Domestication effects in theresourcestrategiesof plants

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1 Universidad Rey Juan Carlos Departamento de Biodiversidad y conservacion Madrid - Spain Domestication effects in theresourcestrategiesof plants Nieves Martin Robles Ruben Milla

2 Digging g up the roots of crop evolution Martin Robles Nieves Biodiversity and Conservation Area, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Mostoles, Spain

3 Artificial selection Wild progenitor Domesticated Evans LT Crop evolution, adaptation and yield. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

4 Artificial selection Wild progenitor Domesticated Natural selection?? Denison, R. F. (2012). Darwinian agriculture: how understanding evolution can improve agriculture. Princeton University Press

5 Dehiscent mechanism in legume pods Zohary, D. (2004). Unconscious selection and the evolution of domesticated plants. Economic Botany

6 Milla, R., Osborne, C. P., Turcotte, M. M., & Violle, C. (2015). Plant domestication through an ecological lens. Trends in ecology & evolution Artificial selection CROP EVOLUTION Wild progenitor Domesticated Natural selection??

7 Wild progenitor Domesticated t Natural selection??

8 Stomata moved from under to upside of the leave Milla, R., de Diego Vico, N., & Martín Robles, N. (2013). Shifts in stomatal traits following the domestication of plant species. Journal of experimental botany

9 Wild progenitor Domesticated t Natural selection?? Has domestication changed the root traits?

10 Root mean diameter Root tissue density Anatomical and physiological traits Reich, P. B. (2014), The world wide fast slow plant economics spectrum: a traits manifesto. Journal of Ecology

11 Root mean diameter Root tissue density Anatomical and physiological traits How much biomass is invested in root? Root Mass Fraction (RMF) Reich, P. B. (2014), The world wide fast slow plant economics spectrum: a traits manifesto. Journal of Ecology

12 Root mean diameter Root tissue density Anatomical and physiological traits How much biomass is invested in root? Root Mass Fraction (RMF) Specific Root Length (SRL) Root Length ratio (RLR) How is invested the biomass in the roots? RLR

13 Resource use strategies of plants ROOTS Nutrients availability Root mass fraction Root mean diameter Root tissue density Craine, J.M.(2005) Reconciling plant strategy theories of Grime and Tilman. Journal of Ecology

14 CROP Time of domestication Organ selected Family Chard 2360 leaf Amaranthaceae Cardoon 750 petiole Sunflower 4800 seed At Asteraceae Rucola 850 Cabbage 2500 leaf Brassicaceae Cucumber 3000 fruit Cucurbitaceae Lupin 200 Clover 1650 Soybean 3400 Butter bean 4800 Cowpea 6500 Almorta 8000 seed Fabaceae Beans 8250 Chickpea 9500 Lentil 9500 Pea 9500 Alfalfa 7000 leaf Flax seed Linaceae Cotton 5000 fruit Malvaceae Milllet 3000 Rye 3000 Oat 4000 Sorghum 4000 seed Poaceae Wheat 6000 Corn 8000 Barley Tomato 600 Chilli pepper 6000 fruit Solanaceae Pepper 6000

15 flax and barley chikpea lentil pea 9000 bean almorta corn 8000 alfalfa 7000 cowpeas wheat 6000 Pepper & chilli pepper Years ago cotton 5000 sunflower Butter bean Sorghum & oat 4000 soybean cucumber millet & rye 3000 cabbage chard 2000 clover rucola 1000 cardoon tomato lupin Today

16 Root phenotyping Domesticated Wild progenitor

17 Root mean diameter Root tissue density Anatomical and physiological traits How much biomass is invested in root? Root Mass Fraction (RMF) Specific Root Length (SRL) Root Length ratio (RLR) How is invested the biomass in the roots? RLR

18 First question Has the domestication process affected the root traits?

19 Root Mass fraction DO OMESTICA ATED Y=X P value = Domestication i effect Mixed models PROGENITOR Root tissue density Root mean diameter Specific Root Length STICATED DOME Y=X Y=X Y=X P value = P value = P value = PROGENITOR PROGENITOR PROGENITOR

20 DO OMESTICA ATED Root Mass fraction Y=X P value = Conclusion 1: Domestication has no direct effect on individuals traits PROGENITOR Root tissue density Root mean diameter Specific Root Length STICATED DOME Y=X Y=X Y=X P value = P value = P value = PROGENITOR PROGENITOR PROGENITOR

21 second question Is the domestication effect a trait phylogenetically y conserved?

22 30 crops Zanne, A. M.; Tank, D.C; Cornwell, W.K.; Eastman, J.M.; Smith, S.A.; FitzJohn, R.G.; McGlinn, D.J.; O Meara, B.C; Moles, A.T.; Reich, P.B.; Royer, D.L.; Soltis, D.E.; Stevens, P.F.; Westoby, M.; Wright, I.J.; Aarssen, L.; Bertin, R.I.; Calaminus, A.; Govaerts, R.; Hemmings, F.; Leishman, M.R.; Oleksyn, J.; Soltis, P.S.; Swenson, N.G.; Warman, L.; Beaulieu, J.M. (2014) Three keys to the radiation of angiosperms into freezing environments. Nature, 506, 89 92

23 Phylogenetic signal of domestication effect?? 0.6 Blomberg s K 0.5 Phylog. signal RMF SRL plant dry mass root mean SRA Root tissue phy diameter density Root trait

24 Plant dry mass DOMESTICATED P value = PROGENITOR

25 Third question Could the variation between the progenitors and domesticated be explained by allometric relations? Larger plants Larger root system thicker roots

26 Plant Dry Mass + Root mean diameter Root mass Fraction? - + Root tissue density - + Specific Root Length Root Length Ratio Poorter, H. and Ryser, P. (2015) The limits to leaf and root plasticity: what is so special about specific root length? New Phyt.

27 Plant Dry Mass Root mean diameter Root mass Fraction Root tissue density Specific Root Length Root Length Ratio CICc = Significant paths Gonzalez Voyer & Hardenberg in Garamszegi, 2014

28 - Nutrients t Plant Dry Mass + Root mean diameter Root mass Fraction? - + Root tissue density - Specific Root Length + Root Length Ratio Poorter, H. and Ryser, P. (2015) The limits to leaf and root plasticity: what is so special about specific root length? New Phyt.

29 -??? DOMESTICATION Plant Dry Mass + Root mean diameter Root mass Fraction? - + Root tissue density - Specific Root Length + Root Length Ratio

30 DOMESTICATION Plant Dry Mass Root mean diameter Root mass Fraction Root tissue density Specific Root Length Root Length Ratio CICc=69.13 Significant paths

31 Plant Dry Mass DOMESTICATION Root mean diameter Root mass Fraction Significant paths Root tissue Specific Root Length density Root Length Ratio Indirect effects: In root mean diameter =

32 DOMESTICATION Plant Dry Mass Root mean diameter Root mass Fraction Significant paths Root tissue Specific Root Length density Root Length Ratio Indirect effects: In root mean diameter = In SRL= 0.068

33 Conclusions Domesticated plants are bigger than wild progenitors Domestication has no direct effect on individuals root traits Domestication has indirect effect on individuals root traits

34 Last question frequency Trait spectrum Where are placed the progenitors within the trait spectrum drawn by wild dtb databases?

35 progenitor domesticated Wild database Root tissue density Specific root length Root mean diameter Root mass fraction

36 Roottissue tissue density Nutrients availability Root mean diameter Root tissue density Root mean diameter

37 Was the progenitors already adapted to high nutrients conditions?

38 Thank you for your attention

39 Digging g up the roots of crop evolution Martin Robles Nieves Biodiversity and Conservation Area, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Mostoles, Spain

40 CROP Domesticated species Progenitor species Time of domestication Organ selected Family Oat Avena sativa Avena sterilis 4000 seed Poaceae Chard Beta vulgaris Beta vulgaris 2360 leaf Amaranthaceae Cabbage Brassica oleracea Brassica oleracea 2500 leaf Brassicaceae Pepper Capsicum anuum Capsicum anuum 6000 fruit Solanaceae Chilli pepper ppp Capsicum bacattum Capsicum bacattum 6000 fruit Solanaceae Chickpea Cicer arietinum Cicer reticulatum 9500 seed Fabaceae Cucumber Cucumis sativus Cucumis sativus 3000 fruit Cucurbitaceae Cardoon Cynara cardunculus Cynara cardunculus 750 petiole Asteraceae Rucola Eruca sativa Eruca sativa 850 leaf Brassicaceae Soybean Glycine max Glycine soja 3400 seed Fabaceae Cotton Gossipium hirsutum Gossipium hirsutum 5000 fruit Malvaceae Sunflower Helianthus annuus Helianthus annuus 4800 seed Asteraceae Barley Hordeum vulgare Hordeum spontaneum seed Poaceae Almorta Lathyrus sativus Lathyrus cicera 8000 seed Fabaceae Lentil Lens culinaris Lens culinaris 9500 seed Fabaceae Flax Linum usitatissimum m Linum usitatissimum m seed Linaceae Lupin Lupinus luteus Lupinus luteus 200 seed Fabaceae Tomato Solanum esculentum Solanum pimpinellifolium 600 fruit Solanaceae Alfalfa Medicago lupulina Medicago lupulina 7000 leaf Fabaceae Milllet Pennisetum glaucum Pennisetum glaucum 3000 seed Poaceae Butter bean Phaseolus lunatus Phaseolus lunatus 4800 seed Fabaceae Pea Pisum sativum Pisum humile 9500 seed Fabaceae Rye Secale cereale Secale ancestrale 3000 seed Poaceae Sorghum Sorghum sudanense Sorghum bicolor 4000 seed Poaceae Clover Trifolium repens Trifolium repens 1650 leaf Fabaceae Wheat Triticum durum Triticum dicoccoides 6000 seed Poaceae Beans Vicia faba Vicia narborensis 8250 seed Fabaceae Cowpea Vigna unguiculata Vigna unguiculata 6500 seed Fabaceae Corn Zea mays Zea mays 8000 seed Poaceae

Warm-Season Grass Common Name: Sorghum. Scientific Name: Sorghum bicolor. Family: Poaceae

Warm-Season Grass Common Name: Sorghum Scientific Name: Sorghum bicolor Family: Poaceae Warm-Season Grass Common Name: Sudangrass Scientific Name: Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum bicolor var. Sudanese Family: