Okanagan Packinghouse Fieldmans Meeting. Feb

Transcription

1 Worksho op on Plant Bioregulators for Pome and Stone Fru it Production Okanagan Packing house Fieldmans Sping Meetin ng, Kelowna Febru uary 7, 2008 John A. Cline e, Associate Professor Department t of Plant Agriculture Univer rsity of Guelph uoguelph.ca/treefruit

2 Bioregulators Use ed In Tree Fruits Feb

3 Natural Plant Growt th Substances 1. Gibberellins involved in flow wering, cell elongation, dormancy, delay senescence, induce maleness in dioecious flowers 2. Auxins apical dominance, ripening, flowering 3. Cytokinins i stimulate t cell division, i growth of lateral l buds 4. Ethylene - release of dormancy, stimulates leaf and fruit abscission, induction of femaleness in dioecious flowers, stimulates flower and leaf senescence, stimulates fruit ripening. 5. Abscisic Acid dormancy, w ater stress Reference Feb

4 unction Products Available. Inhibit Flowering GA 3, GA 4, GA. Promote Flowering Ethrel, NAA. Influence fruit ripening GA 3, GA 4, GA 7, Ethrel, Cherries, Apples, Peach and quality Retain. Fruit thinning Carbaryl*, NAA, BA, Surfactants, t Ehtrel Apple, Peach. Influence ethylene Ethrel, MCP, ReTain Apple, Peach synthesis. Fruit finish GA, Koalin Clay* Apple,. Change fruit shape Benzyl adenine (BA). Reduce Preharvest drop. Reduce Vegetative growth NAA, ReTain Apogee Research Experience Feb these products are not plant growth regulators A 7 Apples, Peaches, Cherries Apple Apple Apple, Peach Apple, Peach

5 Chemical Thinning Principles of Chemical Thinning Pr oducts used on Ontario Thinning with Maxcel Feb

6 Fruit size Improved crop value Market requirement Benefits of Thinning Harvest efficiency Return bloom Reduce biennial bearing Disadvantages Yield reduction Greater propensity to fruit nutritional problems Feb

7 Economics of Thinning Fruit trees often require only 5-10% of fruit to set a commercial crop Crop Value Fruit per tree Fruit size Quality Feb

8 Registered Chemical Thinners for Apples in Can nada 1. Fruitone N (NAA) 2. Carbaryl (Sevin XLR+) 3. 6-BA (Accel/Maxcel) Feb

9 Results from Chemical Thinning are not alw ways predictable Feb

10 Hand Thinning Least Desirable Feb

11 Suggested products and rates for chemical thinning various cultivars Feb

12 Cultivar Sensitivity to Chemical Thinners Easy to Thin Braeburn Crispin Ginger Gold Idared Jerseymac Jonagold Jonathan Red Del Ambrosia Honeycrisp Intermediate to Thin Cortland Empire Jonamac McIntosh Nothern Spy Gala Difficult to Thin Fuji Golden Delicious Lodi Rome Spartan Spur Red Delicious Wealthy Feb

13 Thinning Products and Rates of Activity NAA (ppm) Accel (ppm) Sevin Accel + Sevin NAA+Sevin (L/ha) (ppm, L/ha) (ppm, L/ha) Mild 5 50 Moderate Aggressive , 0.5 5, , , 1.0 Feb

14 Table 1. Tray pack size of apples in relatio on to number of apples per bin and per tree Min size Min No. apples required ray Size in mm Wt (g) to fill bin / / / / / / / / / / / bushel bin capacity Number of 500 apples required per tree for given tree density, desired yield and fruit size Density (trees/acre) Projected yield (Bins/ac) Trees spaced at 6.5' x 13' (500 trees/acre; vertical axe type system), 3.5' x 12' (1000 trees/acre; spindle system), and ' x 10' (2000 trees/acre; super spindle system), Avoid Target Feb

15 Tim ing NAD - Amidthin (King Bloom petal fall) Accel 8-12 mm Sevin XLR - Petal Fall - 21 Days after Full Bloom NAA - Bloom - 12 mm (later ap pplications tend to reduce fruit size) apply prior to warming trends as increasing temperatures promote the thinning response Bright sunny days following applications tend to decrease the thinning respon nse Higher night temperatures increase the thinning response Feb

16 Water Volume of water and dspray Distribution tib ti Apply sufficient water to obtain good foliage and fruitlet coverage. Do not concentrate beyond 2X or 1000 litres per hecta re Apply % of water volume to the top of thetree canopy (except super spindle) Feb

17 Blossom Thinning Not widely adopted in Ontario. ATS works but often causes phytot oxicity Feb

18 Advances in Bloss som Products Ammonium thiosulphate (ATS) is effective, but remains unregistered, not certified organic Other natural compounds an nd surfactants being tested Likely adopted commerciallyin combination with a fruitlet thinning program Phytotoxicity and risk of frost major barriers Feb

19 Thinning Gala with Maxcel Maxcel Adequately thinned Improved fruit size beyond effect of hand thinning Worked effectively with Sevin Table 5. Effect of Maxcell on yield, fruit number and fruit size of 'Gala'/M.26 apple trees. University of Guelph, Simcoe, Ontario, Total number Mean fruit Crop Rate Yield fruit per weight density Treatment Untreated Control Hand th hinned control (mg/l) (kg.tree -1 ) tree (g) (#.cm -2 ) Maxcel Maxcel Maxcel + Carbaryl x NAA + Carbaryl x significa ance z *** *** *** *** LSD (P=0.05) P value < < < < x Carbaryl XLR Plus applied at 750 ppm z ns, ***, **, *, indicates non significance and statistical significance at P=0.001, P=0.01, and P=0.05, respectively Feb

20 Thinning Gala w ith MaxCel (BA) Adequately thinned Improved fruit size beyond effect of hand thinning Worked effectively with Sevin Table 3. Effect of Maxcel and Carbaryl on yield, fruit number and fruit size on 10-yr-old 'Royal Gala'/Bud.9 apple trees. University of Guelph, Simcoe, Ontario, TCSA Mean Total fall Yield fruit Crop number 2007 Yield efficiency weight density Rate fruit per Treatment (mg/l) (cm 2 ) (kg.tree -1 ) (kg.cm 2 ) tree (g) (#.cm -2 ) Untreated Control Hand thinned control (every other spur) Maxcel Maxcel Maxcel + Carbaryl 75, Maxcel + Carbaryl 100, Exilis Exilis Eili Exilis + Carbaryl Exilis + Carbaryl significance z LSD (P=0.05) P value 75, , ns ** * *** *** ** < z ns, ***, **, *, indicates non significance and statistical significance at P=0.001, P=0.01, and P=0.05, respectively Feb

21 Effect of 6-BA and Carba aryl on Gala Crop Load 9 8 Cro op load (# cm -2 ) Control Hand thinned 75 mg/l 6- BA 100 mg/l 6-BA 75 mg/l 6-BA + Carbaryl 100 mg/l 6-BA + Carbaryl 5 mg/l NAA + Carbaryl Feb

22 Effect of 6-BA and Carbaryl on Gala Yield and Fruit Size Yield (kg tree -1 ) Yield Fruit weight Me ean fruit we eight (g) 0 Control Hand 75 mg/l 100 mg/l 75 mg/l 100 mg/l 5 mg/l thinned 6-BA 6-BA 6-BA + 6-BA + NAA + Carbaryl Carbaryl Carbaryl 0 Feb

23 Thinning Resourc ces Updated Thinning Information Cultivar Sensitivity Table of Contents Feb

24 unction Products Available. Inhibit Flowering GA 3, GA 4, GA. Promote Flowering Ethrel, NAA. Influence fruit ripening GA 3, GA 4, GA 7, Ethrel, Cherries, Apples, Peach and quality Retain. Fruit thinning Carbaryl*, NAA, BA, Surfactants, t Apple, Peach. Influence ethylene Ethrel, MCP, ReTain Apple, Peach synthesis. Fruit finish GA, Koalin Clay* Apple,. Change fruit shape Benzyl adenine (BA). Reduce Preharvest drop. Reduce Vegetative growth NAA, ReTain Apogee Research Experience Feb these products are not plant growth regulators A 7 Apples, Peaches, Cherries Apple Apple Apple, Peach Apple, Peach

25 Gibberellin-Based Growth Regulators Products: Activol/Progibb and Promalin 1. Apple - Reduce russeting (G. Delicious) - Mixture of GA Improve fruit quality 2. Improve apple size and shape - used on Red Delicious for typiness - effective on Royal Gala Feb

26 unction Products Available. Inhibit Flowering GA 3, GA 4, GA. Promote Flowering Ethrel, NAA. Influence fruit ripening GA 3, GA 4, GA 7, Ethrel, Cherries, Apples, Peach and quality Retain. Fruit thinning Carbaryl*, NAA, BA, Surfactants, t Apple, Peach. Influence ethylene Ethrel, MCP, ReTain Apple, Peach synthesis. Fruit finish GA, Koalin Clay* Apple,. Change fruit shape Benzyl adenine (BA). Reduce Preharvest drop. Reduce Vegetative growth NAA, ReTain Apogee Research Experience Feb these products are not plant growth regulators A 7 Apples, Peaches, Cherries Apple Apple Apple, Peach Apple, Peach

27 Ethylene Relate d Bioregulators Ethephon, Aminoethoxyvinylglycine Ethephon (Ethrel) liquid compound that dispenses C 2 H 2 accelerate ripening at harvest (use cautiously) Can use on non-bearing trees to enhance flowering the following year Feb

28 Gibberellic Acid for Sweet Cherries - preharvest sprays exten d harvest season of cherries -larger firmer fruit, less bruising g(pitting) in storage - used widely in industry Feb

29 Objectives To determine the benefits of GA 3 on: 1. Fruit size 2. Fruit firmness 3. Fruit maturity (harvest) 4. Rain-cracking Timing Jun 12 Secondary objectives were to investigate: Jun Application timing 2. Product formulation (Progibb 4 and Progibb 40%) Feb

30 Methodology A series of experiments conducted ( ) 2007) Rates: mg/l GA 3 (Progibb 40%) Air blast applications Single trees Fruit quality measurements included: fruit firmness, surface colour, soluble solids, fruit weight, and rain-inducedd fruit cracking Feb

31 Flesh firmness was measured on fruit, 2 sides Fruit texture Analyzer Model GS-14, GÜSS, South Africa 3 mm probe, depth of 1mm (did not penetrate skin) Feb

32 Table 1. Effect of giberillic acid treatment on fruit colour and firmness of 'Hedelfingen' cherries. Vineland, A 3 (mg/l) Timing Fomulation ntreated straw colour Progibb 40% 0 straw colour Progibb 40% 0 straw colour Progibb 40% 0 10 prior to straw colour Progibb 40% 0 straw colour + 10 days prior Progibb 40% 0 straw colour Progibb 4% 0 straw colour Progibb 4% ignificance z SD (p=0.05) value ntreated straw colour Progibb 40% 0 straw colour Progibb 40% 0 straw colour Progibb 40% 0 10 prior to straw colour Progibb 40% 0 straw colour + 10 days prior Progibb 40% 0 straw colour Progibb 4% 0 straw colour Progibb 4% ignificanceifi z SD (p=0.05) Feb value 3 mm probe Firmnes s (kg) z Colour L value (lightness) 1st pick (July 11) Mean fruit weight (g) Brix ( o ) 0.16 c 31.5 d b 34.7 b a 34.5 b a 35.3 a b 33.5 c b 34.8 ab b 33.0 c b 35.0 ab *** *** ns ns < < nd pick (July 18) 0.10 e 31.0 d 8.9 abc a 31.3 d 10.0 a a 32.1 bc 8.2 bcd b 32.3 bc 8.8 abc d 32.4 b 9.3 ab c 33.2 a 7.9 bcd d 31.8 c 7.7 cd d 33.2 a 7.0 d 14.4 *** *** * ns < <

33 Summary of GA effects Progibb has consistently increased fruit firmness and had a slight effect on fruit colour (harvest) Inconsistent treatment effects on fruit weight, and rain cracking Progibb 40% was more effective than Progibb 4% in enhancing fruit firmness and size Feb

34 unction Products Available. Inhibit Flowering GA 3, GA 4, GA. Promote Flowering Ethrel, NAA. Influence fruit ripening GA 3, GA 4, GA 7, Ethrel, Cherries, Apples, Peach and quality Retain. Fruit thinning Carbaryl*, NAA, BA, Surfactants, t Apple, Peach. Influence ethylene Ethrel, MCP, ReTain Apple, Peach synthesis. Fruit finish GA, Koalin Clay* Apple,. Change fruit shape Benzyl adenine (BA). Reduce Preharvest drop. Reduce Vegetative growth NAA, ReTain Apogee Research Experience Feb these products are not plant growth regulators A 7 Apples, Peaches, Cherries Apple Apple Apple, Peach Apple, Peach

35 PBRs to Enhan nce Flowering Ethrel (Ethephon) 150 mg/l NAA (Fruitone-N) 5 mg/l Have been used independently at low concentrations during June-July to enhance return bloom the following season Feb

36 Flower Induction & De evelopment Induction 2-6 weeks after full bloom Development 6 wks to bloom following year Most floral parts are present by harvest Feb

37 Ethrel on Non Bearing Trees Ethrel sprays can successfully be used to enhance the return bloom of non-bearing Higher rates can be us sed since there is no concern of excessive fruit thinning. Single applications (ea arly July) between mg. litre -1 Ethrel are as effective as split applications at 50% of these rates. A reduction in tree growth can be expected in the season of application. Feb

38 Ethrel on Be earing Trees Lower rates of 150 or 300 mg. litre -1 significantly improved the return bloom of Empire and Fuji, respectively. At least two applications (early July, 1 wk apart) are required to obtain this benefit. Three sprays of NAA at 4 mg. litre -1 was effective for enhancing the return bloom of Empire but not Fuji or Jonagold. Feb

39 Feb

40 unction Products Available. Inhibit Flowering GA 3, GA 4, GA. Promote Flowering Ethrel, NAA. Influence fruit ripening GA 3, GA 4, GA 7, Ethrel, Cherries, Apples, Peach and quality Retain. Fruit thinning Carbaryl*, NAA, BA, Surfactants, t Ehtrel Apple, Peach. Influence ethylene Ethrel, MCP, ReTain Apple, Peach synthesis. Fruit finish GA, Koalin Clay* Apple,. Change fruit shape Benzyl adenine (BA). Reduce Preharvest drop. Reduce Vegetative growth NAA, ReTain Apogee Research Experience Feb these products are not plant growth regulators A 7 Apples, Peaches, Cherries Apple Apple Apple, Peach Apple, Peach

41 Why stone fruit tre ees need thinning? Produce an abundance of flowers, of which ~10% are required to produce a full crop to maximize crop value by optimizing fruit size and quality maintain tree growth and structure Feb

42 Most Promising Methods to Thin Peac ches Blossom thinning (TMN- -6, Entry) Fruitlet thinning (Ehtrel) Flower inhibition (GA 3 ) Fall applications of ethephon (delays bloom and reduces flowering) Feb

43 Blossom Thinning i Resul ts look promising i Effect of various blossom thinne ers on number of fruit per tree of f'h 'Harrow Diamond d' peaches, Number of fruit per tree Untreated Control Hand Thinned Control 2% Mineral Oil % LS 1.0% TMN-6 1% Citric ic Acid 1% ATS 0.75% TMN-6 2% Mine eral Oil 0.2% Regulaid 2% Citric ic Acid 0.50% TMN-6 2% ATS 4% Citric ic Acid 2% Entry 3% Entry Feb

44 Summary of Peach Blos ssom Thinning Research Entry y and TMN-6 havethemost effective thinner: Reduced thinned fruit number Reduced final fruit set Increased fruit size Improved fruit quality Feb

45 Flower Inhibitors GA 3 - stone fruit GA pome fruit Concept: reduce or prevent flower initiation, thereby minimizing the requirement for chemical and hand thinning Feb

46 Feb

47 Effect of GA Rate on Thinned Fruit Weight and Number d fruit weig ght, kg Thinne Fig. 5 Effect of GA concentration on thinned fruit weight and number per tree of "Red Haven" peach trees, Weight of hand thinned control Thinned fruit weight/ tree (kg) Thinned fruit number Thinned fruit number/ tree ber Thinned fruit num 0 Rate, mg/l GA significantly reduced the amount of hand thinning requirements (30% reduction for GA at 50 ppm) Feb

48 Untreated control Feb

49 GA at 100 ppm Feb

50 Fig. 7 Effect of GA rate on crop load and fruit size of "Red Haven" peach trees, 2003 ield, kg Y Yield Fruit size Me ean fruit size, g Rate, mg/l Total yield/ tree (kg) Mean fruit weigth (g) Significant GA rate and timing effect on crop load reduction; Increased fruit size Feb

51 Summary - Gibberellic Acid Treatments Did not affect current season crop density, yield, or fruit size; Improved fruit quality; Reduced the need of hand thinning; Increased fruit size; Improved colour and SSC; Advanced maturity; Increased vegetative growth Feb

52 Future of Plant Bioreg gulators in Tree Fruit Likely more specific on pla ant processes and environmentally safe compounds Growers need fruit thinners for stone fruit (blossom and/or fruitlet) t) Expansion in the use of GA as a flower inhibitor Abscisic acid and benefits for reducing water stress Need to clearly demonstrate the cost:benefit of PBRs Feb

53 Unanswere d Questions Can cherries be chemically thinned (to improved fruit size)? Is there are PBR to re egulate the vegetative growth of peaches and cherries? Abscisic acid is the on nly plant hormone that has not been used commercially. Can ABA be used to reduced dr rought stress? Feb