Vienna University of Technology Argentinierstrasse 8/ Wien Austria T F

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1 Daniel Shall Vienna University o Tehnology Argentinierstrasse 8/ Wien Austria T F shall@inosys.tuwien.a.at Formation an Interation Patterns in Mixe Systems In this oument, we introue avane ormation priniples an interation patterns with the appliation o these patterns in mixe systems. We apply ormation patterns using the notion o Human-Provie Servies () (2008). The novelty o the approah is that Human-Provie Servies an e isovere like sotwarease servies. Here we introue various onepts an patterns to realize soiallyase ormations an interations in mixe systems. Human-Provie Servies We-ase ollaoration platorms have een evolving towars We servies-ase arhitetures. In suh platorms, ollaorations inlue oth humans an sotware servies. The hallenge o omposing these new type o servies is that interations are highly ynami an ontext-epenent. A unamental issue is that existing ollaoration platorms o not support the provisioning o human apailities an expertise as servies. We outline the steps to support ase interation an ollaoration senarios. The ramework 1 (2008) provies unamental eatures: Deinition o servies: anyone an eine his/her apailities whih are expose as servies an orresponing interaes. Speiiation o interations: users are ale to speiy their personal interation protool. Provisioning o s: servies an e pulishe an provisione in a-ho ollaoration senarios as well as ormalize proesses (e.g., BPEL). Disover an interat with other users/proesses: y isovering servies provie y humans, a user an inlue other s in his/her proesses. Ativity-entri Collaoration provies unamental tehniques or humans to express their apailities as servies an to ollaorate with eah other through these servies. is a lexile approah supporting versatile ollaoration senarios. Thus, we an utilize this onept in various (ynami) environments. The asi moel o ativity-entri interations allows ollaorations to e struture ase on the onept o lexile ativities. Examples o ativities inlue reating ouments or reviewing papers. An ativity moel esries the management aspets suh as responsile an involve users, time onstraints, skill requirements o involve people an appliale resoures, or example servies. The ation onept enhanes ativity esign-time aspets with runtime inormation. Suh runtime inormation inlues a set o ations suh as elegation, oorination an ommuniation. The ation onept provies the unamental input or eriving various ollaoration metris. 1

2 Desription o Formation Patterns Basi Notation In the ollowing isussions an igures we enote a human or a sotware servie as irles, lines etween irles means that there is a onnetion etween two entities, say etween human a an human. A ashe line with arrows at oth ens epits interations, or example, with the purpose o inormation an ontext sharing. areviates Human-Provie Servies whih are enote y a speial ompoun symol - oument shape symol with emee iamon symol (enoting a human ativity) an a user ion. A set o entities usually operate (e.g., ailiate with) in a ertain sope. We enote those sopes y surrouning entities an onnetions with spheres. Notie, we make no assumptions how these sopes are etermine or how the implementation o suh sopes looks like. Avane Interations We introue interation onepts to moel human an servie interations aross various ontexts. Suh ontexts inlue, or example, ross-enterprise ollaorations an interations, e.g. Virtual Organizations (VO). These interation senarios eman or onepts suh as inormation sharing, lexile ontrol, an astration o human apailities as s. Let us irst start with a isussion on various interation senarios epiting the nee to support ontext-awareness an versatile interation senarios. Suh interation senarios typially span humans an (sotware) servies. a e g h Figure 1: Broker onept onneting inepenent sopes. The irst onept illustrate in Figure 1 an e esrie as a roker. The asi priniple o the roker onept is ase on the iea o strutural holes (2004) an strategi ormation (2008a) in soial networks. The set o entities,,, an e are onnete (operate) in sope 1. The roker a ontrols the inormation an ontext exhange etween sope 1 an sope 2. This an e aomplishe y interations with entities in sope 1 (entity ) sope 2 (entity ). However, in this example we assume that the roker oes not neessarily attempt to inorm entities in sope 1 an sope 2 respetively aout its ontrol o inormation an ontexts. In some ases suh separation o sopes is well esirale, ut other ollaoration an interations senarios may eman or share ontext sopes. a e sope 2 sope 1 g h Figure 2: Broker enaling share ontext views. In Figure 2 we show a roker whih merges two inepenent sopes with the goal o estalishing a share ontext etween sope 1 an sope 2. However, merging o ontexts may not only ause onlits, ut also privay an seurity onerns.

3 a1 a2 e g h Figure 3: Share sope etween elegates. In Figure 3 we show estalishe or the purpose o syning entities a1 an a2. Suh synhronizations are one on ehal o entities resiing in sope 1 an sope 2 respetively. We all suh interations senario elegates with share, astrate views. In the ollowing in Figure 4, we introue an interation senario whih is more rigorous in terms o onneting entities within sope 1 an sope 2. e g h sope 4 Figure 4: entities. Mashing onnetions etween Entities an as well as e an g are onnete with eah other, thus introuing stronger ties etween oth sopes. However, oth onnetions that were introue or the purpose o merging, or example, the aility to interat with entities in ierent sopes an still e restrite to operate uner ertain onitions ( an sope 4). The prolem o mashing onnetions oul e ormulate as the link preition prolem (2003) in soial networks. Support Here we emphasize how previously introue onepts an e realize using Human- Provie Servies an ontext-ase inormation sharing tehniques. In Figure 5, the onepts esrie in Figure 1 an Figure 2 are etaile enale through ativities an servies (s or example). Figure 5: Supporting the roker pattern (roker with separate views). In Figure 5 we show an ating as roker or two sopes. Suh sopes might omprise a set o users (e.g., teams or VO). The roker onnets oth sopes without estalishing a share ontext, whereas in Figure 6 we show an whose goal is to onnet oth sopes through inormation-sharing tehniques.

4 sope 2 sope 1 Figure 6: Supporting the roker pattern (roker with share views). Next, the onept elegates Figure 7 with share, astrate views, as epite in Figure 3. Users situate in eah sope may e nominate to at as elegates (e.g., representatives) using to share inormation, ontext, an perorm interations. Speiially, i organizational struture as well as etails regaring ollaoration struture may not e expose an share aross sopes, we avor suh arhitetural views. Figure 7: Supporting elegates. Finally, ase on the einition o a mashup-like senario (i.e., Figure 8), we emonstrate the support or suh senarios in Figure 4. Multiple users oering s are onnete with eah other, thereore introuing multiple interaes or exhange o inormation an ontext. sope 4 sope 1 sope 2 Figure 8: Mashing onnetions. However, various inormation sharing tehniques (e.g., permission to aess inormation at ertain granularity level or even oument routing aross sopes) help to prevent unauthorize aess (e.g., elimite y an sope 4). Working rat, Deemer 2008

5 Reerenes a Lien-Nowell D., Kleinerg J. The Link Preition Prolem or Soial Networks. Pro. 12th International Conerene on Inormation an Knowlege Management (CIKM), Burt R. S. Strutural holes an goo ieas. Amerian Journal o Soiology, 110(2): , Sept Kleinerg J., Suri S., Taros E., Wexler T. Strategi network ormation with strutural holes. ACM Conerene on Eletroni Commere, 7(3):14, Shall D., Truong H.-L., Dustar S. The Human-Provie Servies Framework. IEEE 2008 Conerene on Enterprise Computing, E-Commere an E-Servies (EEE 08), Crystal City, Washington, D.C., USA, July Shall D., Truong H.-L., Dustar S. Uniying Human an Sotware Servies in We- Sale Collaorations. IEEE Internet Computing, vol. 12, no. 3, pp , May/Jun, Shall D., Dorn C., Dustar S., Dauzio I. VieCAR - Enaling Sel-aaptive Collaoration Servies. 34th EUROMICRO Conerene on Sotware Engineering an Avane Appliations (SEAA), IEEE.