> $500 MILLION! The Tropics. The coffee berry borer: a short review with recent findings and future research directions

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1 The coffee berry borer: a short review with recent findings and future research directions Coffee berry borer Hypothenemus hampei Fernando E. Vega Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, USDA, ARS Beltsville, Maryland United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Photo by Peggy Greb, USDA, Agricultural Research Service Damage L.O. Brun The Tropics CBB infestation levels Estimated losses Up to 60% in Colombia 58-75% in Jamaica 80% in Uganda 50-80% in Côte d Ivoire > $500 MILLION!

2 Coffee berry borer Wolbachia infection - FEMALE-BIASED SEX RATIOS Egg Larva Pupa Vega et al., Annals of the Entomological Society of America 95: Cytoplasmic Incompatibility Compatible Incompatible How many Wolbachia strains exist in the CBB? Frequencies and distribution? Infected Infected Uninfected Infected Can we manipulate Wolbachia to reduce the number of female progeny? Hatch rate? Hatch rate? Caffeine CBB-associated yeasts Pichia burtonii and Candida fermentati Vega et al., Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 107:19-24

3 Fungi associated with the CBB in Mexico How does the CBB breaks down caffeine? 40 fungal species in 22 genera Pérez et al., Mycological Research 107: Penicillium brocae, a new species associated with the CBB in Chiapas, Mexico How does the CBB fungal diversity differs among countries? Is there a common denominator among this fungal diversity? Peterson et al., Mycologia 95: Attractants Ortiz et al., Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 52:

4 Can we develop better CBB attractants? Control Can we develop CBB repellents? Natural enemies: fungal insect pathogens Fungal endophytes in coffee plants Beauveria bassiana Endophytes West Virginia University Fungal hyphae in leaves Beauveria bassiana

5 Beauveria bassiana recovery: MONTHS % RECOVERY POST-INOCULATION Posada et al., Mycological Research 111: Fungal endophytes in green coffee seeds Fungal endophytes in coffee seedlings Fungal id Acremonium sp. Aspergillus sumatrense Aspergillus fumigatus Aspergillus fumigatus Aspergillus niger Aspergillus pseudodeflectus Aspergillus pseudodeflectus Country India Papua New Guinea Alternaria sp. Arthopyrenaceae Aspergillus tamari Aspergillus westerdijkiae Beauveria bassiana Bionectriaceae Chaetomium sp. Cladosporium cf. sphaerospermum Clavicipitaceae Hypocreales sp. Macrophomina sp. Paecilomyces sp. Penicillim citrinum Penicillium brevicompactum Penicillium cecidicola Penicillium glabrum Penicillium janthinellum Penicillium sp. near daleae Aspergillus tubingiensis Colombia Colletotrichum gloeosporoides complex Penicillium steckii Aspergillus tubingiensis Kenya Cylindrocarpon sp. Penicillium toxicarium Clavicipitaceae sp. 1 Exobasidiomycetidae Phyllachoraceae Clavicipitaceae sp. 2 Exophiala sp. Plectosphaerella sp. Aspergillus (Eurotium) ruber India Fusarium cf. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum Pleosporales sp. Fusarium solani complex Fusarium oxysporum complex (1) Pseudallescheria cf. boydii Gibberella sp. Penicillium sp., subgenus Biverticillium Penicillium crustosum Penicillium olsonii Colombia India Guatemala Colombia Fusarium oxysporum complex (2) Fusarium sp. (1) Fusarium sp. (2) Fusarium sp. (Lateritium clade 1) Rhizopycnis sp. Trichoderma sp. Trichoderma hamatum Trichoderma harzianum Vega et al., Mycosystema 27:75-84 Posada et al., Mycological Research 111: Penicillium coffea, a new endophytic species isolated from a coffee plant Penicillium species endophytic in coffee plants and ochratoxin A production - brevicompactum* - brocae - cecidicola - citrinum - coffeae - crustosum* - janthinellum - olsonii* - oxalicum* - sclerotiorum - steckii - near diversum - near roseopurpureum Peterson et al., Mycologia 97: Vega et al., Mycologia 98:31-42

6 Vega et al., Journal of Basic Microbiology 45: Coffee bacterial endophytes Coffee bacterial endophytes Bacillus cereus Gordona sp. Bacillus megaterium Klebsiella planticola Bacilus subtilis Klebsiella pneumoniae Bacillus megaterium Klebsiella trevisanii Burkholderia cepacia Kocuria kristinae Burkholderia gladioli Methylobacterium radiotolerans Burholderia glathei Micrococcus sp. Burkholderia pyrrocina Pantoea agglomerans Cedecea davisae Pseudomonas chloroaphis Chromobacterium sp. Pseudomonas putida Clavibacter michiganense insidiosumrhodococcus equi Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens Salmonella typhimurium Enterobacter asburiae Serratia liquefaciens Enterobacter cancerogenus Stenotrophomonas maltophila Enterobacter gergoviae Variovorax paradoxus Escherichia vulneris Xanthomonas sp. Vega et al., Journal of Basic Microbiology 45: What roles could endophytes be playing? Can we establish fungal insect pathogens as systemic endophytes? Summary Wolbachia Caffeine Fungi associated with the CBB Attractants Endophytes - Introducing fungal insect pathogens - Fungal endophyte biodiversity - Bacterial endophytes Natural enemies In addition to fungi, are there viruses, bacteria, or protozoa that might have a negative effect on the CBB? Parasitoids, predators Juliana Jaramillo Special thanks to the International Coffee Organization for organizing this seminar, and for inviting me to participate. Nematodes Francisco Infante Note: Papers cited in this talk can be downloaded at: