Traditional Foodways Education Program (TFEP) Johns Hopkins University Center for American Indian Health White Mountain Apache

Transcription

1 Traditinal Fdways Educatin Prgram (TFEP) Jhns Hpkins University Center fr American Indian Health White Muntain Apache

2 Intrductin The purpse f this curriculum is t teach White Muntain Apache yuth abut the deep, traditinal Apache relatinship with the land by cnnecting the yuth with elders wh share their knwledge f traditinal Apache fds. In pre-reservatin times, percent f the Apache diet cnsisted f ver 200 species f wild plants. Gathering wild fds was and cntinues t be an imprtant way t get nutrients and energy. Sme f these plants include acrns, juniper berries, walnuts, piñn nuts, seeds, and berries. Twenty-five t fifty percent f the pre-reservatin diet cnsisted f agricultural crps, mainly several strains f crn, pumpkins, and sme beans. Twenty t frty percent f the pre-reservatin diet cnsisted f wild game, including deer, rabbits, squirrels, rats, turkey, quail, and dves. By participating in this prgram, students will gain an understanding f traditinal Apache fds, including where t harvest wild fds, hw t grw traditinal crps, skills necessary fr hunting, and hw t prepare all the fd. These lessns were written with the understanding that they will change and transfrm as the lessns are taught. They are merely an intrductin t each fd item. The curriculum is rganized seasnally accrding t what is naturally available. The lessns are then rganized by fd item. Within each fd item, there may be ne r mre lessns. We are hpeful that this curriculum will prvide students and yuth with real and healthy experiences with Apache fds and plants. We hpe that they will learn and develp a cnnectin with their ancestrs and what it means t be Apache in mdern day sciety. Kihi ch igtahi nsil he ate (Learning is pwer). Acknwledgements The Jhns Hpkins Center fr American Indian Health (JHCAIH) Feast fr the Future Prgram, which spnsrs the Traditinal Fdways Educatin Prgram, wuld like t thank the cmmunity members and elders wh have cntributed t the develpment f this curriculum. We wuld like t express ur deep gratitude and thankfulness t these individuals bth fr helping preserve the ld traditins and passing them n t the next generatin. 2

3 Table f Cntents Intrductin Lessn: Overview f Seasns, Clans & Apache Fd Systems 7 Spring Lessns Errr! Bkmark nt defined. Wild Onins 8 Lessn 1: Harvesting Wild Onins Wild Spinach 9 Lessn 2: Harvesting Wild Spinach Lessn 3: Cking with Wild Spinach Yucca 11Errr! Bkmark nt defined. Lessn 4: Harvesting Yucca Lessn 5: Cking Yucca Flwers (Apache Cabbage) Lessn 6: Cking Yucca Bananas (Apache Bananas) Lessn 7: Nn-edible uses fr Yucca Century Plant/Agave 15 Lessn 8: Harvest Trip Lessn 9: Rasting Century Plant Stalk Lessn 10: Century Plant Heart Crn 18 Lessn 11: Visit Farmer s Crn Field Lessn 12: Crnfield Prep Lessn 13: Field Planting Lessn 14: Field Weeding and Care Pumpkin 22 Lessn 15: Preparing fr Pumpkin Patch Lessn 16: Planting Pumpkin Patch Summer Lessns 24 Sumac Berries 25 Lessn 1: Harvesting Sumac Berries Lessn 2: Sumac Berry Drink Acrn 27 Lessn 3: Harvesting Acrn Lessn 4: Grinding Acrn Meal Mesquite 29 Lessn 5: Harvesting Mesquite Lessn 6: Grinding Mesquite 3

4 Prickly Pear Fruit 31 Lessn 7: Harvest Prickly Pear Fruit Wild Grapes and Strawberries 32 Lessn 8: Wild Grapes Lessn 9: Wild Strawberries Wild Sugar Cane 34 Lessn 10: Harvesting Sugar Cane Lessn 11: Preserving Sugar Cane Crn 36 Lessn 12: Crnfield Care Fruit Trees 37 Lessn 13: Harvesting frm Lcal Fruit Trees Preserving Ptates 38 Lessn 14: Preserving Ptates Fall Lessns 39 Black Walnuts 40 Lessn 1: Harvesting Black Walnuts Lessn 2: Shelling Black Walnuts Piñn 42 Lessn 3: Harvesting Piñn Nuts Lessn 4: Rasting Pine Nuts Juniper Berries 44 Lessn 5: Harvesting Juniper Berries Lessn 6: Preparing and Cking with Juniper Greasewd r Creste Bush 46 Lessn 7: Gathering Chaparral Crn 47 Lessn 8: Harvest at Crn Field Lessn 9: Dig Traditinal Cking Pit Lessn 10: Barbecue Crn in Pit Lessn 11: Apache Crn Bread Lessn 12: Tamales Hunting 52 Lessn 13: Hunting Skills Walk Lessn 14: Venisn r Elk meat Wild Tea 54 Lessn 15: Harvesting and Tasting Wild Teas Winter Lessns 55 4

5 Acrn 56 Lessn 1: Acrn Dumplings Lessn 2: Acrn Stew Crn 58 Lessn 3: Crn Mush Lessn 4: Crn Nuts Lessn 5: BBQ Crn with Pint Beans Lessn 6: Apache Trail Mix Bread 62 Lessn 7: Making Different Types f Apache Bread Mesquite 63 Lessn 8: Making Mesquite Mush Yucca 64 Lessn 9: Making Sandals with Yucca Fiber Fd Strage/Preservatin 65 Lessn 10: Making Jerky Lessn 11: Eat Preserved Fds 5

6 Spring The spring seasn begins in April when Nigsdzán (Earth) is waking up after winter. The lessns during this seasn cnsist f wild plant fd harvesting and preparatin, preparing the sil fr agriculture, and planting crnfields and ther garden spaces. Intrductin Lessn Clans and sub clans are the ways that Apaches identify themselves. Certain tabs were fllwed depending n what clan(s) yu are frm (i.e. nt marrying smene within the same clan). Clan families were als knwn fr certain characteristics and fds including certain clrs f crn. The seasns are key t understanding Apache fd systems, as certain fds are nly available in certain seasns. Wild Onins Summary 1 lessn Ideally, this lessn will be a harvest trip and students will be able t actively participate in finding, harvesting, and eating wild nins. Wild Spinach Summary 2 lessns These leafy greens grw abundantly arund the Reservatin and are packed with high quality nutrients. These lessns encurage students t pick these valuable native plants and find ways t incrprate them int their diets, whether raw r cked. There are diverse types f spinach, and the spinach is available fr harvesting thrughut the grwing seasn. Yucca Summary 4 lessns There are many uses fr the yucca plants; these lessns intrduce a cuple f them. After these lessns, the students shuld knw hw t use a plant that they see every day fr fd, sap, and rpe. Century Plant/Agave Summary 2-3 lessns This plant prvides daily life with a lt f sweetness. After these lessns, students will understand hw and where t harvest, prepare, and preserve bth the stalk and rt fr a treat that will last thrughut the year. Crn Summary 4 lessns Traditinally, crn is the mst imprtant agricultural crp fr the White Muntain Apache. Allwing the students t participate in the cultivatin f a crnfield cnnects them with a centuries-ld practice cnducted by generatins f their ancestrs. Pumpkin Summary 2 lessns This is a traditinal crp that students will be able t have fun with cme Hallween seasn. Make sure t als make fd dishes with pumpkin cme harvesting seasn, and save seeds bth fr rasting and eating and fr next year s planting. Traditinally, planting was a spiritual practice. If apprpriate, incrpratin f planting prayer and ceremny can be used. 6

7 Intrductin Lessn *Cmmunity member with knwledge f clans needed Overview f Seasns, Clans, & Apache Fd Systems 30 minutes 1 hur Nne Learning Objectives 1. Students will learn abut the Apache clan system and identity. 2. Students will learn abut the clan relatinships with the land and fd. 3. Students will be riented t the seasns and hw they crrelate t the Apache fd system. Activity/Lessn This lessn can be utside if pssible and weather permitting. Ask the students t intrduce themselves and their clans, including sub clans. Talk abut the imprtance f clans and the relatinships amng families. Clan stries and places can be discussed with students. Guiding questins: 1. Why are clans imprtant? 2. What is the cnnectin between clans and the land? 3. D clans relate t fd systems? (i.e. sme clans planted certain types f crn) Discuss the seasns and changes thrughut the year. Guiding questins: 1. Why are sme fds nly available certain types f the year? 2. When d yu knw when t g and cllect certain fds? 3. What will yu be learning thrughut the schl year abut fds? Teaching Ntes Fur Majr Clans Gshdi ye-radrunner Shash-Bear Dle- Butterfly Itsa-Eagle 7

8 Lessn 1 Wild Onins (Tsitsi) 3 hurs (1 hur drive each way, 1 hur cllecting) Transprtatin Trwels Lng screw drivers Lessn Overview Wild nins (called bluedicks by White peple) are usually ne f the first plants t blm in the spring. They grw the mst plentifully n the hillsides suth twards the Salt River in April. These sweet-tasting bulbs are peeled, eaten raw, rasted in cals r fire, r biled. They can be mashed up t a pulp, r eaten alne, with meat, r in ther dishes. Children used t eat them raw as a snack while they played. Learning Objective Students will learn abut wild nins including: harvesting, histry, use. Activity/Lessn Have a cmmunity member/elder identify where wild nins are grwing. Once a lcatin has been identified, rganize a field trip with the elder accmpanying the grup. Drive t the site and have children try t find nins. Elder will dig up the plant, discuss the histry and stry f the nins, and then allw students t dig up their wn nins. Elder will explain the different wild nins, and which lk similair but are pisnus. Teaching Ntes April is a gd time t harvest these nins. These nins can als be fund higher up in the muntains later in the summer. 8

9 Lessn 2 Wild Spinach *Pssible Elder: Hilda White, and thers 2 3 hurs Transprtatin Cllecting baskets/bags/bwls Lessn Overview There are many kinds f wild spinach that grw in Cibecue: grws in springs and slw-mving water, and grw in yards and fields and ther disturbed places, and cmes up with the mnsn rains in these same places. There are many ther spinaches. A large amunt needs t be harvested in rder t make a meal. Apache elders say that spinach is ne f the first plants t cme up each spring because ur bdies need its nutrients after a lng winter indrs. The spinach helps us regain energy needed t meet the demands f the cming seasns utdrs. Large quantities f yung leaves are gathered, smetimes eaten raw, but usually biled. It is gathered almst every day when in seasn. Often mescal is added t the cked greens, and the leaves are smetimes grund up, mixed with water, and eaten as a green g. Spinach is als cnsidered a harvest fd and is used in fd exchange at sunrise dances. Learning Objectives Students will learn: 1. The three different types f spinach 2. Hw and where t harvest spinach 3. The nutritinal value f spinach Activity/Lessn: Have a cmmunity member/elder identify where wild spinach is grwing. Once a lcatin has been identified, rganize a field trip with the elder accmpanying the grup. Drive t the site and have children try t find spinach. Elder will harvest the plant, discuss the histry and stry f the spinach, and then allw students t harvest their wn spinach. Teaching Ntes Late April early May is a gd time t harvest spinach. One f the types f wild spinach als grws in the late summer, s this lessn culd be used fr harvesting then als. 9

10 Lessn 3 Cking with Wild Spinach 1 hur Spinach: Bacn, wild spinach, and salt Trtillas: Flur, salt Cking Utensils: Fire, tennis racket, pts, pans, spatulas, etc. Lessn Overview See verview fr Lessn 2 Learning Objectives 1. Students will learn hw t ck with wild spinach Activity/Lessn After cllecting wild spinach, demnstrate hw t prperly clean and prepare it fr cking. Make trtillas with students n pen fire r in ven. Ck bacn until nearly dne and then add spinach, water, and salt. Eat tgether. Teaching Ntes The recipe we received did nt have instructins, s this is subject t change. 10

11 Lessn 4 Harvesting Yucca 2-3 hurs (depending n hw many sites visited t harvest different types) Transprtatin Shvels Baskets fr cllectin *Elder needed Lessn Overview There are tw species f yucca that prvide fd. In May t July the flwers f, called, can be harvested t make Apache cabbage. The stalk can be rasted like agave stalks in times f starvatin. Later, in August and September the fruits f, called (Apache bananas), can be eaten. In additin, has many ther uses, including sap, fiber and string, and spns. Learning Objectives 1. Different uses f yucca plants 2. Where and hw t harvest different types f yucca Activity/Lessn Have a cmmunity member/elder identify where yucca is grwing and ready fr harvest. Once a lcatin has been identified, rganize a field trip with the elder accmpanying the grup. Drive t the site and have children find yucca plants. They will hpefully be able t identify bth brad and narrw leafed plants. Elder will harvest the flwers, discuss the histry and stry f the cabbage, and then allw students t harvest their wn flwers. Teaching Ntes These plants grw abundantly arund Cibecue. Harvesting yucca flwers fr cabbage can take place frm May-July. 11

12 Lessn 5 Cking Yucca Flwers (Apache Cabbage) 3 hurs Yucca blms Water Stew meat Salt Bwls Pt Ladle Spns Lessn Overview Apache cabbage is the flwer that grws n the center stalk f the narrw leaved yucca. The flwer has a bell like shape that lks like white cttn balls. This flwer is biled with meat int a stew like yu wuld make with cabbage frm the stre. When picked just befre pening, the blms have a sweet taste, but the later in the seasn it is picked the mre bitter it will becme. The blms can als be used as medicine fr headaches and prblems with the eyes. Learning Objective Students will learn hw t ck with yucca blms Activity/Lessn Make sure that flwers are separated frm the stalks. Sak the flwers and wash three r fur times. Place in a pt with water. Bil fr tw hurs with stew meat and salt. Dish up! Teaching Ntes Because this sups takes tw hurs t ck, it may be a gd idea t have students wash and prepare the flwers right after the harvest trip and then have smene ck the sup and bring it back t the grup t share. 12

13 Lessn 6 Cking Yucca Bananas (Apache Bananas) 1 hur (with fruit already harvested) Fire Plates Utensils Spatulas Lessn Overview The fruit grws in the middle f the plant and resembles a banana. It is picked when it turns yellw r when the fruit is falling t the grund. This fruit tastes sweet, almst like bananas. It can be eaten raw, rasted, r biled the seeds and skin always remved. When picked green, it can be rasted r left in the sun t ripen. It can be rasted r biled, mashed int a gruel, mash, r sup. It can be punded with piñn nuts r juniper berries (that have saked vernight) and eaten after the seeds and heavy pulp have been screened and drained. It can als be dried and stred. The white base f the leaves can be grund with crn, biled, and eaten. The leaves can als be rasted in fire, cleaned, and eaten. Learning Objective 1. Students will rast and tast Apache bananas. Activity/Lessn After the fruit has been harvested, prepare a fire, and burn it dwn t cals. Rast the bananas n the pen cal fire until it turns a dark brwn clr. Peel the banana and eat the meat. Teaching Ntes Once harvested, have this lessn sn after s the fruit des nt rt. 13

14 Lessn 7 Nn-edible Uses fr Yucca 1 hur Sap: yucca rt, warm water, buckets, metate, Lessn Overview There are multiple uses fr the banana yucca plant aside frm fd. The rt, when cut up and grund, makes a sap that is gd fr many uses. Als, the leaves can be split and the fibers tied int rpe. knife, twels Learning Objective Rpe: yucca leaves Students will learn uses fr the Yucca plant besides using it as fd. Activity/Lessn Cut up pieces f the rt s that students can have the pprtunity t grind them n the metate. As the pieces are grund, put in a bucket and add warm water. Allw students t wash different items: dirty dishes, washclth, their hair, etc. Give students each a yucca leaf and have them separate it int smaller fibers and then tie them tgether. Students can see hw lng they can get the rpe t g, make jump rpes, tie ther bjects tgether, etc. Teaching Ntes This lessn can get wet s make sure t have sme twels arund. 14

15 Lessn 8 Century Plant/Agave 3 hurs Transprtatin Shvels Bar Axe r Pulaski Glves Buckets Knives Saws Lessn Overview This plant grws n muntain hillsides and can be harvested in May int June fr the stalk and the heart There are several types f this plant, the sweetest (and itchiest) is (red agave), identified by red clring at the base f the stalk. Others, such as (gray agave), are nt as itchy r sweet, and are gathered arund Lnely Muntain, Spring Creek, and ther places. In pre-reservatin times, Nadah was the single mst imprtant Apache fd by vlume. Learning Objectives 1. Students will learn where and hw t harvest agave plants 2. Students will learn the traditinal uses f different parts f the plant Activity/Lessn Have a cmmunity member/elder identify where agave is grwing, and when it is ready t harvest. Once a lcatin and suitable time has been identified, rganize a field trip with the elder accmpanying the grup. Drive t the site and have children try t find agave. Elder will instruct the children hw t harvest the plant, discuss the histry and stry f agave, and then allw students t harvest their wn stalks and hearts. Teaching Ntes The stalk is ready fr harvesting just befre the blms develp. The hearts are usually harvested at the same time as the stalks. 15

16 Lessn 9 Rasting Century Plant Stalk 2 hurs Stalk Axe Knife Bnfire Lessn Overview These stalks are rasted in a small bnfire until the uter skin is charred. When remved frm the fire, they are peeled and eaten, r sliced int ckies and sun-dried and stred fr future use as a treat r sweetener. They can be grund int a fine pwder and added t fds, r saked in warm water and used in drinks. Learning Objectives 1. Students will learn hw t rast the stalk f the century plant 2. T teach hw t stre this fd fr all future use Activity/Lessn Once the stalk has been harvested, an elder will teach hw t prepare the stalk fr cking The students will build the bnfire, placing the stalks thrughut After cking the stalk students will learn hw t eat it and prepare it fr strage Teaching Ntes (nne) 16

17 Lessn 10 Century Plant Heart *Elder needed 3-5 days Century plant rt BBQ pit, wd Knives Metate Walnuts Lessn Overview This is knwn as a harvest fd. It can be stred fr fall and winter and used almst daily and in ceremnies. The heart is pried up, the leaves remved, and steamed fr up t 2-3 days in a barbecue pit. When dne, it is punded flat and laid ut t dry. It is then stred fr later use t make a wide variety f dishes and beverages, and as a sweetener. Fr a favrite dish take the and pund with walnuts int a wet mush n a grinding stne. Add water t make the juice like a brth. Peple used t dip ash bread int this juice. It has a smky, walnut taste. Learning Objective Students will learn hw t prepare and ck the heart f the century plant fr eating Activity/Lessn Rasting will take tw t three days and, thus, multiple lessns. Elder will teach hw t prepare the heart fr cking, hw t prepare the pit, and then allw students t be part f the prcess. After the heart is cked students will prcess the heart. Students will learn hw t prepare the heart. Teaching Ntes The prcess fr preparing this fd is a lng ne. Thugh this is nly ne lessn, it may need t be divided int 2-3 lessns. Alternatively, parts f the prcess culd be dne utside f the classrm setting and then students culd help with nly certain parts. Anther cnnected lessn culd be t make dishes using the juice f the century plant heart after it is cked. Simply use the juice t knead int the dugh instead f water. Traditinally, nadah gathering and preparatin was gverned by many traditinal guidelines. If apprpriate, prayer and ceremny can be incrprated. 17

18 Lessn 11 Visit Farmer s Crn Field *Cmmunity member(s) with crnfield needed 1 hur Transprtatin Lessn Overview Crn is the mst imprtant Apache agricultural crp. Crnfields have been a part f White Muntain Apache heritage fr centuries, and many clans are named fr the sites f traditinal crnfields. Befre the time f grcery stres and cmmdity fd, it was cmmn fr Apaches t eat native crn at least nce a day. We will cllabrate with a cmmunity member wh has crnfields and arrange several trips fr students t participate in field preparatin, planting, maintenance, harvest, and fd preparatin. Learning Objectives 1. Students will be intrduced t the crnfield that they will be wrking in 2. An elder will discuss the significance f crn t the Apache peple. Activity/Lessn Allw students t explre the crnfield and intrduce cncepts f irrigatin, planting, etc. Give students a histry f the significance f crn. Teaching Ntes It will be imprtant t find smene with a crnfield in advance. Make sure the field is accessible and safe fr students participatin. 18

19 Lessn 12 Crnfield Prep 2 hurs Hes Shvels Tls Transprtatin Tractr? Lessn Overview See lessn 11 *Cmmunity member(s) with crnfield needed Learning Objective Students will take part in preparing the field fr planting. Activity/Lessn This will change depending n wh is chsen as ur cmmunity partner. We will fllw their instructins n hw t prceed with field preparatin. Teaching Ntes Keep in mind cultural heritage and traditin when rganizing preparatin. There may be practices imprtant in preparing the land fr planting. 19

20 Lessn 13 Field Planting 2 hurs Seeds Digging sticks Water Any ther tls *Cmmunity member(s) with crnfield needed Lessn Overview See lessn 11 Learning Objectives 1. Students will take part in the planting f a crnfield. 2. Students will learn the imprtance f seed saving. Activity/Lessn Like the field prep lessn, this is subject t change depending n the needs f the crnfield s wner. It is preferable t use at least partial traditinal grwing techniques (example: digging sticks). Teaching Ntes Traditinally, planting was a spiritual practice. If apprpriate incrpratin f planting prayer and ceremny can be used. 20

21 Lessn 14 Field Weeding and Care 1 hur Shvels Glves Tls fr weeding and maintenance *Cmmunity member(s) with crnfield needed Lessn Overview See lessn 11 Learning Objective Students will gain an understanding and appreciatin fr the care taken t keep gardens healthy and maintained. Activity/Lessn Students will be taught which weeds t pull and which t leave and then given the time t upkeep the crnfield. Teaching Ntes Students shuld als have the pprtunity t water the crn and understand the practice f irrigatin. 21

22 Lessn 15 Preparing fr Pumpkin Patch 2 hurs Shvels Cmpst/manure Sil amendments Pick axes Other tls Lessn Overview Pumpkin is ne f the riginal traditinal Apache crps. There are many traditinal guidelines and practices assciated with pumpkins. Our plan is t grw a pumpkin patch with students. Learning Objective Students will dig beds and prepare the sil fr a pumpkin patch. Activity/Lessn Give students instructins as t where and hw beds shuld be dug. Duble-dug lasagna beds will be dug ut 2 feet deep and filled with black cinder sand, cmpst, manure, and sil. Teaching Ntes Make sure students understand prper use f tls t ensure that all will wrk safely as they prepare the pumpkin patch. Chse a lcatin that will be accessible fr students frm the schl in advance. 22

23 Lessn 16 Planting Pumpkin Patch 30 minutes 1 hur Lessn Overview See lessn 15 Trwels Digging sticks Seeds Water Learning Objective Students will plant pumpkin seeds and seedlings. Activity/Lessn Give students infrmatin abut hw t plant seeds: depth, width, etc. Pssibly prepare grid fr pumpkin planting, this way there is structure in the planting. Allw students t plant the seeds and teach them hw t gently irrigate. Teaching Ntes It may be a gd idea t start seedlings fr pumpkins a week after the last frst. Have students plant seedlings als, r have seedlings ready fr students t plant. Yu shuld get Apache pumpkin seeds frm Tribal members r Native Seeds/S.E.A.R.C.H. 23

24 Summer Summer begins in June and is the primary grwing seasn. This is the time t be utside gathering, traveling, wrking the land and farming. The lessns during this seasn include wild harvesting, caring fr crnfields, and preserving summer fds fr use until the fllwing summer. Sumac Berries 2 lessns This sweet and sur berry prvides a refreshing summer drink that is easy t prepare. After students learn hw t identify these berries and make the drink, they will be able t make themselves a tasty summer treat. Acrn 2 lessns This nutrient dense fd has been an imprtant staple in the Apache diet. It prvides many healthy minerals and prteins. These lessns will prvide students with the knwledge f hw t access a traditinal fd. Traditinally, acrn gathering was a spiritual practice. If apprpriate, incrpratin f prayer and ceremny can be used. Mesquite 2 lessns Mesquite is still used cmmnly in San Carls, Bylas, and Camp Verde. It has many health benefits and is very tasty. Because it is a lng trip t mesquite trees, it might be pssible t simply acquire mesquite meal and bake smething with it. Prickly Pear Fruit 1 lessn This fruit is smething students have prbably seen frequently in their lives, but may never have tasted. Students will learn abut fruits that grw native t this regin that they wuld prbably nt find in the grcery stre. Wild Grapes and Strawberries 2 lessns The students are sure t enjy these delicius summer treats. They will learn abut mre fruits that are native t the area (such as blackberries, raspberries, manzanita berries, gseberries, hackberries, serviceberries, graythrn berries, mulberries, etc.) that they can harvest frm the wild and may even be able t transplant and grw frm hme. Wild Sugar Cane 2 lessns Sugar cane is anther sweet treat that can be used thrughut the year. In additin t learning abut sugar cane in these lessns, students will learn an imprtant practice fr preserving fd that was used by their ancestrs. Crnfield Care Students will wrk with each ther t maintain the crnfield. 1 lessn Harvesting frm Lcal Fruit Trees 1 lessn There are many ld fruit trees planted arund the reservatin. This lessn is designed t inspire students t take advantage f this resurce arund their cmmunity. Preserving Ptates 1 lessn This crp, intrduced by sldiers, was grwn as an additinal crp. Because ptates stre well, they were frequently preserved fr use thrughut the winter. This lessn teaches strage techniques. 24

25 Lessn 1 Harvesting Sumac Berries *Elder needed 2 hurs Transprtatin Mixing bwls Flur sacks Glves Lessn Overview The sumac berry (als knwn as squawberry r skunkbush) grws abundantly in many places near Cibecue and elsewhere n the Reservatin. It is best t pick the fruit when they are a deep shade f red turning range, which is frm the end f May t early July. The berries shuld be picked immediately when they are sticky and ripe. It is an imprtant plant fr a variety f technlgical, fd, and ceremnial uses. Water Learning Objective Students will learn hw and where t harvest sumac berries. Activity/Lessn Have a cmmunity member/elder identify where sumac berries are grwing abundantly. Once a lcatin has been identified, rganize a field trip with the elder accmpanying the grup. Drive t the site and have children try t find the berries. Elder will harvest the plant, discuss the histry and stry f sumac berries, and then allw students t harvest their wn fruit. Als allw students t taste and try the sumac berries. Gather enugh berries t use fr a later lessn making juice with them. Teaching Ntes Harvest seasn is frm late May early July. 25

26 Lessn 2 Sumac Berry Drink 2 hurs Sumac berries Water Sugar (mescal juice) Metate Strainer, ice Cups/cntainers fr mixing Lessn Overview See lessn 1 Learning Objectives Students will learn hw t prepare, and will get t taste, a sumac berry drink als knwn as Apache Kl-Aid. Activity/Lessn Wash the fruit thrughly t remve dirt and particles. After washing, remve all the leaves and sticks. Once clean, yu can make the juice, r the berries can be stred in any cntainer (a 25lb flur sack will wrk). T make the juice, grind the berries with a grinding stne, r an irn grinder if the grinding stne is nt available. Cmbine the grund prduct with a galln f water and mix well. Pur the mixed liquid thrugh a strainer several times t remve the seeds and skin f the fruit. Mix a cup f sugar (r mescal juice) int the drink. Serve chilled. Teaching Ntes If time allws and a lcatin is very nearby, it may be pssible t cmbine these tw lessns int bth a harvest and preparatin lessn. Mst peple call this Apache Kl-Aid. 26

27 Lessn 3 Harvesting Acrn *Elder needed 8+ hurs (depending n distance t harvesting site) Buckets Sacks Glves Transprtatin Lessn Overview This acrn grws n Emry ak trees and can be picked in different areas thrughut the Reservatin and traditinal Apache cuntry. It is ne f the mst imprtant traditinal fds. The seasn starts arund late June and can g thrugh mid-august in the muntains. The acrn is picked, dried, and then shelled. After it is dried well, the meat f the nut is grund int a fine pwder and stred fr later use in cking. It is used in sups and stews, especially thse with meat. It is ften kept in a bwl in mst husehlds, and sprinkled liberally in many fds as mre than seasning, r eaten plain with bread. Grund acrn is mixed with a variety f seeds and fds. The nut can als be eaten fresh ut f the shell. Acrn is an imprtant ceremnial tree and fd. Learning Objective Students will learn hw and where t harvest acrns. Activity/Lessn Have a cmmunity member/elder identify where acrns are grwing and ready. Once a lcatin has been identified, rganize a field trip with the elder accmpanying the grup. Drive t the site and have children try t find acrns. Elder will harvest the plant, discuss the histry and stry f the acrn, and then allw students t harvest their nuts. Wash and prepare the acrns fr drying. Teaching Ntes A gd harvest time fr acrns is early August. There are a great many traditinal guidelines gverning all aspects f acrn gathering and preparatin. The elder can instruct the students abut these during the trip. 27

28 Lessn 4 Grinding Acrn Meal 2 hurs t 2 days Dried acrns Grinding stne r mill Strage vessels Lessn Overview See Lessn 3 Learning Objectives 1. Students will learn the labr required t grind acrns. 2. Students will learn abut fd preservatin. Activity/Lessn Once all f the harvested acrns are dried, it is time t grind them int acrn flur fr later use. Teach students hw t use whatever grinding devices we have available and then have them grind all f the acrns that they gathered, and winnw. Make sure t have strage vessels like large jars available fr the strage f the flur. Teaching Ntes Make sure the acrns have enugh time t dry thrughly between harvesting and grinding. It is a gd idea t have a dish available fr students t eat the grund acrn r t allw them t eat the raw nuts like peanuts. 28

29 Lessn 5 Harvesting Mesquite Iyah 5 hurs (depending n drive) Transprtatin Buckets Glves *Elder needed Lessn Overview The bean pds f mesquite have been an imprtant fd, especially fr San Carls and Camp Verde peple. This harvest fd is less cmmn fr Cibecue peple. It is gathered during summer mnths and stred fr later use. The bean can be biled and the juice drunk. The bean pd can als be chewed and the chewed pd spat ut. Pds are grund int a flur, which is used as a cndiment, mush, beverage, r gruel, and can als be made int sun-dried cakes. The sweetest pds have a dark red-streaked clr. Learning Objective Students will learn abut hw and where t harvest mesquite pds. Activity/Lessn Have a cmmunity member/elder identify where mesquite is grwing. Once a lcatin has been identified, rganize a field trip with the elder accmpanying the grup. Drive t the site and have children try t find bean pds. Elder will harvest the plant, discuss the histry and stry f the mesquite, and then allw students t harvest their wn mesquite. Als allw student t chew n the pds, but make sure they dn t eat it whle. Teaching Ntes Harvest time fr this fd is July August. 29

30 Lessn 6 Grinding Mesquite 2 hurs Flur mill Metate Mesquite bean pds Flur sacks Lessn Overview See lessn 5 Learning Objectives 1. Students will learn hw t use a flur mill r metate 2. Students will learn abut the nutritinal value f mesquite Activity/Lessn Teach the students hw t separate the pds frm the seeds. Discard seeds. Discuss the traditinal uses and nutritinal value f mesquite. Have students use the flurmill r metate t grind the mesquite int a pwder like frm fr strage. Teaching Ntes Bake smething with the mesquite. It is knwn that mesquite flur is gd fr individuals with diabetes because it helps t stabilize bld sugar levels. Mesquite is a high-prtein, highly nutritius fd, rich in irn, lysine, manganese, ptassium, and zinc. Tw tablespns f mesquite meal r flur cntains abut 30 calries, 6 grams carbhydrate, 3 grams fiber, and 1 gram prtein. 30

31 Lessn 7 Prickly Pear Fruit *Elder needed 3-4 hurs (depending n travel time) Transprtatin Heavy-duty glves Tngs Buckets Knives Lessn Overview This fruit grws n the prickly pear cactus. It grws abundantly thrughut Apache cuntry. The fruit typically ripens during late summer r early fall. When ripe, the fruit will be a dark reddish, purple clr. The fruit has a tart, but delicius taste. The fruit is de-spined with a brush, smetimes peeled, and eaten raw r dried, with r withut seeds. The pulp can be punded (with r withut its seeds) int a paste, and the fruits can be punded int sheets r cakes, dried, and eaten later, r as travelling fd. The fruit can be mixed with Yucca bananas, rasted in the grund, r rasted in with packrats. Because f its rich clr it has als been used as a dye. Learning Objectives 1. Students will learn hw and where t harvest prickly pear fruit 2. Students will learn the different uses f the fruit 3. Students will be able t taste the fruit. Activity/Lessn Have a cmmunity member/elder identify where prickly pears are grwing. Once a lcatin has been identified, rganize a field trip with the elder accmpanying the grup. Drive t the site and have children try t find prickly pear fruit. Elder will harvest the plant, discuss the histry and stry f the prickly pear, and then allw students t harvest their wn stalks. Make sure that students have gd glves because the fruit will have small stickers which can be hard t remve. Als allw student t taste the prickly pear fruit. It is als an ptin t either add mre time t this lessn t make prickly pear juice r t have anther lessn where the juice is prepared and drunk. Teaching Ntes Be careful, this juice is a detxifier and if cnsumed in large quantities can make ne sick. Harvest seasn is late summer and early fall. It is als pssible t make juice, jelly, r even dye frm the harvested fruit in anther lessn. 31

32 Lessn 8 Wild Grapes *Elder needed 3 hurs Transprtatin Water Glves Lessn Overview This lessn can cnsist f a harvest trip where students are able t eat the grapes raw. Other activities, like making juice, can be added. These plants grw abundantly near water. They can be picked in late summer. The leaves can be used t apply t skin affected by pisn ivy. If making juice: Sugar, Learning Objectives water, pitchers, mashers, 1. Students will learn hw and where t etc. harvest wild grapes 2. They will als be given the pprtunity t eat and learn abut the nutritinal value and medicinal uses f this berry. Activity/Lessn Have a cmmunity member/elder identify where grapes are grwing, and when they are ready t harvest. Once a lcatin has been identified, rganize a field trip with the elder accmpanying the grup. Drive t the site and have children try t find grapes. Elder will harvest the plant, discuss the histry and stry f the grapes, and then allw students t harvest their wn. Als allw students t taste the grapes. If there is time, als have students learn abut the medicinal use f grapes fr pisn ivy. Perhaps even try the applicatin. Teaching Ntes Because these grapes frequently grw alng water, it may be that students get wet while harvesting. 32

33 Lessn 9 Wild Strawberries *Elder needed 3-4 hurs (depending n travel) Transprtatin Glves Shvels Cntainers t stre plants Lessn Overview Yu ll have t cmpete with the birds fr these tasty treats. This lessn can be a gathering trip and we can als shw students hw t dig up their wn plants t bring them hme and try t plant them in their yards. Learning Objectives 1. Students will learn hw and where t harvest strawberries 2. Students will als learn hw t split strawberry plants and plant them at their wn hmes Activity/Lessn Have a cmmunity member/elder investigate where strawberries are grwing and when they are ripe. Once a lcatin has been identified, rganize a field trip with the elder accmpanying the grup. Drive t the site and have children try t find strawberries. Elder will harvest the plant, discuss the histry and stry f the strawberries, and then allw students t harvest their wn berries. Als allw student t taste strawberries. Have students split a strawberry plant and teach them hw t plant them in their wn yards. Shw the students hw t dry the berries fr future use. Teaching Ntes Harvest time fr strawberries is in June. They grw mst abundantly in the muntains. 33

34 Lessn 10 Harvesting Sugar Cane 3 hurs Transprtatin Knives Gathering baskets/bags *Elder needed Lessn Overview Wild sugar cane grws abundantly near water. Skinny wild sugar cane grws suth f the Salt River near Glbe. It is a treat that is cmmnly eaten during the winter, but the preservatin is dne after harvest time in the summer. Sugar cane can be chewed raw, right after harvesting. It can als be rasted, r buried in a pit fr preservatin. Learning Objective Students will learn where and hw t harvest wild sugar cane. Activity/Lessn Have a cmmunity member/elder investigate where sugar cane is grwing. Once a lcatin has been identified, rganize a field trip with the elder accmpanying the grup. Drive t the site and have children try t find sugar cane. Elder will harvest the plant, discuss the histry and stry f the sugar cane, and then allw students t harvest their wn stalks. Als allw students t taste the sugar cane. Teaching Ntes Make sure students knw hw t use knives if they are allwed t harvest cane. 34

35 Lessn 11 Preserving Sugar Cane 2 hurs Lessn Overview See lessn 10 Harvested sugar cane Shvels River sand Sugar cane leaves Structure abve pit t keep dry Learning Objectives 1. Students will learn hw t dig a traditinal cache pit fr strage f harvest fd. 2. Students will learn abut the imprtance f fd preservatin t survive the seasn Activity/Lessn Have a site ready t dig a lng rectangular pit abut a ft and a half deep. Have students dig pit. Layer the bttm f the pit with river sand because it stays lse and wn t clump. Place sugar cane chpped t a ft and a half n the bed f sand in a rw. Once finished, tp with sugar cane leaves, cver with mre sand and tp it ff with the dirt that was dug up. These pits were traditinally dug in the wickiup t keep the grund dry, s make sure t have sme srt f rf ver the pit. This sugar cane can be dug up in the winter s students can taste it. Teaching Ntes Because f safety hazards, it may nt be pssible t dig this pit n schl campus, but ideally the students wuld be able t have it in a lcatin that they are familiar with. 35

36 Lessn 12 Crnfield Care Nada 2 hurs Transprtatin Glves Water Weeding Tls Lessn Overview Students will wrk with each ther t maintain the crnfield Learning Objective 1. Students will cntinue t assist in the maintenance f the crnfield Activity/Lessn Bring students t crnfield t perfrm needed maintenance including watering and weeding. Teaching Ntes This lessn can be turned int as many as is necessary t prperly care fr the crnfield that students will be wrking with. 36

37 Lessn 13 Harvesting frm Lcal Fruit Trees 1 hur Glves Lessn Overview There are many ld fruit trees planted arund the reservatin. This lessn is designed t inspire students t take advantage f this resurce arund their cmmunity. Buckets Picking tls Learning Objectives 1. Students will learn that there are fruit trees prducing fruit in their regin that they typically buy at the grcery stre 2. Students will understand hw t harvest and dry fruit. Activity/Lessn Bring students t trees in the area that are prviding ample amunts f fruit. Teach students hw t harvest fruit and allw them t harvest the fruit themselves. Teach students hw t prepare, dry, and stre fruit. Teaching Ntes Yu may als teach students the basics f hw t care fr fruit trees since s many are neglected in the area. This culd include: watering, mulching, and pruning. 37

38 Lessn 14 Preserving Ptates 2 hurs Shvels Lessn Overview Preservatin f summer fds was crucial t survival in fall and winter mnths. In this lessn, students will learn hw t dig a cache fr the preservatin f ptates. Ptates Cvered area Learning Objectives 1. Students will learn abut the histry f fd Sand preservatin. 2. Students will dig a cache. Activity/Lessn Have harvested sugar cane and ptates ready t bury. Dig a lng rectangular-shaped pit abut a ft and a half deep. Layer the bttm with sand (preferably river sand s it stays lse and desn t clump), then put in the ptates. Give them space because if yu put them clse tgether they will rt. Once layered, cver with crn stalks and sugar cane leaves. Cver again with sand and tp ff with the dug-up dirt. The ptates will be dug up in the winter t be used then. Make sure the cache is dug underneath a cvered area s that the grund stays dry preventing spilage. Teaching Ntes Because f safety hazards, it may nt be pssible t dig this pit n schl campus, but ideally the students wuld be able t have it in a lcatin that they are familiar with. 38

39 Fall Fall is a time f harvest and preparatin fr the cming winter seasn. Beginning in late August, it is time fr many wild harvests alng with gathering crps frm crnfields and gardens. Sme f these vegetables and fruits are prepared fresh and sme are preserved fr use during the winter seasn. During late fall, hunters begin their seasn as deer prepare fr the winter. Many fds gathered and hunted at this time were used thrughut the year until the fllwing fall harvest. Black Walnuts 2 lessns These nuts were an imprtant part f the traditinal Apache diet and cntinue t be used fr meals, snacks, and ceremnies. They are a healthy surce f prtein and fat. Pinn 2 lessns These healthy and nutritius nuts were anther staple fr Apache peple, and an imprtant ceremnial tree and fd. Piñn trees grw abundantly thrughut the Reservatin. After these lessns, students shuld be able t identify piñn trees, harvest pine nuts, and understand hw t incrprate these nuts int their diets. Juniper Berries 2 lessns Juniper tree has played an imprtant rle in Apache life fr fd, medicine, ceremny and ther day-t-day uses. There are fur kinds f junipers grwing cmmnly n the Reservatin and thrughut traditinal Apache cuntry. After these lessns, the students shuld have a better understanding f hw t use it in their lives. Greasewd r Creste Bush 1 lessn Thugh this plant des nt grw nearby, it was valued traditinally fr its medicinal uses. Thrugh this lessn, students can learn abut hw different plants were harvested histrically as Apache peple mved arund, and hw trading influenced the lives f their ancestrs. Crn 5 lessns It is clear frm the many uses f crn t make different fd items that it has held a significant place in the lives f White Muntain Apache peple histrically. At the end f the seasn, students will have been a part f an entire cycle f the life and use f crn agriculturally. Hunting 2 lessns Befre the intrductin f cws, hunting prvided all f the meat that Apache peple ate. This imprtant practice will be shared with the students and the lessns will teach the rituals and skills necessary t cntinue hunting. Wild Tea 1 lessn Apache peple frequently drank tea fr a gd-tasting and healthy beverage. These teas were usually als used medicinally. These lessns will teach students hw t identify sme f these teas. 39

40 Lessn 1 Harvesting Black Walnuts *Elder needed 2 hurs Transprtatin Gunnysacks Glves Harvesting tls Lessn Overview Black walnut is bth an imprtant traditinal Apache fd. It is als an imprtant ceremnial tree and fd. Walnuts are cracked pen and eaten raw, r grund (shells and all), and eaten by the pinch. Smetimes they are parched with crn. Hwever, the nuts are usually grund (usually shells and all), and mixed with agave, smetimes int a dry mix t eat alne, r - mre ften - made int a beverage r gruel. This is drunk r eaten alne, r used as a sauce/syrup pured ver bread r ther fds. The meat f the nut is rich in fat (nearly 75% is il). Because the shells are black, hands will be stained black when preparing these nuts. Befre rubber glves, if smene had black fingertips the cmmunity members wuld knw that they had been harvesting black walnuts. Learning Objective Students will learn when, hw, and where t harvest black walnuts. Activity/Lessn Have a cmmunity member/elder identify where black walnuts are grwing abundantly, and are ready t be harvested. Once a lcatin has been identified, rganize a field trip with the elder accmpanying the grup. Drive t the site and have children find black walnuts. Elder will harvest the plant, discuss the histry and stry f the walnuts, and then allw students t harvest their wn nuts. Have students put harvested nuts int a gunnysack s they can be beaten with a heavy stick during the next lessn. Teaching Ntes Because the nuts will turn students hands black it is a gd idea fr them t wear glves while harvesting. This lessn will be fllwed up by a lessn where the students will prepare the nuts by remving them frm their shells. Anther methd fr remving the shells is t sak the nuts fr several days in a gunnysack and then place the bag n small rcks and step all ver the bag. After this prcess they wuld need t dry in the sun fr ne week. This alternative methd can be used, but it requires mre time and pssibly anther lessn. Harvest time is August fr these nuts. 40

41 Lessn 2 Shelling Black Walnuts 1 hur Lessn Overview See lessn 1 Rcks Buckets Heavy Sticks Glves Gunnysacks Black Walnuts Learning Objective Students will learn hw t shell and eat black walnuts. Activity/Lessn Have gunnysack(s) f walnuts ready fr students t beat with a heavy stick (a brm end r shvel wuld wrk). Make sure that the sacks are tied clsed tightly and have students take turns beating the sacks t peel the walnuts dried uter skin ff. After the shells are peeled ff, wash the walnuts and let them dry. Give students the pprtunity t taste the raw walnut and teach them abut ther ways f eating and using the nut. Teaching Ntes Anther preparatin ptin is t make the walnuts int a traditinal Apache drink. Apaches als used the juice f walnut hulls like sheep-dip t rid hrses and cattle f lice and ther parasites. The same juice was gd fr cleaning maggts frm wunds and a small amunt was given t dgs that had wrms. The hulls were als used t make a lng-lasting dark brwn dye that was rubbed n gray hairs t make them dark again. It wuld be pssible t make dye with this juice and have students dye paper r ther fibers. Childiye t ets eg is a drink that was made with black walnuts. Few knw hw t make this still, if pssible find an elder that can d this. 41

42 Lessn 3 Harvesting Pinn Nuts Obeh 2 hurs 2 days Transprtatin Gunnysacks Harvesting tls *Elder needed Lessn Overview Piñn nuts are a traditinal Apache staple fd. Cnes (which hld the nuts) are shaken r kncked frm the trees (b4ts8n), and gathered frm the grund, r burned in a pile t release the nuts. The nuts are hulled, eaten raw r rasted, but almst always rasted. They can be parched and grund with crn, and mixed with ther fds r eaten by the pinch. A butter is made ut f the mashed nuts. The nuts can be grund t a flur and put int sups r made int cakes. Piñn pitch is used as chewing gum. The nuts are either eaten raw r rasted, smetimes parched with crn and grund int flur. Butter can als be made f mashed, hulled seeds. Learning Objectives Students will learn when, where, and hw t harvest pine nuts. Activity/Lessn Have a cmmunity member/elder identify where piñn nuts are grwing abundantly. Once a lcatin has been identified, rganize a field trip with the elder accmpanying the grup. Drive t the site and have children find pine cnes. Elder will harvest the plant, discuss the histry and stry f the pine nuts, and then allw students t harvest their wn nuts. Have students put harvested cnes int a gunnysack s they can be placed in the sun and pp ut f their cnes, then build a cne fire t release the nuts. Teaching Ntes These nuts can be eaten raw and rasted during the next lessn. Have students try bth ptins. Between this lessn and the next lessn have all piñn nuts in gunnysacks and placed smewhere where they will be in the ht sun, r have a site ready fr a cne fire. They will pp like ppcrn ut f their shells. Piñn nuts can be harvested in Octber. 42

43 Lessn 4 Rasting Pine Nuts 1 hur Lessn Overview See lessn 3 Pan/trays Fiver/stve/ven Salt Learning Objective Students will learn hw t rast pine nuts. Activity/Lessn There are many ways t rast pine nuts. Traditinally, these nuts were rasted ver an pen fire. Yu may chse t rast them this way using a skillet, cast irn, etc. Tast the nuts with a little salt, stirring as needed. Anther way t tast these nuts is t use an ven r stve. Nuts can be tasted in a skillet n a stve r placed n a tray in the ven at 350 degrees fr abut 10 minutes. Teaching Ntes This is a very messy prcess, and students shuld be prepared t get hands and clthes cvered with (pitch). This pitch is highly flammable, s great care must be taken if building a fire r cking. Lessn 5 Harvesting Juniper Berries *Elder needed 43

44 Gad, Diltai Lichi i 2 hurs Baskets Glves Transprtatin Lessn Overview Juniper berries were an imprtant fd. The best tasting is (alligatr juniper), while (Utah juniper) is gd as well. Gathering seasn is frm Octber until December. The berries are picked frm the tree when fully ripe r gathered frm the grund after they have fallen and dried. There are many uses f parts f the juniper tree, including the berries, branches, bark, and ash. The meat f the juniper berry was eaten, nt the seeds. The berries can be eaten raw r biled whle as is, r grund raw and eaten. They can be partly dried, biled until sft, grund t a pulp, seeds remved, and made int a ball r made int cakes and stred. The berries can be saked vernight, punded and mixed with banana yucca fruit, mixed with agave, r alne as a beverage. There are many medicinal and ceremnial uses f juniper. Learning Objective Students will learn where and hw t harvest Juniper berries. Activity/Lessn Have a cmmunity member/elder identify where juniper berries are grwing abundantly, and when they are ripe. Once a lcatin has been identified, rganize a field trip with the elder accmpanying the grup. Drive t the site and have children find juniper berries. Elder will harvest the plant, discuss the histry, uses, and stry f the juniper berries, and then allw students t harvest their wn nuts. Have students put harvested berries int baskets t be used during the preparatin lessn. Teaching Ntes Medicinally, juniper branches were heated and placed in a prtective wrap t prevent burn and then applied t the backs f patients wh had pneumnia. Trches were made f dried juniper bark. The bark was rubbed between the hands until the fibers were separated. Twisting the fibers tgether prduced a thick strand. This was then wrapped frm tp t bttm and tied with yucca string. The trch made a light like a small campfire and wuld last 4-5 hurs. 44