VEGETATION ANALYSIS AND MAPPING OF PARAMBIKULAM WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

Transcription

1 KFRI Research Report 79 VEGETATION ANALYSIS AND MAPPING OF PARAMBIKULAM WILDLIFE SANCTUARY A.R.R. Menon KERALA FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE PEECHI, THRISSUR August 1991 Pages: 15

2 CONTENTS Page File Abstract I r Introduction 1 r Methodology 2 r Results and Discussion 4 r References 5 r Tables r Maps r.79.8

3 ABSTRACT Vegetation mapping of Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary was done in 1:50,000 scale, by the conventional field survey methods. Aerial photographs (black and white) in the scale 1:50,000 were used for pre-final map correction. A set of supplementary maps viz. physical, drainage, vegetation density, plantations etc. were also prepared in 1:50,000 scale. Fifty representative localities were selected and structural information of vegetation of the area were collected using census quadrate methods and included in the report as the supplementary information for reference.

4 1.INTRODUCTION The geographical distribution of a specific vegetation and its spatial relationship is one of the important aspects to be considered in the long term management process, Vegetation maps provide a framework for forest resources and serve as a standard record of time for comparative study about a stand of vegetation in future, Above all it helps considerably in designing the present and future management. It becomes multipurpose and predicts further more valuable informations about- ecosystem when superim- posed with soil and geological maps. In addition to this, vegetation map helps in many fold, viz. in easily locating sample stands in enabling ecological and succession studies, in helping analytical research of plant communities and also in realising the status of certain extinct species and to indicate information like endemism. The present work was undertaken under a suggestion from the Kerala Forest Department to prepare a vegetation map for Parambikulam Wildlife sanctuary. The various maps prepared under this project are available with Kerala Forest Department and Kerala Forest Research Institute in the original scale mentioned for detailed reference, and in the present report only the reduced copies are incorporated. 1.1 Study area The Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary, in Palqhat District, Kerala (between ' and ' E. Long. and between ' and ' N. Lat.) with an area of about 270 sq, km. was selected for the present study, The sanctuary is situated at an elevation of about 600 m. above M,S.L. The eastern side of the sanctuary is bordered by Anaimalai Wildlife Sanctuary of Tamil Nadu and other three sides by reserve forests of Kerala, viz. Sholayar, Vazhachal,

5 Nelliampathy and vested forests of Nemmara. The average annual rainfall in the area is about 2000mm and temperature ranges from 22 0 C to 38 0 C.

6 2. METHODOLOGY A brief outline of the various methods used in the present study is mentioned below. 2.1 Mapping In the present study the conventional field survey methods are used. The study area was divided into number of smaller grids of convenient size (50 m x 50 m) and each grid was visited for vegetation survey and data collection. To achieve this goal, a number of different forest routes were identified and field trips were arranged in such a way to cover more localities of different vegetation types. Thus 50 localities were selected (Fig. 4 ) for detailed field sampling and vegetation data were gathered by census quadrat method (Oosting 1956). The minimum size of the quadrat was determined by species area curve method. the pattern of vegetation study include both chance distribution study and even spaced distribution study. Hence, different forest routes were selected in zig-zag manner covering all the vegetation types and quadrats of 10 m x 10 m were laid, keeping an approximate distance of 2 km in between. The boundary of each vegetation type was carefully marked and a rough map in the scale 1:50,000 was made for further study and checking using aerial photographs. The base map of the area was prepared in 1:50,000 scale from the Survey of India toposheets and the vegetation type are superimposed to get the rough vegetation map. This was further cross checked in the field. The boundary and the density status of vegetation was further checked by using 1:50,000 Black and White Aerial photographs, at Survey of India Office, Bangalore, after obtaining the necessary Goverqment sanction. The necessary corrections were incorporated

7 in the rough vegetation map and the scattered forest clearings and openings were identified and marked. The information pertaining to forest plantations were gathered from the divisional office records and are incorporated in the maps. In addition to the general vegetation map, a detailed plantation map was also prepared (Fig. 7) for further use. The vegetation density map (1:50,000 scale) is one of the thematic maps prepared (Fig. 6 ) to supplement the study, based on Black and White Aerial photographs referred at Survey of India Office, Bangalore. Four different density classes, viz. less than 25% tree density, 25-50% tree density, 50-75% tree density and more than 75% tree density were identified and are delineated. The categorization of above mentioned density classes were arbitrarily done. The location map (Fig. 4 ) prepared shows the places from where vegetation data were collected, and this along with the structural information of vegetation will give an idea of vegetation status at various places in the study area. In addition to the above mentioned maps, a physical map (Fig.1) in 1:50,000 scale for physical features, a drainage map (Fig. 3) in 1:50,000 scale and a contour map (Fig.2) in, 1:50,000 scale (available at KFRI for reference), were also prepared for supplementary information. 2.2 Vegetation analysis Detailed vegetation analysis was done for various synthetic and analytical features using the standard methods and formulas (see Appendix I for formulas). They are Density, Percentage Frequency, Abundance, Basal Area, Relative Density, Relative Frequency and Relative Bas1 Area of trees in the study area. The Important Value Index, Maturity Index (Pichi-Sermolli, 1948) and Continuum Index (Muller-Dombois and Ellenberg, 1974) of the 3

8 vegetation was also prepared to asses the structural and functional status of the vegetation. the information thus generated was- tabulated (Table 1). In addition to above, the following supplementary was gathered, viz. information i. Area decline for various dams and other regions (Table 2). ii. Plantation category in different regions (Table 3). iii. Area categorization of Parambikulam division (Table 4 ). iv. Detailed list of plantation, year, area etc. (Table 5) of each range and v. The important marsh lands (vayals and their area (Table 69 of different region.

9 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The vegetation maps of the area in the scale 1:50,000 along with other supplementary maps viz. drainage, physical, plantations, localities etc. are the major outcome of the project. All maps are in uniform scale, so as to compare with topographic features In Survey of India toposheets. the maps in original size was supplied for field use and in this report only photo-reduced copies included for reference. The accuracy of the naps was further cross checked using 1:50,000 black and white aerial photographs and by field visits. The vegetation status of 50 representative locali- ties were gathered and data from 500 sample plots laid approxi- mately 2 km apart in the representative localities were processed and supplemented in tabular form for reference. Furthermore, the supplementary information of the vegetation status is highly essential for the evaluation of subsequent habitat changes to be undergoing over a period of time. Grewia-Lagerstroemia-Terminalia forms the major tree associations in the area. are 4

10 4. REFERENCES Muler-Dombois, D. and H. Ellenberg, vegetation ecology. Wiley International, New York. Aims and methods of Oosting, H.J The study of plant communities. Freeman and Co. San-Francisco. Pichi-Sermolli, R An index for establishing the degree of maturity in plant communities. J. Ecol., 36:

11 Table Area deduction 1. Submergible area (Ha.) Parambi kularn dam Toonakadavu dam Peruvari ppa llom dam Total Other constructions Ha. Grand total = Ha. Table.3. Plantaion category Sungam Orukkomban Parambi kulam Table.4. Area categorization of Parambi kularn division Sungam ha ha ha Orukkomban Pa ram bi ku 1 am

12 Table-5,- List of plantations 1- Sungam Range Teak Plantation

13 1. Sungam Range Mixed Plantation year Area(Ha) Total. 1- Sungam Range Ecalyptus plantation Year Area (Ha) Total Grand Total ha. 2- Orukkomban Range Year No. of blocks Area Ha

14 3. Parambikulam Range Year No. of blocks Area (Ha) Tota l. 4- Karimala Range Year No. of blocks Area (ha) Table.6.. Important Marsh lands (Vayals) 1. Sungam Range Place Area (Ha) Kannimara Teak Vayal 3 Seechali vayal 2 Pa ll a k ka l 2 Velamarathukkal Regenration Area 3

15 Sungam range boundary vayal Bison valley vayal 5 Masonary dam vayal 3 Anakkal vayal 10 Parambikulam vayal 1 Kothala south vayal 4 Earthern dam vayal 1945 R-A.(Block 83) R.A.(Block 85) R.A- (Block 82) R.A-(Block 76) R. A- (Block 75) R.A. (Block 134) R.A. (Block 144) 3 -c.-iii~ii Total 29 ha 4. Orukkomban Range Thellikkal noth vayal 3 Thellikkal south R.A. (Block 1 ) R.A.(Block 12) R.A, (Block 11) R.A- (Block 56) 2

16 KFRI/ECOL.07/86 Table 1. Vegetation Data Loc. 1. Anakundu Maturity index = Continuum index = 1921 Association: Xylia-Tectona-Grewia D X I LA SO GO

17 ' Terminalia bellirica Grewia tiliifolia Tectona grandis Zizyphus xylopyrus Lagerstroemia microcarpa Schleichera oleosa Terminalia crenulata cassia fistula Anogeissus Latifolia malabarica Xeromphis spinosa Ficus benghalensis Bombax malabaricum Emblica officinlis Mitragyna parvi fol ia Bambusa sp. Dalbergia latifolia oo co LL s ~ i b

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22 ~ ~~~ Loc.14. Kariamshola III No. Name of species Ab/f Ab D XF BA Mesua ferrca Hopea parvif Lora llydnocarpus Leuri foli us Schleichera oleosa Buchanania lanzan Eugenia jambolensis Diospyros microphyl La vitex altissima Cinnamomum zeylanicum Tectona grandis Lagerstroemia microcarpa Artocarpus hirsutus Myristica dactyloides Cullenia excelsa Calamus sp. Spondius mangifera Holigarna arnottiana Callicarpa sp. Mangi trra lndica Maturity index = Continuum inoex = 1736 Association:Hydnocarpus-Mesua-Lagerstroemia Loc. 15 Keerappady oo oo 1.oo oo 1.oo oo 1.oo O 2.oo oo RD RF RBA IVI ~~ No. Name of species Ab/F Ab D %F BA RD RF RBA IVI Tectona. grandis Sterculia urens Haldina cordifolia Terminalia crenulata Milusa tomentosa Dalbergia latifolia Grewia tiliifolia Acatia lntsia Dambusa sp t lb Maturity index = Continuum index = 1554 Association: Tectona-Grewia-Haldina Loc.16 Kottiyali No. Name of species Ab/F Ab b % F BA RD CF RBA IVI 1 xylia xylocarpa 2 Cassia fistula 3 Terminalia crcnulata 4 Dalbergia Latifolia 5 Grewia tiliifolia Maturity index = 42 Continuum Index = 1988 Association: Xylia-Grewia-Terminalia

23 Table 1. contd. Loc.Muthuvarachal No. Name of species Ab/F Ab D %F BA RD RF RBA IVI Lagerstroemia mlcrocarpa Tectona grandis Terminalia crcnulata Bombax malabaricum Pterocarpus marsupium Bridelia squamosa Grewia tiliifolia Garuga pinnata tlerodendron l CO Maturity index = 30, Continuum Index = 1579 Association: Lagerstormia-Tectona-Terminalia Loc. 18 Pallikkallu NO. Name of. species Ab/F Ab D %F BA RD RF RBA IVI Log.19 Te rmi na lia c rcnul a t a Tettona grandis xylia xylocarpa Acatia intsia Bambusa sp. Lagerstroemia microcarpa Zizyphus xylopurus Mallotus parviflora Mitragyna parvif lora cassia fistula Dillenia pentagyna Cycas sp. Grewa tiliif olia Gardenia turgida Maturity Index = Continuum Index = 1808 Association: Terminalia-Tectona-Xylia Pandippara O O.0l l0.83 NO. Name of species Ab/F Ab D %F 6k RD RF RBA IVI Careya arborea Terminalia paniculata Ternina lia crenulata Xylia xylocarpa Lagerstroemia microcar Pteroarpus marsupium Dillenia pentagyna Diospyros sp. Da lbe rgia Latifolia Schleichera oleosa Bambusa sp. Emblica officinalis Anogeisus latifolia Ficus religiosa 0.02 'pa oo oo 1.oo oo l Maturity Index = 3C.71 Continuum lndex = 1642 Association: Terminalia-Xylia-Dalbergia l OO

24 Loc. 20 Parambikulam I I ---. No. Name of species Ab/F Ab D %F ba RD RF RBA IVI Dillenia pentagyna cassia fistula Stereospermum colais b zizyphus xylopyrus Dalbergia laifolia Bambusa Sp Terminalia crenulata C Anogeisus latifolia Acatia intria Grewia tiliifolia Tectona grandis Terminalia bellirica ' I Loc _I_ Maturity index = 37.5 Continuum index = 1598 Association: Dillenia-Terminalia-Bambusa - c_ Parambikulam II - -_I_ ho. Name of species Ab/F --- Ab D %F 1 Myristica dactyloides Polyalthia fragrans 1.50 O Holigarna arnottiana Calamus sp G 5 Mallotus philipensis Schleichera oleosa C Macaranga peltsta Maturity index = 40 Continuum index = 1956 Association: Mallotus-Polyalthia Loc.22 Peruvarippallom v--u_-- -- BA RD RF RBA IVI No. Came of species Ab/F Ab D XF 6A RD RF RBA IVI 1 Terminalia paniculata Xylia xylocarpa C Lagerstroemia microcarpa O0 G Eutea superba Zizyphus xylopyrus Anogeissus Latifolia Tectona Grandis C cassia fistuls 1.00 G Wrightia tinctoria Clestanthus sp O Erythrina indica Maturity index 40 Continuum index = 1764 Association: xylia-tectona-lagerstroemia

25 ~. Loc.23 Pezhamala -- No. Name of species Ab/F kb D %F BA RD RF RBA IVI --_---I--Iu--_I_-----~ 1 Tectona grandis Terminalia crenulata Careys arborea , 4 Cassia fistula Lagerstroemia microcarpa Terminalia bellirica Embllca officinalis 1.0O Maturity Index = 30 Continuum Index = 2027 Association: Tectona-Terminalia-Lagerstroemia Loc. 24- Pillakalchola _.I - NO. Name of species Ab/F Ab D %F BA RD RF RBA IVI Di llenia pentagyna Terminalia crenulata Lagerstroemia microcarpa Bambusa sp. Dalbergia Latifolia ficus benghalensis Emblica officinalis Nilusa tomentosa tutea superba Cassia fistula Zizyphus zeylanica _..~ Maturity index = 50 Cont i nuum Index = 1967 Associat ion: Dillenia-Termi nalia-bambusa Loc.25 Pillakkalpara No. Name of species Ab/f Ab D % f BA RD RF KBA IVI Terminalia crenulata Gardenia turgida Cassia fistula Lagerstroemia microcarpa Carcya arborea stereospermum colais cycas sp. butea superba Pterocarpus marsupium Zizyphus xylopyrus Bridelia squamosa Macarange peltrta Cordia dchotoma Acatia intsia Dillenia pentagyna G ; l l Maturity Index = Contlnuum Index = 1640 Association: Terminalia-Lagerstroemia-Zizyphus

26 Loc.26 Pillakkal para II No. Name of species Ab/F Ab D %F BA RD hf RBA IVI 1 Terminalia crenulata Tectona grandis Dillenia pentagyna Zizyphus xylopyrus L Bambusa sp Hollorhena antioysenterica G Mallotus philipensis G , b Tooni citiata Maturity lndex = 245 Continuum index = 1824 Association: Terminalia-Tectona-Dillenia Loc. 27 Ponnamudithandu No. Name of species Ab/F Ab D XF CA RD RF RBA IVI Anogeissus Latifolia Ste reospermum colais Lagerstroemia microcarpa. xylia xylocarpa Tectona grandls Terminalia crenutata Dillenia pentagyna Haldina cordifolia Gardenia turgida Eutea superba Wrightia tinctoria Pt e roca rpus mar supi um Hydnocarpus pentanara C C O G C G G Maturity Index = Continuum index = 1781 Association : xy li a-tec tona-stereospe rmum Loc. 28. Ponnanpara No. Name of species Ab/F Ab D %F BA RD RF RBA IVI Meyna laxif lora Zizyphus xytopyrus Terminalia crenulata Tectona grandis Gardenia t urgida Cycas sp. Cassia fistula Lagerstroemia microcarpa Pt e roca rpus marsupi um Ficus,benghalensis G G lg t Maturity index = 40 Continuum index = 1842 Association: Gardenia-Tectona-Terminalia

27 ~ - Loc-29 Ponnanpara II No. Name of species Ab/F Ab D % F BA R D RF RBA IVI 1 Terminalia panlculata Wrightia tinctoria Anogeisus Latifolia Lagerstroemia nlcrocarpa SO Emblica officlnalls Gardenia turgida 1.29 C Butea superba Tectona grandis ~- Maturity index = 5625 Continuum index = 1576 Association: Terminalia-Gardenia-Tectona Loc. 30 Ponniyanpara KO. Name of species Ab/F Ab D %F B A RD RF RBA IVI 1 Terminalia crenulata t Terminalia bellirica Terminalia paniculata Lagerstroemia microcarpa Bambusa sp Schleichera oleosa Anogeissus latifolia Emblica officinalis 1.O Dillenia pentagyna Stereospermum colais cycas sp Zizyphus xylopyrus L Tectona grandis Grewia tiliifolia U Dalbergia latifolia L Maturity index = Continuum index = 2079 Asscciation: Zizyphus-Tectona-Dambusa Loc. 31. Pulikkal I No. Name of species Ab/F Ab D %F D A RD RF RBA IVI 1 xylia xylocarpa C , 2 Lagerstroenla microcarpa SO Tectona grandis Terminalia crenulata l Bombax nalabaricum Terminalia bellirica Grewia tiliifolia Y.77 8 Alstonia scholarls Dillenia pentagyni c *- _y Maturity index = Continuum index = 1885 Association: Tectona-Xylia-Lagerstroemia

28 Loc, 32. Pulikkalmala I - No. Case of species Ab/F Ab D %F EA RD. RF RBA IVI 1 Trema orientalis G 5L lb Dillenia pentagyna , Trewia nudiflora G lt Cassia fistula Lacerstromia microcarpa Bombax malabaricum l Maturity index = 2667 Continuum inoex = 1782 hssociation: Dillenia-Trema Loc.33. Pulimchodupallom No. Name of species Ab/F Ab D XF CIA RD RF RBA IVI A 1 xylia xylocerpa Terminalia crenulata Terminalia paniculata Dillenia pentegyna b ' Zizyphus xylopyrus C 41, Piliostigma malabarica Cassia fistula L Gardenia turgida Lagerstroemia microcarps 1.O Pterocarpus marsupium Wrightia tinctoria 2-GO Tectona grandis Butea superba Terminalia bellirica Clestanthus sp Schleichera oleosa l Haldinia coroifolia Emblica officinalis l(r.22 c Maturity index = Continuum inoex = Association: Xylia-Terminalia-Dillenia - -. Loc.34 Seechali _ U L. No. Name of species Ab/F Ab D %F DA RD KF RDA IVI 1 Schleichera oleosa Dalbergia latifolia Cassia fistula L Tectona grandis Acatia intsia C Zizyphus xylopyrus C Bambusa sp Albizia procera lt.81 - '. '. Maturity index = Continuum index = Association: Dillenia-Tectona - Iw

29 Lor. 35. Thekkady No. Name of species Ab/F Ab D %F BA RD RF RBA IVI 1 Bambusa sp Tectona grandis Terminalia crenulata Grewiatiliifolia G Acatia lntsia Mi lusa tomentosa Terminalia bellirica CO Emblica officinalis b Mitragyna parvifolla Lagerstroemia microcarpa Butea superba Zizyphus xylopyrus Cordia dichotoma OO *- Maturity index = Continuum index = Association: Bambusa-Tectona-Grewia Loc 36. Thekkady XI No. Name of species Ab/F Ab D %F 6A ED RF RBA IVI 1 xylia xylocarpa casia fistula C Emblica officinalis Lagerstromia microcarpa Terminalia crenuleta G Terminalia paniculata Albizia lebbeck Ericelia squaaosa Dillenia pentagyna C Xeromphis spinosa L Zizyphus xylopyrus Bambusa Sp L '..-. Maturity index = Continuum index = Association: Xylia-Terminalia-Cassia Loc Thekkumpara No. Name of speies Ab/F Ab D Xf BA R D RF RBA IVI 1 Dalbergia Latifolia xylia xylocarpa Nitragyna parviflora Terminalia paniculata Careya arborca Cassia flstule Zizyphus xylopyrus c * Mturity lndex = J7.14 Continuum index = Association: Xylia-Dalbergia

30 I_ - -~ Ab/ F- - AB to G 1.oo BA - RD KF RBA ~ ~ I V I k.O Ab/F Ab D - %F BA -- RD $ b ; IVI

31 Table 1 continued LOC. 41. Thellikkal II CIIC. u- No. Name of species Ab/F Ab D %F BA RD RF RBA IVI Lu. - 1 Xylia xylocarpa 2 Terminalia paniculata 3 Lagerstroemia microcarpa 4 Mitragyna parviflora 5 St ereospe rmum colai s 6. Gardenia turgida 7 Terminalia crenulata 8 9 Careya arborea Holorrhena antidysenterica 10 Dillenia pentagyna 11 Bridelia rctusa 12 Wrightia tlnctorla Anogeisus latifolia Emblica officinalis N ilusa tomentosa fectona grandis Maturity index = Continuum Index = Association: Xylia-Terminalia G Loc. 42 Thottiylai u. I No. Name ot species Ab/f bb D %F BA RD RF RBA IVI 1 Tectona grandis 1.00 L.30 3C Terminalia crenulata Terminalia paniculeta Anogeisus latifolia cycus sp Zizyphus xylopyrus Stereospermum colais Wrightia tinctoria i Eambusa sp Brioelia squaaosa 1.01; Lagerstroemia microcarpa Y -- '. - Maturity Index = Continuum Index = Association: Anogeissus-Terminalia-Wrightia Loc. 43. Thottiyali top No. Name of species Ab/f A b D XF BA R D RF RBA IVI 1 Ficus benghalensis Dalbergia Latifolia Terminalia crenulata Albizia procera Garuga pinnata Bambusa sp Gardenia turglda Anogeisus latifolia Piliostigma malabarica b Meyna laxiflora Sterculia urens

32 Loc. 44. Thumakadavu (Rock point) ho. Name of spccies Ab/F AD D If BA RD AF RBA IVI 1 Cassia fistula 2 Pterocarpus marsupium 3 Bombax malabaricum 4 Terminalia crenulata 5 Brioelia squamosa 6 Tectona grandis 7 Wrightia tinctoria 8 Gardenia turgida 9 Dalbergia Latifolia L L ' C L L L NO. NameOf species Ab/F AB D %F BA RD KF RBA IVI _. Terminalia paniculata L Terminalia crenulata Terminalia bellirica Grewia tiliifolia Tectona grandis Emblica officinalis Anogeisus Latifolia P Lagerstroemia microcarpa xylia xylocarpa L Dillenia pentagyna L li Pillostigma malabaricum Pterocarpus marsupium I Maturity index = Continuum index = 1E91.6 Association: xylia-terminalia-dillenia Loc. 46 Toothanpara No. Name of species Ab/F Ab D Lh %F R D RF RBA IVI 1 Polyalthia fragrans C Myristica Dactyoioes Garcinia norella Calamus SP C vatteria indica Schleichera oleosa i Dillenia pentagyna Terminalia crenulata M 3 xeromphis spinosa Zizyphus xylopyrus cassia fistula Emblica officinalis Bambusa SP Dalbergia latifolia careya arborea C Lagerstromia microcarpa C cycus sp Maturity index = Continuum index = Association: Terminalia-Dillenia

33 ~ ~ ~ Ab/F AD D %F BA RD RF b IVI Ab/F AD D %F BA R D RF RBA IVI b C : Maturity index Continuum index = Association: Terminalia-Bambusa-Anogeisus ~~ L

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