The Coffee Berry Borer: An Overview

Transcription

1 The Coffee Berry Borer: An Overview United States Department of Agriculture Fernando E. Vega Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory USDA-ARS Beltsville, MD Agricultural Research Service

2 Photos by E. Erbe (left) and P. Grebb (right), USDA, ARS. Cofee berry borer Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)

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4 The Tropics

5 Coffee berry borer first reported in:

6 Coffee berry borer Egg Larva Pupa

7 Basic biology: - Berries are susceptible ca days post-flowering - Female has been reported to oviposit up to 300 eggs - From eggs to adults: days - Skewed sex ratio: 10 females for every male - Longevity (days): Uganda Java 120 Malaysia 157 Brazil - can t fly and remain inside the berry

8 Damage L.O. Brun G. Hoyos

9 Infestation levels 60% Colombia and Mexico 75% Jamaica 50-90% Malaysia 80% Uganda and Côte d Ivoire 90% Tanzania

10 Estimated losses > $500 MILLION!

11 Artificial diet

12 Wolbachia infection Vega et al., Annals of the Entomological Society of America 95: FEMALE-BIASED SEX RATIOS

13 Can we manipulate Wolbachia to reduce the number of female progeny?

14 Caffeine

15 CBB-associated yeasts Vega et al., Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 107:19-24 Pichia burtonii and Candida fermentati

16 How does the CBB breaks down caffeine?

17 Analysis of microbial communities associated with the coffee berry borer Eoin L. Brodie Javier Ceja Navarro C. A. Santee, N. J. Bouskill, U. Karaoz, M. Zemla, and M. Auer

18 Pyrosequencing of bacteria and fungi associated with the CBB Percentage distribution of bacterial phylogenetic groups associated with the CBB. Combined counts for all samples: family level (except Firmicutes )

19 Shown to degrade caffeine Previously found in association with the coffee berry borer

20 Photo by Javier Ceja Navarro

21 Fungi associated with the CBB in Mexico 40 fungal species in 22 genera Pérez et al., Mycological Research 107:

22 Penicillium brocae, a new species associated with the CBB in Chiapas, Mexico Peterson et al., Mycologia 95:

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24 Gary Bauchan (USDA-ARS)

25 Pest management

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27 Cultural control Frequent harvest/sanitation: interrupts the life cycle of the insect reduces the # infested berries that fall on the ground

28 Cultural control

29 Cultural control

30 Cultural control Photo: CENICAFE

31 Natural enemies Parasitoids Predators Nematodes Fungal entomopathogens Aaron Davis, Kew Gardens

32 Parasitoids Phymastichus coffea (Eulophidae) Cephalonomia stephanoderis (Bethylidae) Prorops nasuta (Bethylidae) Heterospilus coffeicola (Braconidae) Cryptoxilos (Braconidae) Colombia Cephalonomia hyalinipennis Mexico

33 Parasitoids Vega et al., Terr. Arthropod Reviews 2: Phymastichus coffea Cephalonomia stephanoderis

34 Predators - thrips Karnyothrips flavipes Top left photo by L. Mound, CSIRO; others by J. Jaramillo, ICIPE Jaramillo et al., Naturwissenschaften 97:

35 Predators - thrips

36 Predators - birds

37 Predators - ants Azteca Dorymyrmex Mycocepurus Pheidole Pseudomyrmex Solenopsis Tetramorium

38 Nematodes Control Biológico - Nematodos Heterorhabditis and Steinernema commercially available Heterorhabditis (Photorhabdus) Steinernema (Xenorhabdus)

39 Nematodes Nematode life cycle courtesy of David Shapiro-Ilan, USDA-ARS

40 Nematodes Coffee berry borer = 2 mm long Steinernema infective juvenile = 0.5 mm long adult = 2-3 mm long Infected Healthy Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Photos courtesy of Alfredo Castillo, ECOSUR, Mexico

41 Nematodes Metaparasitylenchus hypothenemi Poinar et al., J. Parasitol. 90:

42 Nematodes Metaparasitylenchus hypothenemi Francisco Infante Alfredo Castillo Panagrolaimus sp.

43 Nematodes Sampling in Kenya Juliana Jaramillo George O. Poinar, Jr. Mermithidae new genus

44 Fungal entomopathogens Beauveria bassiana Metarhizium anisopliae Isaria farinosa Isaria fumosorosea Lecanicillium lecanii Nomuraea rileyi Ophiocordyceps entomorrhiza

45 Fungal entomopathogens Beauveria bassiana over 20 phylogenetic species

46 B. bassiana natural infestations in the field: Venezuela 30% India 60% Mexico <10% Brazil <1%

47 A new method to evaluate the biocontrol potential of single spore isolates of fungal entomopathogens Posada and Vega, J. Insect Sci., 2005

48 Life cycle (days) for B. bassiana (IBL 03047) (n= 40) X ( S.E.) Conidia discharged (n=40) Fungal Inoculation Production of conidia (n=40) Time to kill (n=40) Insect covered with mycelium Death (n= 40) (n=40) Mycelium starts to grow

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51 Traps/Attractants FIESTA ECOIAPAR

52 Traps/Attractants

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55 BROCAP trap in Mexico (Garcia et al., 2004) sampling for 16 weeks using16 traps 679,107 insects (= 2,653 CBB per trap per week) Dufour (2002) has reported reductions of 12-85% in CBB infestation Villacorta et al. (2001) reported 50% reduction in infestation Barrera (2006) reported no significant differences

56 ECOIAPAR ECOTRAP 12/2/08 19/2/08 26/2/08 4/03/08 11/03/08 18/03/08 ECOIAPAR ECOTRAP Barrera et al., Entomología Mexicana, 7:

57 PROCAFE, El Salvador

58 Traps artificial berries Robert Behle (USDA-ARS)

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60 Ortiz et al., Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 52:

61 Photos courtesy of J. Jaramillo, ICIPE

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63 Allard A. Cossé (USDA-ARS)

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65 Can we develop better CBB attractants? Can we develop CBB repellents?

66 Climate change: coffee on the move?

67 Climate change: coffee on the move? Field survey of Ethiopia's coffee-growing regions conducted in the late 1960s found no trace of CBB, but in 2003 researchers reported that the pest was widespread (J. Jaramillo, pers. comm.) The average minimum temperature for CBB to reproduce is about 68 0 F; the mountainous regions of Ethiopia did not reach that temperature until For every F increase in temperature, Colombian Arabica growers will have to move their plants up about 160 masl to maintain quality and quantity. Two possibilities: Move (altitude or latitude) Adapt Slide courtesy of J. Jaramillo, Jaramillo et al., PLoS One, 2009

68 Adaptation Strategy: Shade trees Temperature reduction: ca. 7.2 F at low elevations ca. 3.6 F at mid- to high elevations Using shade trees in Central America and East Africa: a reduction of F when compared to coffee grown at full sun Slide courtesy of J. Jaramillo, Jaramillo et al., PLoS One, 2009

69 Beauveria bassiana as a fungal endophyte Beauveria bassiana

70 Beauveria bassiana endophytic in: Corn Pinus radiata Banana Date palm Potato, cotton, cocklebur, jimsonweed Tomato Theobroma cacao, T. gileri Opium poppy Coffee berries Sorghum

71 Beauveria activity against plant pathogens: Gaeumannomyces graminis (take-all disease of wheat) Pythium, Septoria Fusarium oxysporum, Armillaria mellea, Rosellinia necatrix Rhizoctonia damping-off

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74 Beauveria bassiana inoculation methods SPRAYING 7 X 106 SPORES ML-1 INJECTION 5 X 105 SPORES ML-1 IRRIGATION 7 X 106 SPORES ML-1 SE Beauveria bassiana

75 Beauveria bassiana recovery MONTHS POST-INOCULATION % RECOVERY

76 Posada et al., Mycological Research 111: Alternaria sp. Arthopyrenaceae Aspergillus tamari Aspergillus westerdijkiae Beauveria bassiana Bionectriaceae Chaetomium sp. Cladosporium cf. sphaerospermum Clavicipitaceae Colletotrichum gloeosporoides complex Cylindrocarpon sp. Exobasidiomycetidae Exophiala sp. Fusarium cf. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum Fusarium oxysporum complex (1) Fusarium oxysporum complex (2) Fusarium sp. (1) Fusarium sp. (2) Fungal endophytes in coffee seedlings 2 and 4 months postinoculation with Beauveria bassiana Fusarium sp. (Lateritium clade 1) Hypocreales sp. Macrophomina sp. Paecilomyces sp. Penicillim citrinum Penicillium brevicompactum Penicillium cecidicola Penicillium glabrum Penicillium janthinellum Penicillium sp. near daleae Penicillium steckii Penicillium toxicarium Phyllachoraceae Plectosphaerella sp. Pleosporales sp. Pseudallescheria cf. boydii Rhizopycnis sp. Trichoderma sp. Trichoderma hamatum Trichoderma harzianum

77 Fungal endophytes in coffee plants: the ecosystem within

78 Sampling of Coffea arabica Colombia Hawaii Mexico Puerto Rico

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80 Tissue sterilization for endophyte isolation 0.5% NaOCl 2 min 70% ethanol 2 min Sterile dist. water

81 Ribosomal RNA coding gene (rdna) ITS 1-F SSU (18S) 5.8S LSU (26S) ITS 4

82 Endophytes recovered ITS genotypes Colombia Hawaii Mexico Puerto Rico Total

83 Most abundant and richest taxa: Colletotrichum Fusarium Penicillium Xylariaceae Of the 257 genotypes: 220 found in only one of the regions sampled 25 shared by two regions 10 shared by three regions 2 shared by four regions Endophytes also isolated from Coffea canephora, C. congensis, C. liberica, C. macrocarpa, C. racemosa, and C. stenophylla.

84 The human intestinal microbiota... contains at least 100 times as many genes as our own genome. We have 10 times more microbes than human cells in our bodies. G. Weinstock, Washington Univ. in St. Louis 1,000 species of bacteria identified in mouth 128 species of bacteria in lungs of healthy people

85 Fungal endophytes in green coffee seeds Vega et al., Mycosystema 27: Fungal id Acremonium sp. Aspergillus sumatrense Aspergillus fumigatus Aspergillus fumigatus Aspergillus niger Aspergillus pseudodeflectus Aspergillus pseudodeflectus Aspergillus tubingiensis Aspergillus tubingiensis Clavicipitaceae sp. 1 Clavicipitaceae sp. 2 Aspergillus (Eurotium) ruber Fusarium solani complex Gibberella sp. Penicillium sp., subgenus Biverticillium Penicillium crustosum Penicillium olsonii Country Puerto Rico Puerto Rico India Vietnam Vietnam Papua New Guinea Vietnam Colombia Kenya Puerto Rico Puerto Rico India Vietnam Colombia India Guatemala Colombia

86 Penicillium coffeae, a new endophytic species isolated from a coffee plant Peterson et al., Mycologia 97:

87 Coffee bacterial endophytes Vega et al., Journal of Basic Microbiology 45:

88 Coffee bacterial endophytes Vega et al., Journal of Basic Microbiology 45: Bacillus cereus Bacillus megaterium Bacilus subtilis Bacillus megaterium Burkholderia cepacia Burkholderia gladioli Burholderia glathei Burkholderia pyrrocina Cedecea davisae Chromobacterium sp. Clavibacter michiganense insidiosum Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens Enterobacter asburiae Enterobacter cancerogenus Enterobacter gergoviae Escherichia vulneris Gordona sp. Klebsiella planticola Klebsiella pneumoniae Klebsiella trevisanii Kocuria kristinae Methylobacterium radiotolerans Micrococcus sp. Pantoea agglomerans Pseudomonas chloroaphis Pseudomonas putida Rhodococcus equi Salmonella typhimurium Serratia liquefaciens Stenotrophomonas maltophila Variovorax paradoxus Xanthomonas sp.

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90 What roles could endophytes be playing? Can we establish fungal insect pathogens as systemic endophytes?

91 Summary Wolbachia Caffeine Natural enemies associated with the CBB: are there viruses, bacteria, or protozoa that might have a negative effect on the CBB? Attractants Endophytes - Introducing fungal insect pathogens - Fungal endophyte biodiversity - Bacterial endophytes

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