Below is a series of featured alien plants and animals with images, followed by a complete list of the 800 or more alien species in Illinois.

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1 Non-Native Plants and Animals For thousands of years, people have introduced plants and animals to areas where they do not normally occur. European settlers brought with them domestic animals and cultivated plants that they needed for food, medicine, and clothing. They also accidentally introduced other species. Some non-native species become established in their new area. They can be a problem if they become invasive, competing aggressively with native species and in some cases harming or crowding out the local species. Over the years, increasing numbers of non-native species have been invading North America from all over the world. In Illinois, introduced species have harmed many native habitats. Control measures are often limited, unavailable, or socially (and environmentally) unacceptable. Ironically other non-native species are sometimes introduced in an attempt to control non-native species. Below is a series of featured alien plants and animals with images, followed by a complete list of the 800 or more alien species in Illinois. Zebra Mussel Dreissena polymorpha The zebra mussel was introduced into the Great Lakes from eastern Europe in the ballast water of ships. First discovered in 1988, huge populations were soon found in the lower Illinois River. This aggressive mussel attaches to just about any hard object, and can seriously reduce native mussels by taking over nearly all available habitat. The zebra mussel will attach to boats and can live for several days out of water. this allows it to be easily transported to new locations. Daylily Hemerocallis fulva This orange lily is a native of Eurasia. It escaped cultivation and became part of our flora. It reproduces with tubers and is common in rich, damp soil along roadsides and in neglected areas.

2 White Cabbage Butterfly Pieris rapae Accidentally introduced in Quebec in 1860, cabbage butterflies are now common in North America. They reproduce quickly five or six generations each year. Their caterpillars are garden pests feeding on the leaves of cabbage, brussels sprouts, and related plants. Cabbage butterflies are one of the first butterflies of spring. European Starling Sturnus vulgaris A wealthy admirer of Shakespeare s writings brought the first European starlings to New York in 1890 and He wanted to import all of the birds mentioned in Shakespeare's works. The starling population, which now spans the whole continent, began with this introduction. The European starling has a varied diet. It easily adapts to urban, rural, and agricultural habitats. It roosts and feeds in large flocks and drives away other birds simply by overwhelming them with their numbers. Starlings aggressively occupy nest cavities and habitats used by native birds. In Illinois, starlings compete with wood ducks, northern flickers, red-bellied woodpeckers, great crested flycatchers, tree swallows, purple martins, and eastern bluebirds. The following is a list of most of the exotic species that were introduced into Illinois over the past 200 years.

3 Abelmoschus esculentus Abutilon theophrasti Acer ginnala Acer platanoides Acer pseudoplatanus Achillea millefolium Adlumia fungosa Aegopodium podagraria Aesculus hippocastanum Aethusa cynapium Agrohordeum x macounii Agropyron cristatum Agropyron desertorum Agropyron repens aristatum Agropyron repens Agropyron smithii Agropyron smithii molle Agrostemma githago Agrostis capillaris Ailanthus altissima Aira caryophyllaea Ajuga genevensis Ajuga reptans Albizia julibrissin Alcea rosea Alliaria petiolata Allium ampeloprasum atroviolaceum Allium cepa Allium fistulosum Allium porrum Allium sativum Allium schoenoprasum Allium schoenoprasum sibiricum Allium vineale Alnus glutinosa Alopecurus pratensis Alyssum alyssoides Amaranthus arenicola Amaranthus caudatus Amaranthus cruentus Amaranthus graecizans Amaranthus hybridus Amaranthus palmeri Amaranthus powellii Amaranthus retroflexus Amaranthus spinosus Ambrosia tomentosa Amphiachyris dracunculoides Amsinckia lycopsoides Amsinckia spectabilis Anagallis arvensis Anaphalis margaritacea okra button weed amur maple Norway maple sycamore maple common milfoil Allegheny vine goutweed horse-chestnut fool s parsley Macoun s wild rye crested wheat grass crested wheat grass grass couch grass Colorado bluestem western wheat grass corn cockle colonial bent grass tree-of-heaven silver hairgrass geneva bugleweed carpet bugle mimosa hollyhock garlic mustard wild onion onion Welch onion onion garlic chives wild chives field garlic black alder meadow foxtail pale alyssum Torrey s amaranth purple amaranth love-lies-bleeding prostrate amaranth green amaranth Palmer s amaranth smooth pigweed rough pigweed spiny pigweed false ragweed broomweed tarweed fiddle-neck poor man s weatherglass pearly everlasting

4 Anchusa officinalis Andropogon hallii Anethum graveolens Anoda cristata Anthemis arvensis Anthemis cotula Anthemis tinctoria Anthoxanthum aristatum Anthoxanthum odoratum Anthriscus cerefolium Anthriscus sylvestris Antirrhinum majus Aquilegia vulgaris Arabidopsis thaliana Aralia elata Arctium lappa Arctium minus Arctium tomentosum Arenaria serpyllifolia Argemone albiflora Argemone mexicana Armoracia rusticana Arrhenatherum elatius Artemisia abrotanum Artemisia absinthium Artemisia annua Artemisia biennis Artemisia frigida Artemisia pontica Artemisia vulgaris Arum italicum Arundo donax Asclepias speciosa Asparagus officinalis Asperugo procumbens Aster brachyactis Aster subulatus Aster tataricus Astragalus agrestis Atriplex argentea Atriplex glabriuscula Atriplex hortensis Atriplex patula Atriplex rosea Avena fatua Avena sativa Ballota nigra Balsamita major Baptisia australis Baptisia australis minor Barbarea verna Barbarea vulgaris Belamcanda chinensis common alkanet sand bluestem dill crested anoda corn chamomile dog fennel golden chamomile annual sweet grass sweet vermal grass chervil false chervil common snapdragon garden columbine mouse-eared cress Japanese angelica tree great burdock common burdock cotton burdock thyme-leaved sandwort white prickly poppy Mexican poppy horseradish tall oat grass garden sagebrush absinth annual wormwood biennial wormwood fringed sagebrush Roman wormwood common mugwort arum giant reed showy milkweed garden asparagus madwort rayless aster highway aster Tartarian aster field milk vetch silver orach smooth orach garden orach fat-hen saltbush red orach wild oats cultivated oats black horehound costmary blue wild indigo blue wild indigo early winter cress winter cress blackberry lily

5 Bellis perennis Berberis thunbergii Berberis vulgaris Berteroa incana Bidens bipinnata Borago officinalis Bothriochloa saccharoides Brassica hirta Brassica juncea Brassica kaber Brassica napus Brassica nigra Brassica oleracea Brassica rapa Briza maxima Bromus arvensis Bromus brizaeformis Bromus carinatus Bromus catharticus Bromus commutatus Bromus erectus Bromus hordeaceus Bromus inermis Bromus japonicus Bromus marginatus Bromus racemosus Bromus secalinus Bromus squarrosus Bromus sterilis Bromus tectorum Broussonetia papyrifera Brunnichia ovata Buchloe dactyloides Buglossoides arvense Buplerum rotundifolium Butomus umbellatus Calamagrostis epigeios Calamagrostis neglecta Callirhoe digitata Callirhoe involucrata Calycanthus floridus Calylophus serrulatus Calystegia pubescens Camelina microcarpa Camelina sativa Campanula glomerata Campanula rapunculoides Canavalia ensiformis Cannabis sativa Capsella bursa-pastoris Carduus acanthoides Carex nebraskensis Carex praegracilis English daisy Japanese barberry common barberry hoary alyssum Spanish needles borage silver beardgrass white mustard Chinese mustard charlock turnip black mustard mustard bird s rape big quaking grass chess quake grass California brome rescue grass hairy brome erect brome grass soft chess awnless brome grass Japanese brome brome grass bald brome cheat corn brome brome grass cheat grass brome paper mulberry buckwheat vine buffalo grass corn gromwell thoroughwax flowering rush feathertop reed-bentgrass poppy mallow poppy mallow strawberry-shrub toothed evening primrose California rose false flax false flax clustered bellflower European bellflower jack bean hashish shepherd s-purse acanthus bristle thistle silver sedge sedge

6 Carex richii Carex spicata Carex stenophylla enervis Caragana arborescens Cardamine hirsuta Cardaria draba Cardiospermum halicacabum Carduus nutans Carum carvi Cassia occidentalis Castanea mollissima Catalpa bignoniodes Celastrus orbiculatus Centaurea americana Centaurea calcitrapa Centaurea diffusa Centaurea dubia Centaurea jacea Centaurea maculosa Centaurea moschata Centaurea nigra Centaurea repens Centaurea solstitialis Centaurium pulchellum Cerastium brachypetalum Cerastium diffusum Cerastium dubium Cerastium glomeratum Cerastium pumilum Cerastium semidecandrum Cerastium vulgatum Chaenomeles japonica Chaenorrhinum minus Chamaemelum nobilis Chamaesyce prostrata Chamaesyce serpyllifolia Chelidonium majus Chenopodium album Chenopodium ambrosioides Chenopodium bonus-henricus Chenopodium botrys Chenopodium capitatum Chenopodium glaucum Chenopodium murale Chenopodium polyspermum Chenopodium pumilio Chenopodium rubrum Chenopodium urbicum Chloris gayana Chloris verticillata Chorispora tenella Cichorium intybus Cirsium arvense Clustered field sedge Prickly sedge hoary cress Pea tree hairy bitter cress whitetop balloon-vine Chinese chestnut caraway coffee senna Chinese chestnut common catalpa round-leaved bittersweet American basket flower caltrops bachelor s button tyrol knapweed brown knapweed spotted centaurea sweet sultan black centaurea Russian centaurea Barnaby s thistle centaury chickweed chickweed doubtful chickweed clammy chickweed small mouse-ear chickweed five-stamen chickweed common mouse-ear chickweed Japanese quince dwarf snapdragon garden chamomile spurge spurge celandine lamb s quarters American wormseed good king Henry Jerusalem oak goosefoot strawberry blite oak-leaved goosefoot nettle-leaved goosefoot many-seeded goosefoot goosefoot coast blite city goosefoot finger grass windmill grass chorispora blue sailors Canada thistle

7 Cirsium vulgare bull thistle Citrullus lanatus watermelon Clematis terniflora virgin s bower Cleome hassleriana spider flower Cleome serrulata pink cleome Clinopodium vulgare dogmint Cnicus benedictus blessed thistle Collomia linearis slenderleaf collomia Commelina communis common day flower Commelina diffusa day flower Conium maculatum poison hemlock Conringia orientalis hare s-ear mustard Consolida ambigua rocket larkspur Consolida regalis forking larkspur Convallaria majalis lily of the valley Convolvulus arvensis field bindweed Convolvulus incanus Nebraska glorybind Coreopsis basalis golden wave Coreopsis grandiflora large-flowered coreopsis Coreopsis tinctoria golden coreopsis Coriandrum sativum coriander Coronilla varia crown vetch Coronopus didymus wart cress Cosmos bipinnatus common cosmos Cosmos sulphureus yellow cosmos Crataegus monogyna English hawthorn Crepis capillaris hawk s beard Crepis tectorum hawk s beard Crotalaria spectabilis showy rattlebox Croton lindheimerianus Lindheimer s croton Croton texensis Texas croton Crypsis schoenoides swamp pricklegrass Cucumis sativus cucumber Cucurbita foetidissima Missouri gourd Cucurbita pepo ovifera pear gourd Cydonia oblonga common quince Cymbalaria muralis kenilworth ivy Cynanchum nigrum black swallow-wort Cynodon dactylon Bahama grass Cynoglossum officinale common hound s tongue Cyperus compressus slender flatsedge Cyperus filicinus sedge Cyperus iria ricefield flatsedge Cyperus retrorsum? Dactylis glomerata orchard grass Dalea leporina foxtail dalea Datura innoxia angel s trumpet Datura stramonium jimsonweed Datura stramonium tatula purple jimsonweed Daucus carota queen-anne s-lace Daucus pusillus small wild carrot Descurainia pinnata brachycarpa tansy mustard Descurainia sophia flixweed

8 Deutzia scabra pride-of-rochester Dianthus armeria deptford pink Dianthus barbatus sweet william Dianthus deltoides maiden pink Dicentra eximia wild bleeding heart Digitaria ciliaris hairy crab grass Digitaria ischaemum smooth crab grass Digitaria sanguinalis hairy crab grass Dioscorea batatas Chinese yam Diplotaxis muralis sand rocket Diplotaxis tenuifolia wall rocket Dipsacus laciniatus cut-leaved teasel Dipsacus sylvestris common teasel Distichlis stricta inland salt grass Dracocephalum parviflorum American dragonhead Dracosis amplexicaulis annual black-eyed Susan Dryopteris filix-mas male fern Duchesnea indica Indian strawberry Dyssodia papposa fetid marigold Echinochloa colona jungle rice Echinochloa crus-galli barnyard grass Echinops sphaerocephalus globe thistle Echium vulgare blueweed Egeria densa waterweed Elaeagnus angustifolia Russian olive Elaeagnus multiflora oleaster Elaeagnus umbellata autumn olive Eleocharis parvula hairgrass Eleusine indica goose grass Elymus arenarius lyme grass Empty quadrat --- Epilobium hirsutum hairy willow herb Epipactis helleborine helleborine Eragrostis cilianensis stink grass Eragrostis curvula weeping love grass Eragrostis diffusa western love grass Eragrostis minor love grass Eragrostis neomexicana love grass Eragrostis pilosa India love grass Eranthis hyemalis winter aconite Erianthus ravennae plume grass Eriochloa contracta prairie cup grass Eriochloa lemmonii gracilis cup grass Eriochloa villosa cup grass Eriophila verna mouse-eared whitlow grass Eriophila verna praecox mouse-eared whitlow grass Erodium cicutarium alfileria Eruca vesicaria garden rocket Erucastrum gallicum dog mustard Erysimum cheiranthoides wormseed mustard Erysimum inconspicuum small wormseed mustard Erysimum repandum treacle mustard Eschscholtzia californica California poppy

9 Euonymus alatus Euonymus europaeus Euonymus fortunei Euonymus kiautschovicus Euphorbea marginata Euphorbia cyparissias Euphorbia esula Euphorbia helioscopia Euphorbia hexagona Euphorbia lathyris Euphorbia peplus Evolvulus pilosus Fagopyrum esculentum Falcaria vulgaris Festuca arundinacea Festuca duriuscula Festuca pratensis Festuca rubra Festuca tenuifolia Filipendula ulmaria Foeniculum vulgare Fragaria vesca Fragaria x ananassa Froelichia gracilis Fuirena scirpoidea [?] Fumaria officinalis Gaillardia aristata Gaillardia pulchella Galeopsis ladanum Galeopsis tetrahit Galinsoga parviflora Galinsoga quadriradiata Galium mollugo Galium pedemontanum Galium verum Gaura parviflora Gentiana septemfida Geranium disectum Geranium pusillum Geranium sanguineum Geranium sibiricum Gilia capitata Gladiolus x colvillei Glandularia peruviana Glechoma hederacea Glycine max Glycyrrhiza lepidota Gnaphalium uliginosum Gossypium hirsutum Grindelia squarrosa Gutierrezia texana Gypsophila elegans Gypsophila paniculata burning bush European spindle-tree climbing euonymus climbing euonymus snow-on-the-mountain cypress spurge leafy spurge sun spurge angled spurge caper spurge petty spurge ascending morning-glory buckwheat sickleweed alta fescue sheep fescue English bluegrass red fescue slender fescue queen of the meadow fennel cultivated strawberry cottonweed umbrella sedge fumitory common perennial gaillardia firewheels red hemp nettle common hemp nettle little flower quickweed Peruvian daisy white bedstraw bedstraw yellow bedstraw small-flowered gaura cranesbill small cranesbill blood-red cranesbill Siberian cranesbill scarlet gladiolus Peruvian vervain ground ivy soybean wild licorice low cudweed cotton small-flowered gaura cranesbill small cranesbill curlycup gumweed broomweed baby s breath baby s breath

10 Gypsophila scorzonerifolia Hedera helix Helianthus annuus Helianthus ciliaris Helianthus maximiliani Helianthus petiolaris Helianthus salicifolius Heliotropium curassavicum Heliotropium europaeum Heliotropium indicum Helleborus viridis Hemerocallis fulva Hemerocallis lilio-asphodelus Hesperis matronalis Hibiscus syriacus Hibiscus trionum Hieracium aurantiacum Hieracium caespitosum Hieracium murorum Holcus lanatus Holosteum umbellatum Hordeum brachyantherum Hordeum geniculatum Hordeum jubatum Hordeum vulgare Hosackia americana Hosta lancifolia Humulus japonicus Hyoscyamus niger Hypericum perforatum Hypochaeris glabra Hypochaeris radicata Ilex opaca Inula helenium Ipomoea coccinea Ipomoea hederacea Ipomoea purpurea Ipomopsis rubra Iris flavescens Iris germanica Iris pseudacorus Iris pumila Isatis tinctoria Iva xanthifolia Jacquemontia tamnifolia Juncus gerardii Kallstroemia parviflora Kerria japonica Kickxia elatine Knautia arvensis Kochia scoparia Koelreuteria paniculata Kummerowia stipulacea baby s breath English ivy common sunflower blueweed sunflower Maximilian s sunflower Kansas sunflower willow-leaved sunflower seaside heliotrope European heliotrope Indian heliotrope green hellebore day lily lemon day lily dame s rocket rose of Sharon flower-of-an-hour devil s paint brush king devil golden lungwort velvet grass jagged chickweed meadow barley knee barley fox-tail barley common barley deer vetch plantain lily Japanese hops black henbane common st. johns-wort smooth cat s-ear spotted cat s-ear American holly elecampane red morning-glory ivy-leaved morning-glory common morning-glory standing cypress iris flag water flag dwarf iris Dyer s woad rag sumpweed black grass salt march rush kallstroemia yellow rose canker-root bluebuttons belvedere summer cypress golden-rain tree Korean clover

11 Kummerowia striata Lactuca saligna Lactuca sativa Lactuca serriola Lactuca tatarica Lagenaria siceraria Lamium amplexicaule Lamium maculatum Lamium purpureum Lappula echinata Lappula redowskii occidentalis Lapsana communis Larix decidua Lathyrus hirsutus Lathyrus latifolius Lathyrus odoratus Lathyrus pratensis Lathyrus tuberosus Leontodon autumnalis Leontodon taraxicoides Leonurus cardiaca Leonurus marrubiastrum Lepidium campestre Lepidium densiflorum Lepidium perfoliatum Lepidium ruderale Lepidium sativum Leptochloa acuminata Leptochloa uninervia Lespedeza bicolor Lespedeza cuneata Lespedeza daurica Lespedeza thunbergii Lesquerella gracilis Leucanthemum vulgare Leucojum aestivum Liatris punctata Ligustrum obtusifolium Ligustrum vulgare Lilium lancifolium Limnosciadium pinnatum Linaria genistifolia dalmatica Linaria vulgaris Linum perenne lewisii Linum usitatissimum Liriope spicata Lithospermum officinale Lobularia maritima Lolium multiflorum Lolium perenne Lonicera japonica Lonicera maackii Lonicera morrowi Japanese lespedeza willow-leaved lettuce cultivated lettuce compass plant blue lettuce gourd henbit spotted dead nettle purple dead nettle beggar s lice stickweed common nipplewort European larch caley pea everlasting pea sweet pea yellow vetchling Dutch mice fall dandelion hawkbit motherwort lion s-tail field cress peppergrass clasping cress stinking peppergrass garden cress salt meadow grass Mexican sprangletop Chinese bush clover bush clover Bush clover tall bush clover slender bladder pod common tansy snowflake blazing star privet privet tiger lily butter-and-eggs flax common flax blue flax flax lilyturf European gromwell sweet alyssum Italian rye grass Perennial rye grass Japanese honeysuckle amur honeysuckle Morrow s honeysuckle

12 Lonicera ruprechtiana Lonicera sempervirens Lonicera standishii Lonicera tatarica Lonicera x bella Lonicera x minutiflora Lonicera x muendeniensis Lonicera x muscaviensis Lonicera x xylosteoides Lonicera xylosteum Lotus corniculatus Luffa cylindrica Lunaria annua Lychnis alba Lychnis coronaria Lychnis dioica Lycium barbarum Lycium chinense Lycopersicum esculentum Lycopus asper Lycopus europaeus Lycoris radiata Lysimachia clethroides Lysimachia nummularia Lysimachia punctata Lysimachia vulgaris Lythrum salicaria Macleaya cordata Maclura pomifera Malus pumila Malus x soulardii Malva moschata Malva neglecta Malva rotundifolia Malva sylvestris Malva verticillata crispa Marrubium vulgare Marsilea quadrifolia Matricaria chamomilla Matricaria matricarioides Matricaria perforata Matthiola incana Mazus pumilus Medicago arabica Medicago falcata Medicago lupulina Medicago orbicularis Medicago sativa Melilotus alba Melilotus altissima Melilotus officinalis Melissa officinalis Melochia corchorifolia Manchurian honeysuckle trumpet honeysuckle honeysuckle Tartarian honeysuckle honeysuckle bush honeysuckle bush honeysuckle bush honeysuckle bush honeysuckle European fly honeysuckle birdsfoot-trefoil luffa gourd honesty evening campion mullein pink red campion common matrimony vine Chinese matrimony vine tomato rough water horehound European water horehound surprise lily white loosestrife moneywort dotted loosestrife garden loosestrife purple loosestrife plume poppy hedge apple apple soulard crab apple musk mallow cheeses dwarf mallow high mallow curled mallow common horehound waterclover German chamomile pineapple weed scentless chamomile gilliflower Japanese mazus spotted medic sickle alfalfa black medic round medic alfalfa white sweet clover tall yellow sweet clover yellow sweet clover balm chocolate weed

13 Mentha citrata Mentha crispa Mentha spicata Mentha x gentilis Mentha x piperita Mentha x rotundifolia Mentha x villosa Mentzelia decapetala Mentzelia nuda Microsteris gracilis Mirabilis albida Mirabilis jalapa Mirabilis linearis Mirabilis nyctaginea Miscanthus sacchariflorus Miscanthus sinensis Misopates orontium Mollugo verticillata Monarda citriodora Monarda didyma Monolepis nuttalliana Morus alba Muhlenbergia asperifolia Muscari armeniacum Muscari atlanticum Muscari botryoides Muscari comosum Myosotis arvensis Myosotis scorpoides Myosotis stricta Myosotis sylvatica Myosoton aquaticum Najas marina Najas minor Narcissus poeticus Narcissus pseudo-narcissus Nasturtium officinale Nepeta cataria Neslia paniculata Nicandra physalodes Nicotiana longiflora Nicotiana rustica Nigella damascena Nymphoides peltata Ocimum basilicum Oenothera macrocarpa Oenothera nuttallii Oenothera parviflora Oenothera speciosa Oenothera triloba Onobrychis viciaefolia Ononis spinosa Onopordum acanthium bergamot mint curly mint spearmint little-leaved mint peppermint apple mint foxtail mint loasa large-flowered mentzelia eulalia pale umbrella-wort four-o clock narrow-leaved umbrella-wort wild four-o clock plume grass Chinese silver grass lesser snapdragon carpetweed lemon mint Oswego tea povertyweed white mulberry alkali muhly grape hyacinth blue bottle common grape hyacinth grape hyacinth field scorpion grass forget-me-not small-flowered forget-me-not garden forget-me-not giant chickweed spiny naiad brittle waternymph poet s narcissus daffodil true water cress catnip ball mustard apple-of-peru wild tobacco Sacred tobacco fennel-flower yellow floating heart basil Missouri primrose white evening primrose evening primrose showy evening primrose evening primrose sainfoin rest harrow Scotch cottonthistle

14 Ornithogalum nutans Ornithogalum umbellatum Orobanche ramosa Oxalis corniculata Oxydendrum arboreum Panicum miliaceum Papaver dubium Papaver rhoeas Papaver somniferum Parthenium hysterophorus Parthenocissus tricuspidata Paspalum dilatatum Pastinaca sativa Paulownia tomentosa Pennisetum alopecuroides Penstemon cobaea Penstemon gracilis wisconsinenis Perilla frutescens Petasites hybridus Petrorhagia saxifraga Petunia axillaris Petunia violacea Petunia x hybrida Phalaris arundinacea Phalaris canariensis Philadelphus coronarius Philadelphus inodorus Philadelphus pubescens Phleum pratense Phlox subulata Phyla cuneifolia Phyllanthus urinaria Physalis alkekengi Physalis angulata Physalis barbadensis Physalis ixocarpa Physalis lanceolata Physalis longifolia Physalis macrophysa Physalis pendula Picea mariana Picris echioides Picris hieracioides Pinus banksiana Pinus echinata Pinus nigra Pinus pungens Pinus resinosa Pinus rigida Pinus strobus Pinus sylvestris Pinus taeda Pinus virginiana star-of-bethlehem common star-of-bethlehem broomrape creeping wood sorrel sourwood herb broomcorn millet poppy corn poppy common poppy santa maria Boston ivy dallis grass parsnip paulownia fountain grass beard-tongue slender beard tongue beefsteak plant butterbur saxifrage pink white petunia violet petunia garden petunia reed canary grass birdseed grass sweet mock orange scentless mock orange mock orange timothy moss-pink hoary fog-fruit leaf-flower Chinese lantern ground cherry ground cherry tomatillo narrow-leaved ground cherry ground cherry large-fruited ground cherry ground cherry black spruce bristly oxtongue cat s-ear jack pine shortleaf pine Austrian pine prickly pine red pine pitch pine white pine Scotch pine loblolly pine Virginia pine

15 Pisum sativum garden pea Plagiobothrys hirtus figuratus popcorn flower Plantago arenaria whorled plantain Plantago heterophylla small plantain Plantago lanceolata buckhorn Plantago major common plantain Plantago media hoary plantain Plantago patagonica brevicarpa salt and pepper plant Plantago rhodosperma red-seeded plantain Pluchea odorata succulenta camphor weed Poa annua annual bluegrass Poa arachnifera Texas bluegrass Poa arida glaucous bluegrass Poa bulbosa bulbous bluegrass Poa compressa Canadian bluegrass Poa nemoralis woodland bluegrass Poa pratensis Kentucky bluegrass Poa trivialis meadow grass Polycnemum majus knotweed Polygonum arenastrum knotweed Polygonum aviculare knotweed Polygonum cespitosum longisetum creeping smartweed Polygonum convolvulus black birdweed Polygonum cuspidatum Japanese fleece flower Polygonum hydropiper Marshpepper knotweed Polygonum neglectum common smartweed Polygonum orientale kiss-me-over-the-garden-gate Polygonum persicaria spotted lady s thumb Polygonum sachalinense giant knotweed Polygonum scabrum hedge cornbind Populus alba white poplar Populus canescens gray poplar Populus nigra italica Lombardy poplar Populus x gileadensis balm-of-gilead Portulaca grandiflora moss-rose Portulaca oleracea purslane Potamogeton crispus beginner s pondweed Potentilla argentea silvery cinquefoil Potentilla inclinata hoary cinquefoil Potentilla intermedia intermediate cinquefoil Potentilla recta sulfur cinquefoil Potentilla reptans creeping cinquefoil Potentilla rivalis brook cinquefoil Prionopsis ciliatus? Proboscidea louisianica devilsclaw Prunella vulgaris self-heal Prunus armeniaca apricot Prunus avium sweet cherry Prunus cerasus pie cherry Prunus mahaleb mahaleb cherry Prunus padus pear Prunus persica Chinese pear Psoralea argophylla tall buttercup

16 Puccinellia distans Pueraria lobata Pyrus calleryana Pyrus communis Pyrus pyrifolia Ranunculus acris Ranunculus arvensis Ranunculus bulbosus Ranunculus ficaria Ranunculus parviflorus Ranunculus repens Ranunculus sardous Raphanus raphanistrum Raphanus sativus Ratibida columnifera Redfieldia flexuosa Rehsonia floribunda Rehsonia sinensis Reseda alba Rhamnus cathartica Rhamnus davurica Rhamnus frangula Rhamnus utilis Rheum rhaponticum Rhodotypos scandens Ribes nigrum Ribes odoratum Ribes rubrum Ricinus communis Robinia hispida Robinia viscosa Rorippa sylvestris Rosa canina Rosa eglanteria Rosa gallica Rosa micrantha Rosa moschata Rosa multiflora Rosa rubrifolia Rosa rugosa Rosa spinosissima Rubus discolor Rubus idaeus Rubus laciniatus Rubus odoratus Rubus phoenicolasius Rudbeckia grandiflora Rumex acetosella Rumex crispus Rumex cristatus Rumex longifolius Rumex obtusifolius Rumex patientia corn buttercup bulbous buttercup lesser celandine small-flowered crowfoot Asian pear buttercup jointed charlock buttercup fig buttercup small-flowered buttercup creeping buttercup hairy buttercup wild radish radish long-headed coneflower blowout grass Japanese wisteria Chinese wisteria dyer s rocket common buckthorn buckthorn glossy buckthorn long-leaved buckthorn rhubarb jetbead black current buffalo current red current castor bean bristly locust clammy locust creeping yellow cress dog rose sweet-brier French rose small sweet-brier musk rose Japanese rose red-leaved rose rugose rose burnet rose Himalaya-berry cultivated raspberry cut-leaved blackberry flowering raspberry wineberry large black-eyed Susan common sorrel curly dock Greek dock long-leaf dock bitter dock patience dock

17 Ruta graveolens Salicornia europaea Salix alba tristis Salix alba Salix caprea Salix fragilis Salix pentandra Salix pupurea Salsola collina Salsola iberica Salvia azurea grandiflora Salvia nemorosa Salvia pratensis Salvia reflexa Salvia verticillata Sanguisorba minor Sanvitalia procumbens Saponaria officinalis Satureja hortensis Scilla sibirica Scirpus mucronatus Scleranthus annuus Secale cereale Sedum acre Sedum albo-roseum Sedum purpureum Sedum rupestre Sedum sarmentosum Senecio jacobaea Senecio viscosus Senecio vulgaris Setaria faberi Setaria glauca Setaria italica Setaria verticillata Setaria viridis Sherardia arvensis Sida spinosa Silene armeria Silene cserei Silene cucubalus Silene dichotoma Silene noctiflora Silphium speciosum Sisymbrium altissimum Sisymbrium loeselii Sisymbrium officinale Sitanion hystrix Solanum cornutum Solanum dimidiatum Solanum dulcamara Solanum elaeagnifolium Solanum heterodoxum novomexicanum rue chicken claws white willow white willow goat willow brittle willow bay-leaved willow basket willow slender russion thistle Russian thistle blue sage wild sage meadow sage Rocky Mountain sage sage garden burnet creeping zinnia bouncing bet summer savory Siberian squill ricefield bulrush knawel rye mossy stonecrop garden orpine live-forever rocky stonecrop yellow stonecrop groundsel ragwort common groundsel giant foxtail pigeon grass foxtail millet bristly foxtail common foxtail field madder prickly sida sweet william catchfly glaucous campion blackler campion forked catchfly night-flowering catchfly rosin weed tumble mustard tall hedge mustard hedge mustard bottlebrush squirreltail buffalo-bur Torrey s horse-nettle false bittersweet silvery horse-nettle melon-leafed nightshade

18 Solanum sarachoides Solanum triflorum Solanum tuberosum Solidago sempervirens Sonchus arvensis Sonchus asper Sonchus oleraceus Sorbus aucuparia Sorghum bicolor Sorghum halepense Sorghum sudanense Sorghum x almum Spergula arvensis Spergularia media Spergularia rubra Spiraea japonica Spiraea latifolia Spiraea prunifolia Sporobolus ozarkanus Stellaria graminea Stellaria media Stipa comata Stipa viridula Suaeda depressa Symphoricarpos albus laevigatus Symphytum officinale Syringa vulgaris Tamarix gallica Tanacetum parthenium Tanacetum vulgare Taraxacum laevigatum Taraxacum officinale Thelesperma gracile Thlaspi arvense Thlaspi perfoliatum Thymelaea passerina Thymus praecox Tidestromia lanuginosa Torilis japonica Toxicodendron toxicarium Tragopogon dubius Tragopogon porrifolius Tragopogon pratensis Tribulus terrestris Trichachne insularis Trifolium arvense Trifolium aureum Trifolium campestre Trifolium dubium Trifolium fragiferum Trifolium hybridum Trifolium incarnatum Trifolium pratense hairy nightshade cut-leaved nightshade potato seaside goldenrod field sowthistle prickly sowthistle common sowthistle European mountain ash broom corn Egyptian millet Sudan grass sorghum grass corn spurrey salt spurrey sand spurrey Japanese spiraea meadow-sweet bridal-wreath dropseed common stichwort common chickweed needle grass feather grass sea blite garden snowberry common comfrey lilac French tamarisk common tansy common tansy red-seeded dandelion common dandelion cota field penny cress perfoliate penny cress sparrow weed creeping thyme woolly tidestromia hedge parsley poison oak goat s beard vegetable oyster salsify common goat s beard puncture-weed sour grass rabbit-foot clover yellow hop clover low hop clover little hop clover strawberry clover alsike clover crimson clover red clover

19 Trifolium repens Trifolium resupinatum Triticum aestivum Triticum cylindricum Tussilago farfara Typha angustifolia Ulmus procera Ulmus pumila Urtica urens Vaccaria pyramidata Valeriana officinalis Valerianella locusta Verbascum blattaria Verbascum phlomoides Verbascum speciosum Verbascum thapsus Verbascum virgatum Verbesina encelioides Veronica agrestis Veronica arvensis Veronica chamaedrys Veronica hederaefolia Veronica longifolia Veronica officinalis Veronica persica Veronica polita Veronica serpyllifolia Viburnum lantana Viburnum opulus Vicia cracca Vicia dasycarpa Vicia sativa Vicia villosa Vigna unguiculata Vinca major Vinca minor Viola arvensis Viola odorata Viola rafinesquii Viola tricolor Viola x wittrockiana Vitis labrusca Vulpia bromoides Vulpia myuros Xanthium spinosum Yucca flaccida Zea mays Zizaniopsis miliacea Zoysia japonica white clover Persian clover carded wheat jointed goat grass narrow-leaved cattail English elm Siberian elm burning nettle cow herb garden heliotrope corn salad moth mullein clasping mullein woolly mullein purple stamen mullein golden crownbeard speedwell corn speedwell germander speedwell ivy-leaved speedwell garden speedwell common speedwell bird s-eye speedwell speedwell thyme-leaved speedwell wayfaring tree European high-bush cranberry bird vetch hairy-fruited vetch common vetch winter vetch cow pea large periwinkle common periwinkle wild pansy English violet johnny-jump-up johnny-jump-up pansy Labruscan vineyard grape foxtail fescue spiny cockelbur Adam s needle corn southern wild rice yucca corn giant cutgrass Japanese lawn grass