 LOW CONTAMINATED SITES

18 FIELD TEST 7000 m 2, Linum usitatissimum

19 FLAX AND HEMP ACTIVITY Plant species Linum usitatissimum Jitka Linum usitatissimum Atalante Cannabis sativa Beniko Cannabis sativa Juso Cannabis sativa Silesia [Bq 226 Ra/g] Flax parts after processing Contaminated soil Seeds Fibres Awn Deseeded capsule Oil Atalante Jitka Bq/g of DW Bq/g of DW Bq/g of DW Bq/g of DW Bq/g of DW Bq/g of DW Bq/g of DW Bq/g of DW Bq/mL Bq/mL

20 ECONOMIC CALCULATION of land management Flax (Czech Republic) EU bonus for processing subvene for growing seeds stalk for fibre cultivation and harvest seed for sowing profit EUR / ha

21 DREANAGE WATER

22 PILOT CONSTRUCTED WETLAND In cooperation with Bioplanta Typha latifolia Phragmites australis Carex buxbaumii Juncus inflexus Iris pseudacorus

23 TYPHA ROOT SYSTEM FROM CONTAINERS

24 ACCUMULATION OF URANIUM AND 226 Ra 600 0,25 uranium concentration [μg/l] uranium radium 0,20 0,15 0,10 0,05 activity of 226 Ra [Bq/L] time [days ] 0,00

25 ACCUMULATION OF URANIUM IN PLANTS Total 765 mg of U in drenage water biomass [kg] concentration [mg/kg] amount of U [mg] Phragmites australis upper parts roots + rhizome Typha latifolia upper parts roots + rhizome total Total 694 mg of U in sludge (98.5 %)

26 SMALL SCALE CONSTRUCTED WETLAND

ACCUMULATION OF URANIUM 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 concentration [µg/l] 20 10 0 19.11.2004 20.

27 ACCUMULATION OF URANIUM concentration [µg/l] date

28 BIOMONITORING

Linum usitatissimum Jitka Helianthus annuus Zea mays Cannabis sativa Beniko Cannabis

29 BIOMONITORING OF RECULTIVATED DUMP Test of possible transfer of nuclides to technical crop plants Experiment start on June 2003 Plant species Linum usitatissimum Atalante Linum usitatissimum Jitka Helianthus annuus Zea mays Cannabis sativa Beniko Cannabis sativa Juso-11 Cannabis sativa Silesia [Bq 226 Ra/g]

30 NUCLEAR POWERPLANT

31 SELECTED LOCALITY

SELECTED LOCALITY Tested locality 2001 2002 2003 2004 Záluží 88 42 44 86 Sedlec 93 77 74 97

32 SELECTED LOCALITY Tested locality Záluží Sedlec Chvaletice Dříteň Býšov Hněvkovice 96 nd Temelín

33 CONCLUSION Heavily polluted dumps unpossible clean by phytoremediation methods restricted for food crops production Low contaminated areas possible technical crops production Dreanage water constructed wetland is efficient for cleaning Recultivated sites possible transfer of radionuclides by trees technical crops production biomonitoring by plants

34 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT RNDr. T. Vaněk, CSc. Mgr. P. Petřík Ing. Š. Valenová Ing. M. Bjelková RNDr. M. Griga, CSc Dr. A. Gerth, Ph.D. Dr. A. Hebner, Ph.D. RNDr. M. Vágner, CSc Dr. Ing. R. Tykva, DrSc Ing. E. Podracká, Ph.D. Ing. V. Plojhar Ing. P. Starý Ing. M. Simota Inst. of Org. Chem. and Bioch. AS CR Inst. of Botany AS CR Univ. of Chemical Technology Agritec Ltd. Agritec Ltd. BioPlanta GmbH BioPlanta GmbH Inst. of Exp. Botany AS CR Inst. of Org. Chem. and Bioch. AS CR Inst. of Org. Chem. and Bioch. AS CR SUL o.z. SUL o.z. Agricultural company Ltd. Grant support: AVCR S and COST 859.

35 Thank you for your attention!!!!!!

Warm-Season Grass Common Name: Sorghum. Scientific Name: Sorghum bicolor. Family: Poaceae

Warm-Season Grass Common Name: Sorghum Scientific Name: Sorghum bicolor Family: Poaceae Warm-Season Grass Common Name: Sudangrass Scientific Name: Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum bicolor var. Sudanese Family: