The Age of Exploration (use textbook pages to fill out this chart)

Transcription

1 1. 2. Why did Europeans Explore? The Age of Exploration (use textbook pages to fill out this chart) 1. Compass (from China): Technology Available to Europeans (describe each piece of technology and how it helped Europeans explore) Astrolabe from Muslim Culture: The Caravel: Nations that led the Age of Exploration: Prince Henry the Navigator Vasco da Gama Christopher Columbus Ferdinand Magellan Key Figures in Exploration: Nation: Role: Explorer OR Paid for Expeditions (circle one) Goal: Nation: Role: Explorer OR Paid for Expeditions (circle one) Accomplishment: Nation: Role: Explorer OR Paid for Expeditions (circle one) Goal: Accomplishment: Nation: Role: Explorer OR Paid for Expeditions (circle one) Accomplishment:

2 Civilizations in the Americans PRIOR to European Arrival -The Spanish and the Portuguese began dividing up Central and South America -They established colonies in Central and South America -BUT who was there PRIOR to the Spanish and Portuguese invasion?? -we need to understand the history of the Americas before Europeans arrived -Three advanced civilizations developed in the Americas that we need to know about: -The Maya (1000 BC AD 900) -The Aztec (AD AD 1500s) -The Inca (AD AD 1500s) -We refer to these as pre-columbian civilizations because they were in the Americans BEFORE Christopher Columbus discovered the new world Label: Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Gulf of Mexico North America South America Mexico Andes Mountains Amazon River Yucatan Peninsula -Color in: Aztec Civilization Maya Civilization Inca Civilization

3 Pre-Columbian Civilizations: The Maya (1000 BC AD 900) -the Mayan civilization developed in Mesoamerica, a region that includes Mexico and the northern portion of Central America -Mayan cities were found in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico -at its height, the Maya people totaled 10 million and they had 40+ cities -Geography: -the Yucatan is a rainforest region -in order to have farmland to sustain the population, the Maya practiced slash-and-burn agriculture -this method of farming involves burning vegetation to clear land for farming -in addition to the area being a rainforest, it is very hilly and mountainous -in order to have sustainable farmland, the Maya used terraced farming -Terraced farming involves cutting flat terraces or step-like clearings in order to plant crops -Social Structure: King Priests Warriors Merchants/Artisans Farmers Slaves

4 -Religion: -The Maya were polytheistic, meaning that they worshipped many gods and goddesses -they would worship the gods by offering blood from humans or animals -they constructed large temples throughout the Yucatan to honor their gods -Achievements: -the Maya did have an advanced civilization prior to their decline -their temples are great architectural achievements -they were also very interested in astronomy -they developed two calendars -a 365-day calendar for farming based on the sun -a 260-day calendar for religious purposes based on the cycles of the moon -a complex writing system was also developed -Decline: -no clear reason has been found as to the decline of the Maya -could have been overuse of the land, drought, war -the Mayas abandoned their cities and villages in AD 900

5 Pre-Columbian Civilizations: The Aztecs -the Aztecs moved into Mexico around AD settled in the city of Tenochtitlan around AD Tenochtitlan is located on an island in the middle of Lake Texcoco -Tenochtitlan is now modern day Mexico City (the capital of the country of Mexico) -as the population increased after they settled in Tenochtitlan, the Aztecs needed more farming land -the Aztecs developed a creative technique to create more farm land -they created chinampas: artificial islands created by farmers in Lake Texcoco -the artificial islands were created by fencing off a shallow area in the lake - A wood or reed mat would be placed at the bottom - Fences surrounded the wooden or reed mat - materials such as dirt, stones, animal waste, dying plants were piled in the fenced off area - eventually, the material would rise above the level of the water - then trees were planted in the corners of the mass to root it to the bottom of the lake - crops such as corn, squash, chilies, peppers and beans could be planted - crops fertilized by lake sediment and human/animal waste o these helped to produce a third to half of the food for the people

6 -eventually, the population grew so much that they had to expand to the mainland -had causeways made of wood and stone linking the island to the mainland -eventually, the Aztecs became very powerful -they began conquering surrounding lands and created an empire in the 1400s -the Aztecs were a powerful fighting force and were able to take over most of Mexico -Religion: -the Aztecs were polytheistic, worshipping many gods and goddesses -most important god: Sun God -to honor the Sun God, human sacrifices were made -most victims of sacrifice were prisoners of war, though some were from noble families The offering of human blood was perhaps the most profound of religious acts.humankind had the responsibility to feed the sun. The Aztecs believed that they had acquired the custom from the gods themselves. Sacrifice renewed not only the god to whom it was offered; it provided an ultimate test of manhood for the victims. The more valorous the offering, the more the gods were nourished. It followed that the blood or the heart of an elite warrior was much more nutritious than that of a slave. On the day of the sacrifice, the young man climbed willingly and alone to his date on the sacrificial stone. His decapitated head was displayed on the skull rack that stood in the plaza below the temple. On occasions like this, human sacrifice was not an earthly, but a divine drama. The Aztecs knew of many varieties of human sacrifice, including death by arrows, burning and beheading. Then there was autosacrifice, a form of blood offering involving self mutilation, the piercing of limbs and other body parts with maguey thorns and/or sharp pointed bones and collecting the blood on slips of paper that were presented to the god. Sometimes the entire community indulged in such blood-letting rites. The most common sacrifice was the extraction of the heart, a practice unique to Mexican civilization. No one knows exactly how many human victims the Aztecs sacrificed. Cortes estimated that fifty people were killed at every temple annually, which would mean that some 20,000 persons died for the gods throughout the Aztec domains every year. -Education and Learning: - had an accurate calendar - advanced medical treatments o used herbal medications o set broken bones o treated cavities

7

8 Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec Empire, amazed the 16 th century conquerors from Spain. Not only was it bigger than Western European cities of the time - its 1519 population numbered about 250,000 it was also more advanced in design than most of them. Tenochtitlan had developed from two early Aztec settlements built on a marshy island. As their villages grew into a great city, the Aztecs built causeways to connect it to the shores of the lake. They planted gardens, called chinampas, in the lake to produce food. Since the lake was too muddy to supply drinking water, they constructed an aqueduct to bring pure water from faraway springs. This water also supplied fountains that ornamented the city parks. Tenochtitlan: The Aztec Capital City The people who planned the city gave Tenochtitlan a convenient and logical layout. Its streets and canals formed a grid pattern. They ran past public squares, marketplaces and residential areas, which contained small houses. At the center of the city was a walled area containing temples, schools, and houses for priests. Explain how Tenochtitlan was an advanced city prior to European arrival. In your answer, please include at least seven examples from the text to show how the city was advanced. The picture to the right is a reconstruction of the walled central plaza as it probably looked to the Spanish. There is a great pyramid which served as a temple. In the center of the plaza is a platform where prisoners of war were sacrificed. A wall of thousands of their skulls was also in this central location. Other structures within the plaza included the royal palaces and the stadium where the ritual Aztec ball game was played. Sometimes, the losers of the game were sacrificed to the gods. Today, Tenochtitlan is modern-day Mexico City. The Spanish conquerors built their city atop the remains of the Aztec capital. Today, one can see the ruins of this great Aztec city amongst the modern structures of Mexico City.

9 The following is a primary source document from Bernal Diaz Del Castillo. Diaz was a Spanish soldier who documented the Spanish interactions with the Aztecs and then subsequent destruction of the civilization at the hands of the conquistadors. He arrived in Mexico around 1517 and stayed through the conquest of the Aztecs in In this excerpt, Diaz describes the capital city of Tenochtitlan. And when we saw all those cities and villages built in the water, and other great towns on dry land, and that straight and level causeway leading to Tenochtitlan we were astounded. These great towns and temples and buildings rising from the water, all made of stone, seemed like an enchanted vision from the tale of Amadis (a novel from the Middle Ages). Indeed, some of our soldiers asked whether it was not all a dream. It is not surprising therefore that I should write in this vein. It was all so wonderful that I do not know how to describe this first glimpse of things never heard of, seen or dreamed of before.... And when we entered the city, the sight of the palaces in which they lodged us! They were very spacious and well built, of magnificent stone, cedar wood, and the wood of other sweet-smelling trees, with great rooms and courts, which were a wonderful sight, and all covered with awnings of woven cotton. When we had taken a good look at all this, we went to the orchard and garden, which was a marvelous place both to see and walk in. I was never tired of noticing the diversity of trees and the various scents given off by each, and the paths filled with roses and other flowers, and the many local fruit-trees and rose-bushes, and the pond of fresh water. Then there were birds of many breeds and varieties which came to the pond. I say again that I stood looking at it, and thought that no land like it would ever be discovered in the whole world...but today all that I then saw is overthrown and destroyed; nothing is left standing. Diaz writes that the city of Tenochtitlan seemed as if it was out of a dream. What aspects of the city inspired Diaz to describe the city as such? Explain with detail. This will require several sentences. At what point in his travels is Diaz writing his description of Tenochtitlan? How might the time frame of the writing impact its accuracy in describing the city?

10 Pre-Columbian Civilizations: The Incas -The Incas started out as a small tribe in South America -in the 1200s, the Incas began using political and military force to take over the territories of surrounding tribes -the Incas established a large empire along almost the entire Pacific coast of South America -the empire extended over 2,500 miles along the coast -most of their empire was found in the Andes Mountains -Capitol of the Empire: Cuzco (in modern-day Peru) -Religion: -polytheistic; but the sun god (Inti) was the most important god -priests were very important, performed all religious ceremonies -sacrificed animals (like llamas), and occasionally humans -the picture to the right is of a girl who was sent atop a peak in the Andes Mountains as a sacrifice her frozen body was perfectly preserved -the emperor was seen as the son of the sun -he was the chief government and religious leader -he never wore the same clothes twice -mummies of past emperors were kept on display and worshipped -Achievements: 1. Extensive system of roads and bridges throughout the empire -the Incas constructed 25,000 miles of roads throughout the Andes Mountains -this can be compared to the roads of the Roman Empire though the Romans did not have mountainous terrain to deal with

11 2. Farming: used terraced farming to produce crops in a highly mountainous region 3. Medical advances -used herbs for antiseptics and anesthetics -performed surgery, even on the brain! 4. Use of the Quipu To keep track of the movement of goods throughout the empire, the Inca used a quipu, or set of colored and knotted cords. The colors and knots represented numbers or dates. The quipu was the only system of record keeping in the empire because the Incas did not have a written language. The Inca used quipus to record information such as tax records, quantities of livestock and census, or population, data. Only specially trained officials could read and use quipus. Scholars today have not been able to fully decipher these Inca records. Terraced Farming Brain Surgery Quipu 5. The Great city of Machu Picchu Machu Picchu is tangible evidence of the great Inca Empire at the peak of its power and achievement a citadel of cut stone fit together without mortar so tightly that its cracks still can t be penetrated by a knife blade. The complex of palaces and plazas, temples and homes may have been built as a ceremonial site, a military stronghold, or a retreat for ruling elites its dramatic location is certainly well suited for any of those purposes. The ruins lie on a high ridge, surrounded on three sides by the windy, turbulent Urubamba River some 2,000 feet below. Landscape engineering skills are in strong evidence at Machu Picchu. The site s buildings, walls, terraces, and ramps reclaim the steep mountainous terrain and make the city blend naturally into the rock escarpments on which it is situated. The 700-plus terraces promoted agriculture. The Inca s achievements and skills are all the more impressive in light of the knowledge they lacked. When Machu Picchu was built some 500 years ago the Inca had no iron, no steel, and no wheels. Their tremendous effort apparently benefited relatively few people some experts maintain that fewer than a thousand individuals lived here. In 1911 a Peruvian guide led Yale professor Hiram Bingham up a steep mountainside and into the history books as the first Western scholar to lay eyes on the lost city of Machu Picchu. While indigenous peoples knew of the site, Peru s Spanish conquerors never did a fact which aided Machu Picchu s isolation, and preservation, over the centuries.

12 The Conquest of the Americas -In 1492, Christopher Columbus (sailing for Spain) discovered islands just off of the Americas -Once European nations realized that new land had been discovered, the Americas were attacked and divided into colonies. -Europeans hoped that the Americas would bring them Gold and Glory, and allow them to spread the word of God (Christianity) to others -Areas in the Americas were taken over by the Portuguese and Spanish empires -an empire is an extensive territory under the rule of a single authority Impact of the Encounter on Native Americans -the term Encounter refers to the period of time in which Native Americans and European explorers/conquerors met and interacted for the first time -the Encounter had many impacts on the Native American populations in South America -Impact #1: -South American civilizations were attacked and conquered by the Spanish and Portuguese -Millions of Native Americans were killed by the Spanish and Portuguese during the conquests -the Portuguese and Spanish were so successful at conquering the Natives because of their superior military technology -the Europeans had guns and canons, while the Natives had bows and arrows -the Europeans had horses to provide speed and leverage, whereas the Natives had never seen a horse before! -Areas under Portuguese Control: 1. Brazil -Areas under Spanish Control: 1. Islands in the Caribbean -including Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico 2. Mexico -Hernan Cortes led the expedition to Mexico -he was a conquistador, or conqueror -this term was used to describe Spanish military leaders who fought against Native Americans -Cortes arrived in 1519 and within a few years he was able to defeat the Aztec emperor, Moctezuma II 3. Peru -around 1530, another conquistador arrived in the Americas, Francisco Pizarro -Pizarro and his soldiers brought down the vast Inca Empire within months = Portuguese = Spanish Hernan Cortes Francisco Pizarro

13 -Impact #2: -The Europeans brought many new diseases that the Native Americans had no immunity for -millions of Native Americans died due to exposure to the flu, small pox, measles and cholera The first was smallpox, and it began in this manner. When Hernan Cortes was captain and governor, there was in one of his ships a person stricken with smallpox, a disease which had never been seen here. At this time the New World was full of people, and when the smallpox began to attack the Indians it became so great a disease among them that in most provinces more than half of the population died. For as the Indians did not know the remedy for the disease and were in the habit of bathing frequently, whether well or ill, and continued to do so even when suffering from smallpox, they died in heaps. Many others died of starvation, because, as they were all taken sick at once, they could not care for each other, more was there anyone to give them bread or anything. -How many Natives died due to the smallpox? -Once in the New World, how did smallpox spread to such a large population of natives? -In what other way did Natives die and why? -Impact #3 -the Native Americans that managed to survive European attacks and European diseases were placed under the Encomienda System -in the Encomienda system, Spanish colonists forced Native Americans to work on their land/plantations -Spaniards also began to convert the Native Americans to Catholicism while they were forced into labor -Under the Encomienda System, Native Americans were exploited for their labor and treated very poorly -Bartolome de Las Casas, a Spanish Catholic priest who was sent to help convert Native Americans, wrote about the abuse Natives suffered in his book The Destruction of the Indies -In this excerpt from The Destruction of the Indies, how have the Spanish mistreated the Natives? -How does this treatment go against the teachings of Christianity? The Indians were totally deprived of their freedom and were put in the harshest, fiercest, most horrible servitude and captivity which no one who has not seen it can understand. Even beasts enjoy more freedom when they are allowed to graze in the fields. When the Indians were allowed to go home, they often found it deserted and had no other recourse than to go out into the woods to find food and die. When they fell ill, which was very frequently because they are a delicate people unaccustomed to such work, the Spaniards did not believe them and pitilessly called them lazy dogs, and kicked and beat them; and when illness was apparent they sent them home as useless. I sometimes came upon dead bodies on my way, and upon others who were gasping and moaning in their death agony, repeating "Hungry, hungry." And this was the freedom, the good treatment, and the Christianity that Indians received. Is there a single nation which would not think that the world is full of just such evildoers as the Spaniards if their first experience with that outside world was with a people who entered territories by force, killed the people, and deprived them of their rights? Just because the Spaniards told them to obey the King of Spain, supposing they understood, what obligation did they have to obey since they already had their own kings? -from Bartolome de Las Casa, The Destruction of the Indies (1510)

14 Slavery in the Americas -When the Spanish and Portuguese took over Mexico and South America, they created plantations to grow crops that were in high demand -ex: sugar cane, tobacco, molasses, rice, indigo -the plantations provided Spain and Portugal with large supplies of these very profitable crops -mines were also dug in a search for gold and silver -at first, Native Americans were forced to work on the plantations and in the mines as part of the Encomienda System -however, due to the harsh labor, poor treatment and exposure to diseases, Native Americans died in large numbers According to the graph, how many Native Americans died between 1518 and 1593 in Mexico? Native American Deaths in the Caribbean Islands For the last forty years the Spanish have done nothing by slay, torment and destroy the Indians To such extremes has this gone that, whereas once there were more than three million Indians in Hispaniola (modern day Haiti and the Dominican Republic), there are today fewer than two hundred of the native population left. The island of Cuba is now almost entirely empty. The Bahamas contained more than 500,000 Indians, but today not a single one remains. -From Bartolome de las Casas -With the rapid decline of the Native American population in Mexico, South America and the Caribbean Islands, new sources of labor were brought in -the Spanish and Portuguese began trading for African slaves -Africans were transported to the Americas to work on Spanish and Portuguese plantations -Africa became part of the vast trade across the Atlantic Ocean known as the Triangular Trade System

15 -Directions: From the short reading below please label the routes of the Triangular Trade System on the map provided. Include what goods were transported from one location to the next location. The Triangular Trade System across the Atlantic Ocean For weeks, months, sometimes as long as a year, they [African slaves] waited in the dungeons of the slave factories scattered along Africa's western coast. They had already made the long, difficult journey from Africa's interior -- but just barely. Out of the roughly 20 million who were taken from their homes and sold into slavery, half didn't complete the journey to the African coast, most of those dying along the way. And the worst was yet to come. The captives were about to embark on the infamous Middle Passage, so called because it was the middle leg of a three-part voyage -- a voyage that began and ended in Europe. The first leg of the voyage carried a cargo that often included manufactured goods such as iron, cloth, rum, firearms, and gunpowder. Upon landing on Africa's "slave coast," [west coast] the cargo was exchanged for Africans. Fully loaded with its human cargo, the ship set sail for the Americas, where the slaves were exchanged for raw materials such as sugar, tobacco, molasses, indigo, rice, lumber or metals. The final leg brought the ship back to Europe where the raw materials from the Americas were turned into manufactured goods. -Impact of the Slave Trade: -West African societies were devastated due to the loss of people to the slave trade -between 15 and 20 million Africans were shipped to the Americas -the journey from Africa to the Americas took between 60 and 90 days -at least 20% of Africans died in route to the Americas due to poor conditions on the ships -this journey, from Africa to America is known as The Middle Passage

16 Name: Binder Page Sources: The Middle Passage Primary Source 1: Capture of Slaves We were alarmed one morning, just at the break of day, by the horrible uproar caused by mingles shouts of men, and blows given with heavy sticks, upon large wooden drums. The village was surrounded by enemies, who attacked us with clubs, long wooden spears and bows and arrows. After fighting for more than an hour, those who were not fortunate enough to run away were made prisoners. It was not the object of our enemies to kill; they wished to take us alive and sell us as slaves we were immediately led away from the village, through the forest, and were compelled to travel all day as fast as we could walk. [After many weeks of travel] we came near the ship, the white people assisted to take us on the deck. I had never seen white people before and they appeared to me the ugliest creatures in the world. The persons who brought us to the ship received payment for us in a keg of liquor, and some yards of blue and red cotton cloth. Primary Source 2: Women on the Slave Ships About twenty persons were seized in our village at the time I was; and amongst these were three children so young that they were not able to walk or to eat any hard substance. The mothers of these children had brought them all the way with them and had them in their arms when we were taken aboard the ship. When they put us in irons to be sent to our place of confinement in the ship, the men who fastened the irons on these mothers took the children out of their hands and threw them over the side of the ship into the water. When this was done, two of the women leaped overboard after the children one of the two women in the water was carried down by the weight of her irons before she could be rescued; but the other was taken up by some men in a boat and brought on board. This woman threw herself overboard one night when we were at sea. Primary Source 3: The Conditions on the Slave Ship I now saw myself deprived of all chance of returning to my native country, or even the least glimpse of hope of gaining the shore I was soon put down under the decks, and there I received such a salutation in my nostrils as I had never experienced in my life; so that with the loathsomeness of the stench, and crying together, I became so sick and low that I was not able to eat, nor had I the least desire to taste anything. I now wished for the last friend, Death, to relieve me At last, when the ship we were in, had got in all her cargo, they made ready with many fearful noises, and we were all put under deck, so that we could not see how they managed the vessel. The stench of the hold while we were on the coast was so intolerably loathsome, that it was dangerous to remain there for any time The closeness of the place, and the heat of the climate, added to the number in the ship, which was so crowded that each had scarcely room to turn himself, almost suffocated us. This produced copious perspirations, so that the air soon became unfit for respiration, from a variety of loathsome smells, and brought on a sickness among the slaves, of which many died the filth of the necessary tubs (toilets), into which the children often fell, and were almost suffocated. The shrieks of the women, and the groans of the dying, rendered the whole a scene of horror almost inconceivable.

17 Images of a Slave Ship: Once on a ship, the slaves were herded into compartments below the deck. Slave ships were often fitted with several platforms four to six feet apart to allow for more people to be transported in layers. Slaves were fed twice daily and exercised on occasion in efforts to keep them healthy enough to sell. Yet despite small efforts to preserve their cargo, overall, the trip was miserable and usually 15 to 20% of captive died along the way, some from disease, some from beatings or torture, and other from suicide. Some captives would jump overboard, or attempt to starve. It was in fact so common for slaves to refuse to eat that ships carried a metal instrument used to force feed them. The transatlantic crossing usually took between 30 and 60 days. Directions: In 12 to 15 sentences explain the journey of a slave from capture to the ship. Include detail.

18 New Economic Idea: Mercantilism -as the Spanish and Portuguese set up plantations and mines in the Americas, they hoped to gain as much wealth as they possibly could *more wealth/money = larger armies, navies, and influence in the world* -the colonies in the Americas gave Spain and Portugal a perfect opportunity to gain wealth and influence -colonies served a few purposes for the mother countries of Spain and Portugal: 1. the colonies provided the mother country with raw materials needed to make finished goods -this meant that the mother country could obtain raw materials at a very cheap price -they did not have to buy raw materials from other countries at high prices 2. the colonies provided the mother country with markets to sell manufactured goods -finished goods made in Spain or Portugal were sent back to the colonies to sell -the finished goods were also sent to other parts of Europe, the Middle East, Asia and Africa in order to make a profit -colonists in the Americas were not allowed to manufacture any goods; they had to buy the finished goods from the mother country thus increasing the wealth of the mother country -colonists were forbidden to buy goods from other countries COLCOLON YONSY -This is called MERCANTILISM -In this economic system, colonies only existed to benefit the mother country and to increase the mother country s wealth -colonies were not meant to become self-sufficient or to become independent colonies provided their mother country with a means to become more wealthy and powerful -mercantilism and the desire for wealth led to: -the destruction of the Native American populations enslaved in the Encomienda System -the horrible conditions for African slaves in the Americas

19 The Columbian Exchange -the Columbian Exchange is the widespread and global exchange of plants, animals and diseases brought about AFTER the discovery of the Americas -this is called the Columbian Exchange because the exchange happened as a result of Christopher Columbus expeditions -plants, animals and diseases that were native to Europe, Asia and Africa were introduced into the Americas for the first time ever -animals and plants that were native to the Americas were introduced into Europe, Asia and Africa for the first time ever ***These animals and foods became staples in each area of the world as a result of the Columbian Exchange*** Think about it: How is our life, in this community, impacted by the Columbian Exchange today?

20 Positive and Negative Impacts of the Columbian Exchange Positive -diets around the world improved with the introduction of new foods and crops -improved diets increased the life expectancy of people in Europe and Asia -the economies of European and Asian nations also improved as the demand for more crops and items from the Americas increased Negative -the exchange of germs brought about devastating population losses amongst Native Americans -increase in use of slave labor in the Americas to produce the crops that Europeans demanded Interpreting Chart Data: How did the Columbian Exchange impact the world population? 1. Did the world s overall population increase or decrease between 1650 and 1750? 2. Why did the European population increase so much between 1650 and 1750? 3. Why did the Latin American population decrease between 1650 and 1750? 4. Why did the African population decrease between 1650 and 1750?