Bramble Biology. Patrick Byers MU Extension Greene County University of Missouri 2015 NARBA Conference

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1 Bramble Biology Patrick Byers MU Extension Greene County University of Missouri 2015 NARBA Conference

2 Outline What is a bramble or caneberry? Raspberries and blackberries Origins of brambles Bramble growth habits Types of brambles, horticulturally speaking

3 What is a Bramble? Genus Rubus Family Rosaceae Lots of confusion in this genus How many species? Growth habits: shrubs, rigidly erect, arching, trailing

pentalobus Rubus caseius html http://www.

4 Rubus nepalensis Rubus niveus /permaculture-plants-groundcover.html Rubus pentalobus Rubus caseius /permaculture-plants-groundcover.html

5 Raspberries and Blackberries Genus : Rubus 12 subgenera Subgenus: Ideobatus - raspberry Subgenus: Eubatus blackberry Hybrids between the groups

6 Family: Rosaceae Genus: Rubus Subgenus: Ideobatus (Raspberries) Subgenus: Eubatus (Blackberries) R. parvifolius and others R. idaeus red & yellow R. occidentalis black Erect types Eastern semi-erect types Southeastern trailing types R. neglectus purple Western trailing types Evergreen types

7 Raspberry fruit separates from torus Blackberry torus remains in fruit

8 Origins of Brambles Raspberry center of origin eastern Asia Blackberry centers of origin eastern North America and Europe Rubus species are found worldwide, with greater abundance in the northern hemisphere America native types of raspberry and blackberry important for horticulture Red raspberry R. idaeus Black raspberry R. occidentalis Blackberries R. ursinus, R. allegheniensis, others

9 Rubus idaeus Rubus occidentalis Native Rubus species Rubus ursinus Rubus allegheniensis Source:

10 Bramble Growth Habits Perennial crowns and roots Biennial canes Primocanes First year growth Usually no blossoms or fruit Floricanes Second year growth Produce blossoms and fruit, then dies

13 Bramble Growth Habits Bearing habit Floricane bearing (summer bearing) First year vegetative growth of cane Second year flowering and fruiting followed by cane death Primocane bearing (everbearing) First year bear fruit in upper 1/3 to ½ of cane in late summer and fall Fruiting portion of the cane dies in fall/winter Second year Lower portion of cane produces flowers and fruit Entire cane dies after fruiting

14 Bramble Growth Habits Bramble floral and fruit structure Flower includes ovaries Aggregate fruit composted of small drupelets

15 Bramble Growth Habits Prickles (or thorns) Much variability in bramble species

16 Types of Brambles Raspberry Red and yellow raspberry Black raspberry Purple raspberry Blackberry Erect blackberry Semi-erect blackberry Trailing blackberry Raspberry x blackberry hybrids source: ww.ars.usda.gov

from root system; form hedgerow Examples: Heritage,

17 Red and Yellow Raspberries Thorny and thornless cultivars Floricane or primocane bearing habit Sucker from root system; form hedgerow Examples: Heritage, Prelude Caroline, Anne, Autumn Britten

18 Black Raspberries Thorny cultivars Floricane or primocane bearing habit Sucker from crown Examples: Bristol, Jewel, Mac Black, Niwot (P)

19 Purple Raspberries Thorny cultivars Floricane bearing habit Sucker from crown or from roots (varies) Examples: Royalty, Brandywine Source:

20 Erect Blackberries Thorny and thornless cultivars Floricane or primocane bearing habit Sucker from roots and form hedgerow Examples: Shawnee, Ouachita, PrimeArk Freedom (P)

21 Semi-Erect Blackberries Thornless cultivars Floricane bearing habit Sucker from original crown Examples: Chester, Triple Crown

22 Trailing Blackberries Thorny and thornless cultivars Floricane bearing habit Sucker from original crown Examples: Marion, Obsidian, Metolius, Black Diamond Source:

23 Blackberry x Raspberry Crosses Thorny and thornless cultivars Floricane fruiting habit Sucker from crown Example: Tayberry, Logan, Boysen, Wyeberry Source:

24 Any Questions? Patrick Byers MU Extension Greene County University of Missouri

Bernadine Strik, Professor, Oregon State University 1

Bernadine Strik, Professor, Oregon State University 1 Blackberries for the Home Garden Dr. Bernadine Strik, Professor of Horticulture Extension Berry Crops Specialist Oregon State University Wild Blackberries Rubus ursinus The only true PNW native Rubus laciniatus