Nguyin Thai Hoc la con ca ciia mot gia dinb trung ndng

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$NGUYEN THAI HOC Sinhngay: 1.12.1904 Matngay: 17.6.1930 Que quan: Vinb TUdng, Vinh Phiic. Scf \\idc tieu sii: 1921-1924: Hoc tai TrUdng Cao d^ng Su pham Ha Noi.$

1 NGUYEN THAI HOC Sinhngay: Matngay: Que quan: Vinb TUdng, Vinh Phiic. Scf \\idc tieu sii: : Hoc tai TrUdng Cao d^ng Su pham Ha Noi : Hoc tai TrUdng Cao d^ng ThUdng mai thuoc Dai hoc Dong DUdng, Ha Noi. Ngay : Nguyen Thai Hoc sang lap ra Viet Nam Qudc ddn Dang, mot to cbiic yeu nudc ciia thanh nien, tri thijfc tien bo. Nguyen Thai hoc la Chu tich va la linh bon ciia Viet Nam Qudc dan Dang. Dau nam 1929, xay ra vu am sat triim mo phu Bazin tai Ha Noi ( ), thuc dan Phap lap tiic ra siic khung bo'cac to chiic yeu nudc va each mang. Viet Nam Quoc dan Dang bi thiet hai nang ne. De tranh nguy cd bi that bai hoan toan, Nguyen Thai Hoc va mot so' lanb tu ciia Viet Nam Quoc dan Dang da quyet dinb gap riit cbuan bi mot cuoc tong kbdi nghia vii trang. Ngay , cuoc kbdi nghia vu trang do Viet Nam Quoc dan Dang to chiic va lanb dao da no ra d viing Trung va ThUdng du Bac Bo, trong do quyet liet nbat la d Yen Bai (khdi nghia Yen Bai). Ngay , Nguyin Thai Hoc bi hit tai ap Co Vit (Chi Linh, Hai DUdng). Ong bi ket an tii hinh ngay Ngay , thuc dan Phap da hanh quyet Nguyen Thai Hoc tai Yen Bai bang may chem. Ong dude Nha nudc CHXHCN Viet Nam eong nhan la bet si ( ) va ten cua ong dudc dat cho mot trong nbijcng con pho'ldn tai Ha Noi. 247

VI LANH TU CUA VIET NAM OUOC DAN DANG, MOT TRI THliC YEU NU'dC BAT KHUAT Nguyin Thai Hoc la con ca ciia mot gia dinb trung ndng thuoc lang Thd Tang, tong LUdng Dien, phii Vinh TUdng, tinb Vinh Yen

2 VI LANH TU CUA VIET NAM OUOC DAN DANG, MOT TRI THliC YEU NU'dC BAT KHUAT Nguyin Thai Hoc la con ca ciia mot gia dinb trung ndng thuoc lang Thd Tang, tong LUdng Dien, phii Vinh TUdng, tinb Vinh Yen (nay la xa Tho Tang, buyen Vinh Tudng, tinh Vinh Phuc). Tho Tang vo'n la mot lang trii pbii, dan lang viia lam ruong, vijfa buon ban nen nhin chung ddi so'ng kinh te tudng doi kha hdn cac lang Ian can. Thud nbo, Nguyen Thai Hoc dudc gia dinb cho hoc chii Han. Sau do ong theo hoc trudng pho thong Phap - Viet tai tinh ly Vinh Yen. Ngay tii liic mdi 15, 16 tudi Nguyen Thai Hoc thudng dudc the be cha anh ke cho nghe chuyen ve Doi Can va mot so' phong trao cbo'ng Phap nen da sdm giac ngo long yeu nudc. Ong ngam nuoi y chi danh do che do thuc dan Phap, giai phdng dan toe va tra tbci riia ban cho cac chien si yeu nudc da bi thuc dan Phap giet hai. Sau kbi to't ngbiep TrUdng Cao dang Tieu hoc, nam 1921, Nguyen Thai Hoc thi do vao TrUdng Cao dang Su pham Ha Noi. Trong thdi gian gan 3 nam hoc d trudng nay, Nguyen Thai Hoc da nbieu Ian cong khai phan do'i thai do va hanh vi phan biet, miet thi ngudi ban xd ciia mot so' giam thi va giao vien ngudi Phap. Trum mat tham Louis Marty tijng nhan xet: "Nguyen Thdi Hoc la mot hoc sinh bitdng binh, hay cdi Iqi thdy gido". Sau kbi to't ngbiep TrUdng Cao dang Su pham (1924), Nguyen Thai Hoc cd tham du ky thi tuyen cong chile cua chinh quyen thuc dan, nhung sau kbi thi dd ong lai khong nham chdc ma nop ddn xin hoc TrUdng Cao d^ng ThUdng mai thuoc Dai hoc Dong DUdng. Trong thdi gian Nguyin Thai Hoc hoc tap tai Dai hoc Dong Dudng ( ) da dien ra nbieu chuyen bien rat quan trong trong phong trao yeu nude Viet Nam. TrUdc do, t\i cuo'i nam 1923 nbufng bai dien thuyet sue soi ciia Nguyin An 248

Ninh d Sai Gon, roi td bao La Cloche felee (Chuong re) cua ong da gdp phan manh me thiic tinh tinb than yeu nudc ciia thanh nien, sinh vien ca nudc. Nam sau, ngay 19.6.

3 Ninh d Sai Gon, roi td bao La Cloche felee (Chuong re) cua ong da gdp phan manh me thiic tinh tinb than yeu nudc ciia thanh nien, sinh vien ca nudc. Nam sau, ngay tie'ng bom Sa Dien ciia Pham Hong Thai trong cuoc muu sat but toan quyen Dong DUdng Martial Merlin va tam gudng by sinh dung cam ciia ngudi thanh nien yeu nude nay da lam chan dong toan coi Viet Nam, thiic giuc cac tang Idp nhan dan, nbat la thanh nien hang hai dan than vao con dudng ciiu nudc. Thang , mat tham Phap bi mat bm c6c Phan Boi Chau tai ThUdng Hai. Chung dua cu ve giam d Hoa Ld (Ha Noi), dinb bi mat thii tieu. Khi tin tiic ve su kien nay lot ra ngoai, lap tiie mot phong trao dau tranh sue soi ciia nhan dan ca nudc da bung no, ddi thuc dan Phap phai dua cu Phan ra xet xii cong khai va cuo'i cung, phai tuyen bo' an xa nha yeu nudc lao thanh nay. Dau nam sau, Phan Chu Trinh, mot lanb tu Idn khac ciia phong trao yeu nude td dau the ky XX, da trd ve Sai Gon sau nbieu nam luu trii d nudc ngoai. Ngay Phan Chu Trinh ta the d Sai Gon. Ngay sau do, mot phong trao de tang cu dudc nhan toan quoc hudng ilng manh me. Ciing trong nbiing nam nay anh hudng ciia tu tudng each mang Trung Quoc, dac biet la hoc thuyet Tam dan ciia Ton Trung Sdn ciing doi manh vao Viet Nam va dudc nbieu thanh nien, tri thilc nhiet liet ddn chao. Cuo'i nam 1924, Nguyin Ai Quoc ve tdi Quang Chau (Trung Quoc) lien lac vdi nhdm thanh nien Viet Nam yeu nudc trong td chiic Tam Tam xa va lap ra Hoi Viet Nam Kdch menh Thanh nien (6.1925), ra td bao Thanh nien keu goi thanh nien tri thiic yeu nude hang hai ddng len lanb dao quan chiing nhan dan dau tranh dap tan gong xieng no le thuc dan, giai phong dan toe. Trong boi eanh do, hang nghin thanh nien, tri thdc da hang hai dan than, tham gia tich euc vao cac boat dong y u nudc. Nguyin Thai Hoc la mot trong nhucng ngudi sdm tham gia tich cue va di dau trong Ian song dau tranh do. Ngay khi eon dang la sinh vien Dai hoc Dong DUdng, cuo'i nam 1926, ciing vdi mot so' thanh nien tri thiic yeu nudc khac nhu Pham Tuan Lam, Pham Tuan Tai, Ho Van Mich v.v., ong da lap ra Nam Dong thu xa d Ha Noi. Ciing gio'ng nhu CUdng hoe thu xa cua nhdm 249

thanh nien yeu nudc do Tran Huy Lieu diing dau lap ra d Sai Gon, Nam Dong thit xd viia gio'ng nhu mot nha xuat ban, mot hieu sach dong thdi nhu mot nhdm bien soan, tap trung vao viec bien soan, dich

4 thanh nien yeu nudc do Tran Huy Lieu diing dau lap ra d Sai Gon, Nam Dong thit xd viia gio'ng nhu mot nha xuat ban, mot hieu sach dong thdi nhu mot nhdm bien soan, tap trung vao viec bien soan, dich thuat, phat hanh sach bao pho bien cac tu tudng each mang, dac biet la tu tudng Ton Trung Sdn, ca ngdi cac tam gudng nghia liet, nhiing anh hung ciiu quo'c la ngudi Viet Nam va nudc ngoai. Thong qua do, Nam Dong thu xa cd vii manh me cho phong trao yeu nude, cbo'ng thuc dan Phap, va tren thuc te Nam Dong thu xa da trd thanh mot trong nhiing ndi quy tu thanh nien, tri thuc yeu nudc d Bac Ky. Ciing trong thdi gian la sinh vien ciia Dai hoc Dong Dudng, tii nam 1925 den nam 1927, Nguyen Thai Hoc da gui cho Toan quyen Dong DUdng Alexandre Varrenne mot so biic thu keu goi chinh quyen thuc dan Phap tien hanh mot loat cai each tien bo d Viet Nam. Sd di Nguyen Thai Hoc giii nhiing de xuat cai each ciia minh cho A. Varrenne vi ong ta von la mot dang vien ciia Dang Xa hoi Phap, vijfa mdi tdi nham chiic toan quyen da quyet dinb an xa Phan Boi Chau va hda hen nbieu cai each rong Idn d xd thuoc dia Dong DUdng. Tuy nhien, do chi la nbucng Idi hda suong, va ong ta khong bao gid quan tam, tra Idi nhiing biic thu day tam buyet cua Nguyen Thai Hoc. Hoan toan that vong ve con dudng cai each, Nguyen Thai Hoc va cac dong chi cua ong di den quyet dinb la: con dudng duy nbat de md ra cd hoi phat trien cho dan toe Viet Nam chi c6 the la con dudng dimg vu trang lat do che do thuc dan Phap, sau do tu minh tien hanh cong cuoc kien thiet dat nudc. Nguyin Thai Hoc va nhdm Nam Dong thu xa khan trudng cbuan bi de lap ra mot td chiic yeu nudc bi mat. Ong danh thoi hoc va danh toan bo thdi gian cho viec cbuan bi ve tu tudng va to chdc cho cong cuoc cdu nudc mdi. Sau mot thdi gian cbuan bi, dem ngay mot hoi nghi da dudc td chiic tai Ha Noi vdi ndng co't la nhdm Nam Dong thu xa, da quyet dinb lap ra Viet Nam Qudc ddn Ddng. Nguyin Thai Hoc dudc Hoi nghi bau lam Chii tich dang. Sau khi thanh lap, dudi su lanb dao cua Nguyin Thai Hoc, Viet Nam Quoc dan Dang day manh cong tac xay dung va phat trien cd sd trong cac tang Idp dan chiing tren ca nude, nhat la d 250

5 B^c Ky va Nam Ky. Dang da lien lac va sap nbap them td chiic Viet Nam ddn qudc d B^c Giang do Nguyen Khdc Nhu ddng dau. Gia nbap Viet Nam Quoc dan Dang con cd them cac nhdm nhan si va tri thiic yeu nudc d Bac Ninh do Nguyen The Ngbiep td chdc, nhdm khac d Thanh Hoa do Hoang Van Dao ddng dau, mot nhdm d Thai Binh do Ha Dinb Dien td cbiic va mot nhdm d Sai Gon do Tran Huy Lieu ddng dau. Cd sd td cbdc ciia Viet Nam Qudc dan Dang phat trien tudng do'i nhanh trong nam 1928 va dau nam 1929, thu hiit hang nghin thanh nien tri thdc, cong chiic va binh linh Viet Nam yeu nude trong quan doi Phap. Viet Nam Quo'c dan Dang ciing cii ngudi bat lien lac vdi Hoi Viet Nam Kach menh Thanh nien va Tan Viet Cach mang Dang de ban thao viec thong nbat ve to chdc va pho'i bdp boat dong vi muc dich giai phdng dan toe. Trong qua trinh boat dong, nbieu dang vien ciia Viet Nam Quo'c dan Dang da bi anh hudng ciia tu tudng anh hiing ca nhan, phieu luu, mao hiem. Ngay , nhdm dang vien Viet Nam Qudc dan Dang d Ha Noi da to chiic am sat trcim mo phu don dien Bazin lam chan dong du luan Phap, khien cho chinh quyen thuc dan Phap d Dong DUdng hoang mang. De do'i phd, thuc dan Phap da md mot chien dich dan ap, truy quet gat gao cac chien si yeu nudc va each mang. Do to chiic kha long leo, cd sd td cbiic ciia Viet Nam Quo'c dan Dang bi danh pha nghiem trong, hang tram dang vien bi bat hoac bi giet. Rieng do'i vdi Nguyen Thai Hoc, linh hdn ciia Viet Nam Quo'c dan Dang, thuc dan Phap treo giai thudng dong bac Ddng Dudng cho ai bat hoac giet dudc ong. Trong tinb binh khan trudng nhu vay, tai Hoi nghi lanh dao Viet Nam Quo'c dan Dang ngay , Nguyen Thai Hoe, Nguyin Kh^c Nhu va Phd Diic Chinh da quyet dinb khong the ngdi cbd thuc dan Phap liing b^t, giet hai, pha tan dang, ma phai gap riit cbuan bi va tien hanh mot cuoc "tong kbdi nghia vii trang" de mot mat day manh cong cuoc tuyen truyen, cd vii long yeu nude trong dan chiing, ciing c6' uy tin ciia dang, va neu cd that bai thi "Khdng thdnh cong cdng thanh nhan". Vdi tinh than quyet tii, Nguyin Thai Hoc eung cac dong chi, trong do cd ba Nguyin Thi Giang, ngudi vd viia dinb bon ciia 251

ong, ddn tam siic cbuan bi cho mot cuoc viing len quyet liet. Cac cd sd Viet Nam Quo'c dan Dang ra sdc cbuan bi vu khi, diic bom tu tao, mua siing, tien hanh binh van.

6 ong, ddn tam siic cbuan bi cho mot cuoc viing len quyet liet. Cac cd sd Viet Nam Quo'c dan Dang ra sdc cbuan bi vu khi, diic bom tu tao, mua siing, tien hanh binh van. Trong kbi do, thuc dan Phap ciing tung het luc ludng mat tham ra truy lung, cai gian diep vao cac cd sd ciia dang, quyet tam b^t hoac giet bing dudc Nguyin Thai Hoc, Nguyin Kh^c Nhu va bo cbi huy dau nao cua Viet Nam Quo'c dan Dang, hong dap t^t cuoc bao dong tu: trong triing nudc. Dudc tin Viet Nam Quo'c dan Dang dang no luc chuan bi cho mot cuoc kbdi nghia vu trang trong dieu kien khach quan chua chin mudi, lanb tu Nguyin Ai Quo'c, khi do dang boat dong d B^c Xiem (Thai Lan) lap tijtc len dudng di ve nam Trung Quoc de tim each bat lien lac, ban vdi Nguyen Thai Hoc va cac lanh tu Vi,et Nam Qudc dan Dang hoan cuoc bao dong lai, nhung khong kip. Theo ke hoach ban dau cuoc kbdi nghia vii trang se nd ra tren hai dia ban chinh d Bac Ky vao dem ngay Nguyen Thai Hoc se lanh dao cuoc khdi nghia d mien xudi, trong kbi Nguyen Khac Nhu va Phd Diic Chinh dudc phan cong chi huy cuoc ndi day d mien nui. Gan tdi ngay ndi day, do cd sd d mien xudi tudng do'i yeu lai bi danh pha nang ne nen khdng cbuan bi kip, Nguyen Thai Hoc cii ngudi bao cho Nguyen Khac Nhu hoan cuoc ndi day tdi ngay Tuy nhien, lien lac vien lai bi dich bat giiia dudng. Vi vay, cuoc khdi nghia van nd ra d mot loat cac dia diem tvf Sdn Tay, Pbii Tho cho tdi Yen Bai vao dem ngay 9, rang sang ngay Quyet liet nbat la cuoc khdi nghia d Yen Bai. Quan ndi day da chiem dudc mot phan ddn binh Phap va lam chu tinb ly Yen Bai trong gan hai ngay. Do khong cd su pho'i bdp vdi cac cuoc ndi day d dia phudng khac, cuoc khdi nghia cua Viet Nam Quoc dan Dang da nhanh chdng bi thuc dan Phap dan ap va dap t^t. Tuy vay, ngay , mac dii cuoc khdi nghia d mien niii da that bai, Nguyin Thai Hoc va cd sd Viet Nam Quoc dan Dang v&n quyet dinb khdi nghia d mien xudi nhu ke hoach cu. Cuoc vung len quyet liet nbat la d Phu DUc (Thai Binh) va Vinb Bao (luc do thuoc Hai Dudng). 252

7 ThUc dan Phap quyet dinb dung vii luc tdi da de dan ap cuoc khdi nghia ciia Viet Nam Quo'c dan Dang va khung bo' tinh than yeu nudc ciia dan chiing. Chiing tung toan bo luc ludng mat tham, quan doi, bao an ra liing sue, can quet, hong bat giam va giet hai cac chien si Viet Nam Qudc dan Dang. Chung con cho 5 chie'c may bay den nem bom triet ha lang Cd Am, can cii cua Viet Nam Quo'c dan Dang trong cuoc khdi nghia d Vinh Bao. Day la lan dau tien trong lich sd chinh quyen thuc dan ciia mot cudng quo'c phudng Tay phai sii dung tdi may bay chien dau de dan ap mot cuoc ndi day cua dan chiing ban xd. DUdc su che cbd ciia quan chung yeu nudc, Nguyen Thai Hoc van thoat kbdi su truy lung rao riet ciia thuc dan Phap. Ciing vdi mot so'yeu nhan con lai ciia Viet Nam Quo'c dan Dang ong ban bac va du dinb cai td lai dang va thay ddi phudng hudng chien ludc cua Dang. Chinh vao liic cdng viec nay mdi dude khdi dong thi ngay , Nguyin Thai Hoc bi b^t tai ap cd Vit (Chi Linh, Hai DUdng). Ong bi Hoi dong De binh thuc dan ket an t^ binh ngay Ngay , thuc dan Phap da hanh quyet Nguyen Thai Hoc va 12 chien si khac ciia Viet Nam Qudc dan Dang tai Yen Bai bang may chem. TrUdc khi by sinh, Nguyin Thai Hoc con co'bo to "Viet Nam van tue!" Cuoc khdi nghia Yen Bai cua Viet Nam Quo'c dan Dang tuy that bai nhung thuc su la mot dau son chdi loi trong lich sii dau tranh giai phdng dan toe cua nhan dan ta. Vdi tu each la ngudi sang lap va lanh dao Viet Nam Quo'c dan Dang, Nguyin Thai Hoc thuc su la mot trong nhiing ngudi tieu bieu nbat thuoc Idp tri thiic Tay hoc sdm dan than, xa than cdu nudc trong niia d^u theky XX. Tam gudng by sinh diing cam cua ong trd thanh mot ngudn dong vien, cd vii manh me cac the be thanh nien tri thiic yeu nudc sau nay trong cuoc dau tranh gian kho, ac liet lau dai vi doe lap va tu do cua td quo'c. Nguyen Thai Hoc "khdng thanh cdng" nhung da thue su "thanh nhan". Ong dudc Nha nudc CHXHCN Viet Nam cdng nhan la liet si ( ) va ten cua ong dude dat cho mot trong nhiing con pho'ldn tai Ha Noi./. Viet Khanh 253

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