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2 I ~~\~~::! ~'t- ~4-?' I, ~ ~ :;t UI ~ ~ ~I: :::j~ ~ ti lear ~ ~ ~ ~ I REGIONAL STATION, CALICUT i ~ """ LIBRARY ~ No.5. >.,.,,, J.:~:: I..(,f;,t" <ij ~ Book No...,KL '... " ~ I Ace. No... J1.1& i... ;... i ~N~;j~~

3 CLAY ARIACEAE

4 THE CLA V ARIACEAE OF INDIA BY K. S. THIND, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Wisconsin), F.A.Sc., F.N.A.Sc. READER IN MYCOLOGY AND PLANT PATHOLOGY PUNJAB UNIVERSITY, CHANDIGARH \\. \ft) I/!/ lcar INDIAN COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH NEW DELHI

5 FIRST PRINTED DECEMBER, 1961 R \,.",,. f" ";~"'\ SI A I Ac..., 'o. III i D~le 3.~.1~'~ ',,' R -,;!iut'al ljt-67jull,- General Editor: PREMNATH Technical Editor: P. KACHROO All Rights Reserved 1961 by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research New Delhi Printed by Pyardal Sah at the Times of India Pres., Bombay, India.

6 FOREWORD Study of mushrooms is becoming increasingly important on account of their bearing on fungal research. Some species are also in considerable demand as table delicacies, and several species arc poisonous and inedible. A number of them cause wood decay, or root rot of trees and shrubs. Identification and study of characters or'the various species found in nature is, therefore, of both practical importance and academic interest. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research has sponsored a series of monographs on the fungi of India. This monograph on Clavariaceae by Dr. K. S. Thind is the second in the series. In this monograph a comprehensive account is given of the clavariaceous flora of the Western Himalayas and the neighbouring countries. It gives a historical and morphological account of the family, and provides detailed taxonomic descriptions of the various genera and species. I hope it would serve as a reference book on the subject, and would be useful to s~~dents, research workers and teachers alike. --NEw DELHI DECEMBER 12, 1959 M. S. RA.\JDHA\VA, D.Se., F.N.1. v

7 PREFACE The Botany Department of the Punjab University has enjoyed the privilege of conducting botanical excursions each year to the great Himalayas, particularly the North-West, since the days of the late ProL Shiv Ram Kashyap. This tradition is maintained actively and more widely by Prof. P. N. Mehra, now Head of the Department, to study the Himalayan cryptogamic flora, and the Clavariaceae is one part of the study of fungal flora undertaken by me in that programme. This monograph evidently presents a preliminary stage in the understanding of Indian Clavarias. But il'"fully indicates how much of these fungi is yet to be known in India, more particularly in the great Himalayas. It includes besides those ofindia, the Clavarias from Himalayan regions of Nepal, Bhutan, South-East Tibet, Murree and Swat Hills (now in Pakistan) which are so contiguou~e Indian Himalayan territories TI;is is rather an early attempt in writing a monograph on Indian Clavarias through the invitation of Indian Council of Agricultural Research who have undertaken the important task of bringing up-to-date all that is known so far in India in the field of Mycology and Plant Pathotagy. This monograph gives an illustrated account of 92 Clavarias recorded from India and the contiguous Himalayan regions upto I am deeply indebted to Mr. E. J. H. Corner, F.R.S., Botany School, Cambridge, for inspiring me to take up the study of Clavarias of India and for the privilege of the free use I have made of his valuable publication: A Monograph of Clavariaceae and allied genera. My sincerest thanks arc due to Dr. R. S" Vasudeva, Joint Director and Head of the Division of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Rcsearch Institute, New Delhi, for valuable suggestions and helpful criticism" I am highly thankful to the Director of Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, for providing me facilities for consulting literature. My thanks are also due to Prof P. N. Mehra, Head of the Botany Department, Punjab University, Chandigarh, for his keen interest and for encouragement during the course of this work; and lastly to Mr. B. Khanna for assisting me in the preparation of illustrations. K. S. THIND VI

8 FOREWORD PREFACE CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Historical.. Economic Importance 1vforphology and Terminology Fructification Life history Sexuality Cultural Behaviour Geographical J?istribution Collectign--aiid Preservation -f-den-tlfication Corner's Classification of Clavarias Simplified Key to Genera of Clavariaceae Recorded from India Genus Pterula Fr... Genus lachnocladium Lev. Genus Clavicorona Doty. Genus Ap,ltelaria Corner Genus Scytinopogo'n Singer Genus Ramaria S. F. Gray emend. Dank Genus Lentaria Corner Genus Clavariadelphus Dank Genlls Typhula Fr. emend. Karst. Genus Pistillaria Fr. Genus Clavulina Schroet... Genus Clavaria Fr. S.str. Genus Ramariopsis Dank emend. Corner Genus Clavulinopsis van Ov. Genus Amylaria Corner DISCUSSION APPENDIX BIBLIOGRAPHY GLOSSARY INDEX TO GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS Page v vi I I

9 INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL Long ago natives in the Himalayas might have been interested in collecting some of the Clavarias for food but there appears to be no record for that. Leveille (1844) for the first time in India published a report on Clavaria jacguemontii Lev. which was collected on the ground from Kashmir by Victor Jacquemont during his voyage in India from According to Butler and Bisby (193 I), its type specimen at Paris is a finely branched fungus, still in good condition. Corner (1950) listed C. jacquemontii as a dubious species of Clavaria and he stated that it perhaps belongs to S,ytinopogon or Clavulina. This fungus has never been collected and described again from India or abroad and thus is only of historical interest. Rev. M. J. Berkeley (1852) described the following 5 Clavarias which were collected by Hooker during 1850 from the Khasi Hills (or Khassya Moun tains) ; 1. Clavaria botertis Pers. var. concolor Berk. Now placed uuder Ramaria botcytoides (Pk.) Corner. _....';!.-_ {5ValJiuil1.jnrmosa Pers. Now placed under RamariaJornwsa (Fr.) Quel. 3. Clavaria miltina Berk. Now placed under Clavulinopsis rniniata Corner val'. s{lflguinea Corner. 4. Clavaria stricta Pers. Now placed under Ramaria stricta (Fr.) Que!. val'. concolor Corner. 5. LachuGcladium IlOokeri Berk. Now placed under Ramaria zippelii (Lev.) Corner. All these fungi have been also reported {i'ojn abroad and arc well recognized, except for the change in their nomenclature. Currey (187'1) reported Typhuia Juscipes (Pel's.) Fr. from a collection of Mr. Kurz (Curator of the Botanical Garden, Calcutta) from Sikkim. It is recognized as Pistil/aria Juscipes (Pers.) Corner by Corner (1950) who recorded it as a dubious species. Massee (1898) reported Laclmocladium himalayense Mass., collected by Gamble on the ground in fir forests ou Phallaloog Ridge at an altitude of 10,000 ft. in Sikkim. Lloyd (1919) transferred it to the genus Pteruia and Butler and Bisby (1931) listed it as Pteruia himala)'ensis (Massee) Lloyd. Corner (1950) listed it as Lachnocladium himala)'ense Mass. but regarded it as Species lncertae Sedis of Laclznocladium. Corner clearly stated that there was nothing in the description to suggest that this fungus was a Pteruia, and Pterula manii Lloyd, with which Lloyd compared it, is a dubious species suggesting a Xylaria. 1

10 2 THE CLAVARIACEAE OF INDIA Corner further stated that perhaps L. himalayense was also a conidial Xylaria (cf. X. nigripes). Similarly, Hcnnings (1900) reported Clavaria gol/ani P. Henn. which was collected by GaHan on the ground in Saharanpur. This was also listed as a dubious species by Corner (1950). Both L. himalayense Mass. and C. go{[ani P. Henn. have never been collected and described again from India or abroad and are thus only of historical interest at present. Hennings (1901) reported Clavaria pyxidata Pers. which was collected by Gollan on wood in Arnigadh, Mussoorie in Unfortunately, this fungus was not mentioned by Corner (1950) but quite obviously it will have to be transferred to Ciavicorona Ryxidata (Fr.) Doty. Lloyd ( ) reported the following 4 species of Clavarias, two of which were already reported carlier and have been mentioned above. L 2. Clavariafusiformis Sowcrby (Collection from India by Cave). Now placed under Ciavulinopsis fusiformis (Fr.) Corner. Cliwaria pyxidata Pers. (Collection from India by Legere). 3. Pterulahimlllayensis (Massee) Lloyd. ~.. (Collection from Sikkim by Gamble). 4. Pterula penicellata Berk. (Collection from India by P. L. Dey). Now placed under Ptaula /!eniceilata Lloyd. Murrill (1924) published a paper on Kashmir fungi in which he described one Clavarioid fungus as Calocera cornieulata collected from Sonamarg (Kashmir) by R. R. Stewart. Butler and Bisby (1931) listed it as Clavaria corniculata Schaeff. which is now a synonym of Clavulinopsis cornieulala (Fr.) Corner (Corner, 1950). Banerjee and Ganguly (1945) reported Clavaria asterella Atk. (now placed under Ramariopsis asterella (Atk.) Corner) from Sodepur (24 Parganas, Bengal). This was not mentioned by Corner (1950). Banerjee (1947) published a paper on "Fungus flora of Calcutta and suburbs )', and enumerated the following 6 Clavarias: 1. Clavaria an,gulispora Pat. Now placed under Srytinopogon angulispora (Pat.) Corner. 2. Clavaria laetieolor ll. et C. Now placed under Clavulinopsis amoena (Zoll. et Mor.) Corner. 3. Clavaria pulchra Peck. Now placed under Clavulinopsis pulchra (Pk.) Corner. 4. Laehnocladium brasiliense Lev. 5. Lac/macladium ornatipes (Pk.) Burt. Now placed under Clavulina ornalipes (Pk) Corner.

11 INTRODUCTION 3 6. Clava ria compressa Sehw. Now placed under Clavulinopsisfusiformis (Fr.) Corner. None of these Clavarias were mentioned by Corner (1950). Ahmad (1949) in his paper on "A contribution to the fungus liora of Pakistan and India," listed only one Clavaria collected from Murree and referred it to Clavaria pistillaris L. (now placed under Clavariadelphus pistillaris (Fr.) Dank). This species has also not been mentioned by Corner (1950). Thus, up to 1919 only 19 Clavarias: 17 species and 2 varieties, were recorded from India. Some of these, as mentioned above) arc evidently dubious species. In his' Some Himalayan Fungi', Balfour-Browne (1955) reported 5 species and one variety of Clavariaceae with the original description of these by E. J. H. Corner. These Clavarias, along with other fungi, were collected from Nepal, Bhutan, and South-East Tibet, picked np only incidentally during the plant-hunting expeditions (of Phanerogams) carried out by Ludlow and Sherriff i!l 1934, Ludlow, Sherriff and Taylor in 1938, Ludlow and Sherriff in).94t, and Polunin, Sykes and Williams in I have included these 6 -tsavarias in this monograph as they are collected from Himalayan areas quite contiguous to India. Besides, two of these have been already describtod by me from the Mussoorie Hills in the North-West Himalayas. It is quite apparent from the above account that up to 1955 Clavarias in India were collected and reported only incidentally as a part of other fungus or phanerogamous collections by various persons. That is why up to 1955 only 25 Clavarias are reported from India, including the contiguous Himalayan areas of Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan and South-East Tibet. In his list of 'Fungi of West Pakistan' published in 1956, Ahmad listed (not described) 16 Clavarias which were collected by him from the North-Western Himalayas (Murree and Swat Hills). These arc also included in the present monograph as they are collected from the Himalayan ranges so contiguous to India. Besides, 7 of these have also been collected and described fully by me from the Mussoorie Hills also in the "'orth-western Himalayas. I) for the first time, undertook a regular and an exhaustive study of Indian Clavarias, and with the good beginning I have already made, I hope to continue with this most interesting and beautiful group of fungi in India for many years to come. During the years 1956 and 1957, with the assistance of my students, I reported 62 Clavarias which fall under 41 species, 16 varieties and 5 forms with complete descriptions and profuse illustrations as will appear from the accounts to follow. All these collections are confined, for the time being, to the Mussoorie Hills in the North-Western Himalayas (5,000-7,500 ft. alt.) except Ramaria apiculata (Fr.) Dank which I collected last year from the Simla Hills, also in the North-Western Himalayas.

12 4 THE CLAVARIACEAE OF INDIA Thus, uptill now 92 Clavarias (64 species, 23 varieties and 5 forms) have been recorded from India and the contiguous Himalayan regions as shown below, and these are included in this monograph. Country Total Cltll'flrias jperies lloriefies forms India Nepal, Bhutan and S. E. Tibet 6" 5 o Murree and Swat Hills (Pakistan) 17t 13 4 o * Two species of these Clavarias are also recorded from the Mussoorie Hills, India. t Seven species of these Clavarias are aj.s.o recorded from the Mussoorie Hills, India., Of the total Clavarias listed above II species, II varieties and 2 forms, which I I and my students reported as new are not recorded from anywhere else except India so far. Similarly, 3 species reported as new by Balfour Browne are also not recorded from anyvl"here else except Nepal, Bhutan, and S.E. Tib"!1_}\'hile-c1~varia gollani, C. jacquemontii, and Laehnocladium himalayense _are--als-6 -reported only from India so far. As already mentioned these three species, however, are regarded to be dubious. It is earnestly hoped that the Great Himalayas which has" already yielded a fairly good collection is very rich in Clavarias and when surveyed thoroughly will bring to light many attractive and fascinating forms. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE Most of the Clavarias are tender and may be used as food. In fact several of them have been reported as edible such as Ramaria aurea (Fr.) Que!., R. botrytis (Fr.) Rieken, R. bott) toides (Pk.) Corner, R. jiaoa (Fr.) Que!., R. jiavobrunneseens (Atk.) Corner, R. obtusissima (Pk.) Corner, R. rufeseens (Fr.) Corner, R. strasseri (Bres.) Corner, Clavaria vermicularis Fr., Clavariadelphus pistillaris (Fr.) Donk, Clavariadelphus truncatus (QueI.) Donk and many more. In India, too, several of the large sized Clavarias would be quite edible though little is known on this aspect as yet. So far I have observed only Ramaria apiculata (Fr.) Donk and it species of Sparassis being widely used as food in Simla and Dalhousie Hills respectively. The latter is very large sized and a favourite dish. It grows profusely at the base of coniferous trees during the rainy weather. The food value of Clavarias would apparently be quite similar to that of other well-known edible fungi such as edible mushrooms, morels and truffles. Some of the edible Clavarias, however, are quite unwholesome while a few are even poisonous and dangerous. Clavulinopsis dichotoma (God.) Corner

13 INTRODUCTION 5 causes sickness. Ramariaformosa (Fr.) Quel. is poisonous and causes diarrhoea, while R. mairei Donk is reported to be indigestible or dangerous. R. rufescens (Fr.) Corner is, no doubt, edible but its old specimens are reported to be purgative. A few species, as those of Ramaria and other genera, are reported to be mycorrhizal and presumably many more would be established as aswciated with the roots of forest trees in due course of time. The only Clavarioid fungi known to be pathogenic or parasitic on higher plants belong to the genus TYj!huia and Sparassis. Several species of Typhuia are recorded as pathogenic on crop plants. Typhuia blight diseases of cereals are caused by Tj>/!hula incarnata and T. idahoeasis and have been widely reported from Europe and Japan. T. trifoiii attacks stems and leaves of clovers, T. umbrina attacks roots of Brassica campestris while T. betae parasitizes roots and stems of Beta in Europe. Sparassis radieata causes root rot of conifers (fir, pine and spruce) in the United States and Europe. It kills and decays the roots and the sap wood at the base of tree trunks. Little is known regarding the pathogenic Clavarias in India. Ramaria apiculata and Sparassis species, which I have observed as growing at tl}c base of coniferous trees in Simla and Dalhousie Hills respectively._rnaybe mycorrhizal or pathogenic. No loss to the trees has been -"1)Dserved by me so far. MORPHOLOGY AND TERMINOLOGY Good knowledge of the morphology of Clavarias and sufficient familiarity with the vocabulary used or technical terms employed in the keys and in the generic and specific descriptions are obviously indispensable for their accurate description and correct identification. Consequently, important terms and general considerations of the morphology of Clavarias are briefly discussed below under the appropriate headings. For a detailed information on the discussion of these topics, however, I would at once and strongly recommend all students of Clavarias to carefully grasp the chapter on " General considerations" in Corner's Monograph on Clavaria and Allied Genera, 1950, pp FRUCTIFICATION Various Names. In Clavarias, as in most higher fungi, it is the fructification \vhieh is, as a rule, visible to the collector while the vegetative thallus or mycelium, which is inconspicuous and subterranean, goes unnoticed. The students of higher fungi have given various names to the visible part, such as fructification, fruit body, sporophore, carpophore, hymenophore and basidiocarp (ascocarp in the case of Ascomycetes). I shall use the term fructification in perference to others for no apparent reason except that it is quite convenient and easily understandable. The term plant or plant body is obviously incorrect because it should correctly refer to the mycelium which is in the substratum.

14 6 THE CLAVARIACEAE OF INDIA General Appearance or Habit. Fructifications of Clavarias may be simple and clavate or morc typically sparsely to profusely branched and corallike and hence the name coral-fungi often given to members of the family Clavariaceac. T'heir size is very variable, ranging from a few millimeters to over thirty centimeters in height among the various Clavarias. It is often quite variable among different collections of the same species from different localities. Thus size is often dependent upon the prevailing environmental conditions. The fructifications of Clavarias arc mostly radial or cylindric but some times they may be partly or wholly flattened. Radial fructifications (or radial branching) occurs in all genera with inflated hyphae, such as Clavaria, Clavulina, Clavu1inopsis, Lentaria, Ramaria, and Ramariopsis. On the other hand, flattened fructifications (or flattened branching) arc observed typically in genera without inflation of their hyphae, such as Aphelaria, Lachnocladium, Pterula and Scytinopogon. " Fructifications of Clavarias usuauy grow singly but are often found in caespitose clusters; in either case, they -may be scattered, gregarious, or closely crowded together. The fructifications may be found scantily or abundantly. Sometimes they grow very profusely so as to form a sort of regular crop as is the case of Glavulina subrugosa (Cle!.) Corner in the Mussoorie Hills. " -The'fructifications of Clavarias arc mostly and typically erect. Rarely. they are decumbent as in Allantula and inverted as in DeJlexula. A very interesting species is Pterula decumbens Corner, Thind & Dev recently reported from the Mussoorie Hills (Corner, Thind & Dev, 1957) which -is also decumbent, the only one in the genus Plerula. It is intermediate in its direction of growth bet'iveen Pterula and Allantula but, otherwise, it reselnblcs Pterula rather than Allantula. Thus P. decumbens is important in showing how the erect habit of Pterula passes into the decumbent habit of Allantula and is ultimately lost in the deflexed fructifications of Deftexula. A very rarc, but an interesting case, is that of Ramaricium, recently reported by Eriksson (1954) from Sweden, in being corticioid in form and in having resupinate fructifications. Branching. Branches of Clavarias may be radial or Oattened but in either case the mode of branching is mostly dichotomous, never monopodia). The fructifications may be divided dichotomously throughout as is usually the case with slender species, or the branching may be polychotomous below and dichotomous above as in the case of species with massive fruit bodies. Rarely the fructifications of Clavarias are polychotomous throughout as in some massive species of Ramaria, such as R. botrytis (Fr.) Rieken. A very rare but an interesting case of persistent, pyxidate, polychotomy is observed in Clavicorona such as C. prxidata (Fr.) Doty, which according to Corner (1950) seems to be related to the lack of inflation or the long-delayed inflation of its hyphae. Branches of dichotomy (or even polychotomy) arc usually unequal and successive branches generally lie in alternating planes as multiple decussation

15 INTR ODUCTIO~ 7 and become thinner or attenuated. Thus, typically speaking, as the branches subdivide they become attenuated and so their internodes lengthen. However, abnormalities of suppression and accentuation so often intervene through the position of the branches, whether central or peripheral, that great regularity is seldom noticeable. But it appears, as stated by Corner (1950), that under perfect conditions the manner of growth and time of subdivision is the same in all branches of a fructification which is thus constructed in tiers, as pulses of growth. The branches at each division radiate out usually at an obtuse or an acute angle ii'om the point of origin but soon become more or less parallel and vertical. Thus, all the branches I()r the most part run vertically upward and become very much overlapped and compact~and even confluent as in the case of large and profusely branched fi'uctifications~uch as those of several species of Ramaria. The fructifications may initiate their branches directly from the base but in several Clavarias these~may start from a higher level from the base, ~ thus leaving a trunk or stem below. The trunk may be small to long and, though usually _distinct, is often indistinct as in the case of simple fruit bodies. The trunk is usually sterile and may be smooth or rough due to the presence of puberulous, pubescent, strigose or villose (or villous) hairs. The trunk may be slender to very thick according to the size of the fructification and it may be cylindric to flattened. The primary branches may be thick, stout and trunk-like as in massive fruit bodies or thin as in slender ones. The internodes may be long or small. The ultimate branchlets may be very minute or small to long, and bifid (or in pairs), or crowded to cristate. The apices may be blunt, obtuse, or more usually acute and they arc usually fertile, but sometimes sterile when they are often very acute. Adventitious branches appear anywhere on the fructification which may otherwise be simple or divided di- or polychotomously as described above. Adventitious branches are usually small, abortive, antlcr-like, thin, or thick and stu by, thus often making the fructification appear rough as do the strigose processes on the stem of Glavulina omatilm (Pk.) Corner and some species of Aphelaria. Similarly, the cristate apices in some species of Glavulina are the result of adventitious branching at the top of the fructifications. Adventitious branching is of normal occurrence in Pterulicium and Dtifiexula and is observed in some species of Typhula, Geratellapsis, Pistillaria, and Pterula. Colour. The Clavarias figure among the most beautiful fungi because of their usually brilliant colour. Their fructiecations show practically the whole range of different colours, such as red, orangc, yello\v, bro\vn, pink, violet, and grey but lack the green, blue and black colours as such. The various shades and the \-vhole range of combinations of different colours is so highly

16 8 THE CLAVARIACEAE OF INDIA marked that it is often a problem for the collector to name the colour of Clavarioid fruit bodies. The colour is rarely dull. The fructifications of Clavarias may be uniformly coloured or may be lighter coloured at the base or the top or both. The tops, though usually concolorous, may sometimes be tinged differently. Thus, Ramaria C}'anocephala (B. et C.) Corner is brown-ochre to umber while its tips are blue. Similarly, R. subdecurrens (Coker) Corner possesses pallid ochraceous fruit bodies with lavender-pink tips. The flesh of the fructifications may be concolorous to lighter concolorous or whitish and usually it remains unchanging in its coloration on exposure or on bruising. However, in some Clavarias the colour of the flesh changes on mere exposure or on bruising. Thus, the flesh may be vincscent when it turns wine-red as in Ramaria pusilla (Pk.) Corner, rufesccnt \vhen it turns reddish as in R. rujescens (Fr.) Corner and R. flava (Fr.) QueJ., vires cent when it turns green as in R. ochraceo-virens (j1;lngh.i Dank, and so ali. "- Myco16gists all over attach much importance to the colour in fungi and it is generally recognized that the colour of fructifications is much more im~ portant in the taxonomy of fungi than that of the flowering plants. Thus, the Linnean dictum of.lye crede colori does not apply to Mycology. Very l~n about the microscopic occurrence of pigments in.. the fruitbody and yet, as stated by Corner (1950), it may be as useful a diagnostic character as any. Texture. Clavarias arc typically fleshy and soft, and often brittle. Sometimes their fructifications may be fleshy-tough or tough as in Aphelaria and Pterula~ sometime's coriaccolls as in Lachnoclad um~ So,tinopogonJ and some species of AjJhelaria, and rarely gelatinous as in Ramaria gelatinosa (Coker) Corner. Taste and Smell. Though not of much taxonomical value, students of Clavarias often note these features at the time of collection as an additional information. Both of these features are usually described as inparticular for most of the Clavarias when they taste and smell more or less like an agaric or a meal. However, there are some which show characteristic taste and smell. For example, Ramaria apicnlata (Fr.) Donk, an edible and a vcry common Clavaria in the Simla Hills, is bitter in taste; while R. gracilis (Fr.) Que!. and R. capucina (Pat.) Corner have got a smell of aniseed; and R. conjucta (Pk.) Corner var. odara Coker gives out a fragrant smell. Substratum or Habitat. The Clavarias are predominantly saprophytes growing on sailor on dead decaying plant remains, while only a very few of them are reported as parasitic. Thus, Clavarias are mostly terrestrial or humi~ eolous under the forests. In the temperate countries, most species with large fruit bodies grow in humus in forests but many with simple fructifications and a few with branched ones occur in open grassland, heaths, moors, or mossy places. Clavarias are often also lignicolous growing on dead twigs, dead stems,

17 \ \ \ ~ INTRODUCTION 9 bases of stumps or living trees such as Lentaria, Clavicorona, Diflexula, Cariapa, Mucronella, and some species of other genera like Ramaria, Lachnocladium, etc. Ramaria apiculata (Fr.) Donk has been mostly observed growing at the base of cedrus trees in the Simla Hills in India. The small fruit bodies of Typhula and Pistil/aria, and those of simple Ptemlas are found on dead leaves, herbaceous stems, twigs, etc., and according to Corner (1950) these may be usefully described as epiphytic in tbe saprophytic sense. Some species of the humicolous genera are also epiphytic in this sense. Lentaria mucida (Fr.) Corner and a Jew more are phycophilous, a peculiar and a rare habitat in Clavarias. The mycelium of these fungi grows in films of green or blue-green algae which cover the substratum. According to Corner (1950) these phycophilous Clavarias appear to be more or less parasitic on the algae, for their hyphae are closely applied to the algal cells, even with haustoria (as in Clavulinopsis vernalis (Schw.) Corner) or they may kill groups of them (as in ClavariaJossicola Corner). The only Clavarias known to be parasitic on higher plants are several species of Typhula. ', HymeniUm~T~nium is typically amphigenous or spread all over the surface of the fructifications of Clavarias which are typically radial. Sometfmes, when the branches of the fructification are oblique, due to one cause or the other, the hymenium is unilateral, developing only on the underside of oblique branches while the upper side forms only an incipient sterile hy Inenium. Unilateral hymenium is observed in Lachnocladium and in some species of Ramaria, Ramariopsis, Clavulina, ScytinojJogon and Lentaria. It may be mentioned here, however, that the unilateral hymenium is neither regarded as a generic nor a specinc character. The hymenium is usually absent from the lower part of the trunk. Sometimes whole of the trunk is sterile when it may be finely villose or subtomentose. The hymenium is also usually absent from the sharply acute apices. The hymenium is typically perfectly smooth. Rarely, however, as in the case of ClaDulina hispidulosa Corner, Thind & Anand, it may be finely hispid from the tufts of emergent hyphae. Hymenium may be simple (not thickening) or more commonly compound (or thickening). In some Clavarias, especially those with small fructifications as in Typhula, Pistillaria, simple species of Pterula, etc., the hymenium remains as a single layer of basidia when it is designated as not thickening or simple. In majority of species the hymenium continually thickens throughout the life of the fructification when it is designated as thickening or compound. The thickened hymenium has embedded in it basidiospores, frequently in groups of fours, and the old collapsed basidia. Thickening hymenium is seldom stratose as one finds in Fornes (Polyporaceae). The systematic importance of thickening and un thickening hymenium has not been evaluated properly as yet because this feature is not recorded

18 10 THE CLAVARIACEAE OF INDIA for many Clavarias. These two states of hymenium are variously present in Clavaria, Clavulinopsis, Ramaria, and Lachnocladium, but the thickening hymenium is a constant feature of Clavu/ina and Clavariadelphus, where it affords the chief distinction from Typhula and Pistil/aria. Similarly, Clavariachaete differs from Lachnocladium by the absence of thickening of hymenium in the former and its presence in the latter. The subhymenium may be represented as a regular layer or layers below the hyrncnium, it may be undifferentiated, or absent altogether. Basidia. The Clavarias are marked by the davate basidium which is typically four-spored. Sometimes basidia are subcylindric, or davato-elongate. The basidia are mostly hyaline or subhyaline, or sometimes lighter coloured. Their contents are mostly homogeneous, or sometimes guttulate. The number of sterigmata, though typically 4, often varies from 2 to 6. The sterigmata are small to long, straight to curved, ta12ering to a very fine point, and always hyaline. Basidia may have a clamp of'a long loop-like clamp at the base or not. Sometimes basidia become secondarily septate after spore discharge. Basidia with long-tapered base and the straight four sterigmata, often becoming thick-walled and persisting in the hymenium are typical of Clavulinopsis. Clavulina is.characterized by the sub cylindric basidium, becoming secondarily _~tate""aftcr spore discharge, and strongly curved two sterigmata. In the subgenus Holocoryne of Clavaria, the basidia are marked with a wide looplike clamp at the base, thus, appearing shortly furcate at the base. Basidiospores. The characters of basidiospores play the most important role in the systematics of Clavarias, as is also true with other fungi. The spores of Clavarias are typically hyaline or subhyaline, sometimes lighter coloured and are ahvays one-celled. The Clavarioid spores, however, show a great variation as regards their size, shape, and marking. They range from globose, subglobose, ovoid, obovoid, ovate, to ellipsoid to clongato-ellipsoid and are predominantly papillate (or apiculate). The papilla (or apiculus) may vary from very inconspicuous to very prominent as in ClavuZinopsis fusiformis (Fr.) Corner. The spores may be perfectly smooth or roughened, or variously ornamented. The spore markings vary from verruculose (without distinct warts) to verrucose (with distinct warts) to echinulate (with distinct spines). Rarely the spores are marked by longitudinal, faint striations as in Ramaria botr)'tis (Fr.) Rieken. The spores may be aguttate or guttate with one large gutta or one to several small guttules. Sometimes the spores are densely filled up with granular-guttulate contents as in Aphelaria tuberosa (Grev.) Corner and Clavaria acuta Fr. Amyloid spores are reported only in the recently described Clavarioid g'enus AmJ'Zaria. Hyphae. The details of hyphae, especially the hyphal types or systems found in the fructifications, are given special attention by modern mycologists

19 INTRODUCTION 11 in the taxonomy of higher fungi such as Polyporaceae, Thelephoraceae, and Clavariaceae, etc. The terms monomitic, dimitic, and trimitic for fruit bodies composed of one kind of hyphae (only generative), two kinds of hyphae (skeletal and generative), and three kinds of hyphae (skeletal, binding, and generative) were first introduced by Corner (1932) and were amply substantiated by Cunningham (1947) in his later studies on Polyporaceae and Thelephoraceae. These three systems of hyphae of fruit bodies were employed by Cunningham in the seggregation of genera and species in Polyporaeeae and Thclephoraceae. Corner (1950) used hyphal systems for the seggregation of Clavarioid series and genera. The fructifications of Clavarias are predominantly monomitic. The dimitic fruit bodies are the distinguishing features of only Pterula and its allies which possess thick walled, more or less unbranched, colourless, skeletal hyphae. The trimitic state docs not occur in Clavarioid fructifications. According to Corner (1950) the monomitic states in Clavarias arc further distinguished by the following four groups: I. Those with normal inflation and with clamp connections, as Ramaria,.BJ)ma11()psis, Lentaria, Clavulinopsis, Clavariadelphu5, and most species of Clavulina. 2. Those with inflation and secondary septation without clamps, as in Clava ria and some species of Clavulina. 3. Those without inflation, as in Aphelaria, Scytinopogon, The!ephora, Clavariachaete, Ceratellopsis, and Mucronella. 4. Those without inflation, but with dichophyses, as m Lachnocladium (sensu stricto). In inflated hyphae, the cells behind the growing point enlarge and become wider and much longer, thus hastening the growth, or increase in size, of the fructifications. It is the usual method of growth in fleshy fungi. The monomitic hyphae are typically thin-walled but sometimes become distinctly thick-walled as in Lentaria and the stricta group of Ramaria. They are always septate. The genus Clavaria is characterized by the fact that its hyphae of the fruit body lack clamps and on inflation form secondary septa. This gives rise to parallel longitudinal rows of short, sub-cylindric, inflated cells which make the fructifications of Clavaria very brittle. Some species of Clavulina, which also lack clamps, have their hyphae secondarily septate to some extent. Clavarias with uninflated hyphae have their cells more or less thickwalled, thus, imparting mechanical strength. The dichophyses of Lachnocladium are dichotomously branched hyphae with limited growth and with thickened yellow-brown walls. They are tissue elements and not the hymenial elements as are the simple setae of Clavariachaete.

20 12 THE CLAVARIACEAE OF INDIA The hyphae of Clavarias are typically hyaline or subhyalille, but sometimes lighter coloured. The clamps are predominantly of normal shape but they are often variously shaped in different Clavarias and sometimes show very abnormal size and shape even in the same species as in Ramada ochraceo-vireas (Jungh.) Donk and R. subgelatinosa Corner, etc. In the subgenus Holocor),ne of Clavaria, there is a wide loop-like clamp at the base of the basidium. The presence or absence of clamps is made usc of ill the seggregation of species and it is suggested that the shape of clamps may have even a generic value. However, we do not have a complete record of clamps f(lr all the Clava!"ias as yet to evaluate their taxonomic status fully. Vegetative Hyphae or Mycelium. Sometimes mycelium from the substratum may cover over the base of the fructifications as a floccose growth. Fructifications of Lentaria b)'ssiseda Corner arise from the mycelial felt covering the dead twigs of Picea morinda. Vegttative mycelial or rhizomorphic strands are also observed attached to the base of several fructifications as in Ramaria stricta (Fr.) Que!. var. concolor Corner. Floccose mycelium is abundantly developed at the base of the fructifications of R. flaccida (Fr.) Rieken. r_~~ll,ilthese cases where the mycelium is so prominently developed, it is -{ooe described fully as is done with the hyphae of the fructification itself. Interhyphai Masses. In a very few Clavarias collected from the Mussoorie Hills these interhyphal masses dissolve in KOH. They are clearly exudations from the hyphae. The spines of the masses of Ramaria camelicolor Corner, Thind & Anand are crystals whereas the masses of R.flaviceps Corner, Thind & Anand var. cremea Corner, Thind & Anand are amorphous. The stellatc masses observed in the context of R. flavobrullllescells (Atk.) Corner " Bright orange form" (Thind & Dev, 1957) are distinctly crystaloid, marked by needle-like crystals. These extra-cellular structures should be looked for and recorded in order to assess their taxonomic value, if any. At the moment we cannot say much about them. These were not recorded by earlier workers. Sclerotia. The formation of sclerotia is of rarc occurrence in Clavarias. In fact they are observed only in the genus T;phula which is thus easily differentiated from its otherwise very close relative Pistil/aria. The formation of sclerotia in T),phula seems to be the only new character in the family Clavariaceae other than the usual degeneration of the fructification. A sclerotium consists of medulla and the cortex. Medulla is composed of loosely interwoven hyphae which form the central mass and storage tissue of the sclerotium. On the other hand, cortex is composed of agglutinated hyphae, the outer walls of which may be thickcned and deeply coloured to form a cuticle. In some species, instead of a cuticle, there is a superficial layer of narrow hyphae which has been called epidermis because it is not homologous with the cortex.

21 INTRODUCTION 13 These two additional names, cuticle and epidermis, have been introduced by Corner (1950). The sclerotia, at first, are white, then become lighter coloured (pale yellow or ochraceous) and finally tawny, or rich brown to black. They may be developed superficially or more commonly immersed in the tissue of the host. In the latter case they often become erumpent as the dead tissues break away readily. Cystidia. Cystidia are only occasionally observed in the fructifications of Clavarias. In fact most Clavarias have no cystidia. However, previously such sterile structures as cystidia, cystidioles, setae, caulocystidia, gloeocystidia, oleocystidia, etc., have been described for some Clavarioid fungi. As these names indicate, these structures are simply different forms of cystidia, which are thus highly variable in their morphology. Cystidia arc sterile, usually enlarged or modified hymenial elements either projecting or immersed in the hymenium. They are, typically, hyaline, thick-walled structures, pointed at the top, and usually projecting out of the hymenium to a greater or lesser extent. Thick-"walled cystidia are observed in some species of Physalacria. Glavulina liveillii (Sacc.) v.ov. is unique in having very large thick-':v."lkd cystidia, unknown in other species of Glavulina. Jiy.men(jchaete-type setae with thick brown walls characterize the genus cravariachaete. Cystidioles arc thin walled, narrow, usually hypha-like cystidia and they are observed in a few species of Pterula, Clavaria, Caripia, and, perhaps, Pistillaria, Ramaria, and Clavulinopsis. Lachnocladium and Glavicorona are marked by the possession of gloeocystidia which are somewhat enlarged sterile basidia with oily contents. Gloeocystidia are generally thin-walled but as they elongate through the thickening hymenium, they may become thick-walled in their older, and usually vacuolated, proximal parts. Oleocystidia characterize the genera Physalacria and Hormomitaria. Oleocystidia are clavate, often capitate; cystidia with an oily resinous exudation at the apex. This exudation dissolves in dilute alkali. Caulocystidia arc observed in the slender fructifications of Clava ria delph usseries and Pteruloid-series. As the name indicates they arc found on the stem or the trunk of the fructifications. It is interesting to note that the caulocystidia of Typhula ovala Karst. arc reported to be ventricose, thin-walled, with a tapering filiform apex while three collections of the same species from the Mussoorie Hills possess thick-walled and blunt caulocystidia. Development. The fructifications of Clavariaceae are typically gymnocarpie. The details of development are worked out in a few species only. According to Corner (1950) they arise as minute (0.2 - I mm. wide) spherical primordia produced directly on the mycelium or 0': the rhizomorphs. Apical

22 14 THE CLAVARIACEAE OF INDIA growth soon ensues at the distal end and the spindle-shaped primordial shaft is initiated to form the stem or trunk of the fruit body. The apical growing point may persist without modification to build the simple fruit body or it may divide to form the branched fructification. In most cases the cells of the hyphae inflate acropetally immediately behind the growing point which is thus rapidly projected. In some reduced fructifications, as of Pkysalacria, Pistillaria, and TyJihula, apical growth may be arrested very early and inflation may be prolonged. In other cascs the cells of the hyphae do not inflate and the fructification grows by apical growth alone as in Pterula, Lachnocladium, Aphelaria, and Scytinopogon. LIFE HISTORY Knowledge of the life history of Clavarias is still in a very fragmentary stagc.juel (1916) gave some information regarding the number of nuclei in the basidiospores of some species; and that Glavariadelphus pistillaris (Fr.) Donk possesses uninucleate spores ahd.._its basidia contain 4 Of, not rarely, B nuclei, of which the supernumerary ones remain in the basidium. In the large genus Ramaria, there appears to be only JueI's observation on R. invalii (Cott. et Wakef.) Donk ( = Glavaria ahietina Fr.), in which he found the first nuclear spindle in the basidium to be transverse and the spores to be binucleate. A<:fjJ.tdirlgto an account of Maire (1902), Juel (1916) and Bauch (1927) the ~fusion nucleus of the basidium, in the three common European species of Glavulina, divides into 6 or 8 nuclei of which I enters each spore and 4 or 6 remain in the basidium. The fate of the supernumerary nuclei is not known. Corner (1950) reported the details of structure and development along with nuclear observations, in Pistillaria setipes Grev., P. capitata (Pat.) Sacc., Pterula gracilis (B. ct. Desm.) Corner and Typhula spp. His account regarding Pterula gracilis, which grows saprophytically on dead stems and dead leaves, is as follows: Mycelial hyphae, i-' wide, grow on the surface of the substratum as well as within it. Over certain small areas the superficial hyphae branch and interweave morc profusely to form a thin white subiculum from which the fruit-bodies develop. A single hypha, 2-3 i-' wide, turns away from the subiculum into the air and grows negatively geotropically. When IL long, a septum with a clamp is formed about the middle and at the same time a fe\v more hyphae turn outwards from the subiculum round the base of the initial hypha. Soon a branch arises from the subterminal cell of the initial hypha at its distal end, and similarly from the subterminal cells of the other hyphae when they have formed their first septa; the fascicle of hypbae so formed grows upward as the primordial shaft, inneed as the axis and substance of the whole fruit-body. The fascicle thickens at the base by an addition of more hyphae from the subiculum, and the apex widens by the continued branching and upgrowth of the lateral hyphae. The hyphae intertwine, often in a spiral direction so that the mature fruit-body appears to

23 INTRODUCTION 15 have a half-twist under the microscope. Growth in length of the fascicle is entirely apical, the cells not enlarging aftcr being cut off, and growth in breadth occurs by branching and addition of more hyphae from the subiculum. Many such primordia develop from one mycelial patch, most of them abort at some early stage and comparatively few, 5-20, develop further. Some of the primordia, if close together, may coalesce and form one large primordium, but this rarely happens. The skeletal hyphae arc formed early in the development ofthe fascicle and they continue unbranched until the cessation of apical growth, but their tips arc not the leading hyphae. The apex of the primordial shaft varies from blunt and wide and composed of many hyphal tips about the same level to filiform and attenuate to a single leading hypha. The two extremes arc doubtless caused by the early or late appearance of the secondary hyphae round the base of the initial one; if late, the initial hypha leads; if early, the sccondary hyphae catch it up. In no case a primordium arises from two or three hyphae simultaneously. When it is mm. long, the primordial shaft becomes invested with the hymenium from the base upward. It is formed in two ways. Either, in the ordinary way, by.the--6ut-tuming of the tips of the generative hyphae on the sides of the gfclwing apex of the primordial shaft, or from the tips of other hyphae which have grown up later from the mycelium on the outside of the shaft. In either case these superficial hyphae become closely septate towards their ends before they tum out, and on turning out the tip becomes cut off by a septum and develops into a cystidium or a basidium, in which case it may grow out farther and cut off a short subterminal cell. Then by branching from the subterminal cells new basidia are intercalated and the hymenium becolnes continuous. The hymenium forms 1-2 mm. from the apex in young fruit-bodies, but the distance closes as they grow older until, in some cases, the hymenium forms over the apex by the conversion of the hyphal tips into basidia. Many iruit-bodies become arrested, however, before they are fully developed and their tips remain sterile; whether it is frost or temporary drying or some internal factor which arrests them. As the hymenium develops by intercalary growth, it dilates the primordial shaft and pulls the longitudinal hyphae apart, so that the tissue becomes loose. The hymenium occasionally develops from the very base of the primordial shaft, but usually at a distance of (J. from the base, in which case the short stem bears scatterc~d processes like rudimentary basidia or cystidia from its superficial hyphae; they must be regarded as rudimentary caulocystidia which are never close enough to form a palisade or sterile hymenium. Old fruit-bodies may appear to have a longer steip, even several millimetres in length, but it is secondary and appears, as Patouillard (1900) pointed out, through the collapse of the matured basidia in the older basal part of the fruit-body. The feature emphasizes the limited growth of the hymenium which docs not thicken in these reduced species of Pterula. As a

24 16 THE CLAVARIACEAE OF I~DIA further complication, some hyphae may grow up very late from the subiculum and form clusters of basidia on the old and collapsed hymenium. Lateral hyphac may also grow out from the stem and downwards into the subiculum where thcy ramify among the mycelial hyphac and form a secondary support for the enlarging fruit-bodies. They may produce a fcw lateral sub clavate proccsses, like stcrile basidia, as do some of the mycelial hyphae round the base of the fruit-body, but none of these processes developed into fertile basidia such as cover the resupinate patch ofpterulicium. Occasionally these excrescent hyphae from the stem grow upward and, on being supplemented by others, grow into a small adventitious basidiocarp like the normally adventitious ramifications of Dejlexula. The cells of the generative hyphae are binucleate. The fusion-nucleus of the basidium divides three tirii.e!i._ to form 8 daughter nuclei, one of which enters' each spore. The remaining 6'nuclei apparently degenerate. Thus the fruit-body is diploid, in Buller's sense, but the basidia have only 2 sterigmata. The cystidia arc persistently binucleate. SEXUALITY Very little information is available concerning sexuality in Clavarias. Some fragmentary observations, reported for 7)'1Jhula spp. arc quoted belo,,, from Corner (1950,jJ. 165): Most species are clearly diploid,vith clamp-conncxions, at least in the mycelium, and it seems that most are-heterothallic and produce oidia on their initial haploid mycelia. Thus T. trifolii was found to be heterothallic, but it could not be decided whether it was bipolar or tetra polar (Noble). It produces haploid oidia, and similar oidia (presumably haploid) have been reported for T. gyrans (Brcfeld), T. incarnata ( ~ T. itoana) (Remsberg), and T. variahilis (Brefeld, Remsberg). T. sclerotioides is also heterothallic according to Macdonald, but oidia were not seen. In T. trifolii and T. sclerotioides the fusion-nucleus divides in the basidium into 4 daughter nuclei, one entering each spore. In T. idahoensis,vith 4-8 spores per basidium, there must be more nuclear divisions in the basidium, giving 4-8 daughter nuclei. For species with 2-sporcd basidia one cannot even guess what the nuclear behaviour may be. T. trifolii produces in culture haploid mycelia and haploid fruit-bodies. The haploid basidiospores arc only half the size of the diploid and they are all of one' sex.' They are borne on 4-spored basidia, but it is not recorded whether there is a fusion-nucleus in the basidium, though it seems likely (the fusion of 2 nuclei in the basidia of haploid fruit-bodies has been found, most surprisingly, in CojJrinus lagopus, Peniophora ludovicianus, Mycena clavicularis, Ai. graveolens, AI. immaculata, AI. margaritispora, and lvf. viscosa; see Buller, 1941). The migration of nuclei in the diploidization of the hyphae has been followed in T. er_ythropus and T. trifolii, but there is so much irregularity in the

25 INTRODUCTION 17 nuclear behaviour, the formation and solution of septa, and in the appearance of the first clamp, that it is not possible to give a simple statement (see Buller, 1941, Noble, 1937). Hyphal branches develop independently of the nuclei in T. trifolii and reach a considerable length before the nuclei pass into them. CULTURAL BEHAVIOUR Little cultural work has been done on Clavarias. Recently Imai (1931), Tasugi (1935), Volke (1937) and Remsberg (1940) made important cultural and physiological studies on the genus T_yphula which is marked by several important pathogenic species. T_V/ihula spp. are readily grown on potato dextrose agar. Remsberg found that many species especially the pathogenic ones had unusually low optimum temperatures. In cultures these temperatures range from 6-12'C, with abundant growth on as low as 0 3'C. She also recorded that the three seriously pathogenic species had lower ranges and optima than the saprophytic spp. of the genus. Remsberg procured an abundant supply of sclerotia on potato de:xtrme: agar and on stuilize:d wheat kernds. Earlier atterrj.pts to produce fructifications in culture failed. Varying the temperature, nutrients and light in the laboratory only led to sterile sporo- phares. Tasugi (1935) and Imai (1937) showed that low temperature and bright or full sunlight (presumably open outdoor light) were necessary for the development of fruit-bodies of T. incarnata. Remsberg (1940) corroborated these results and further demonstrated that it is light of short wave length (2,700-3,250 A"), rather than sunlight as such, which is essential for the development of li uctifieations. By applying the requisite conditions of low temperature and short wave light sporophores were obtained at will in culture. Her earlier failures to procure fertile sporophores in the laboratory were due to the fact that such short rays were not transmitted through the window glass. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION Since Clavarias have not been thoroughly studied from all over the world, their geographical distribution cannot be properly assessed as yet. Corner (1950) stated that except in central and western Europe and in parts of the United States, collections and accurate determinations of these fungi have been too fe,\' for one to give more than a rough indication of their distribution. Clavarias are found abundantly in the temperate and tropical rain forests with their floor covered heavily with humus or hun1icolous soil, and dead leaves and dead twigs. Like other saprophytic fungi, their growth and distribution is governed primarily by the temperature and rainfall, and secondarily by the substratum. Several of the species, such as Clavaria vermicularis Fr., C. zollingeri Lev. and Ramariajlaccida (Fr.) Rieken are cosmopolitan, having been reported from all over the world, both old and ncv,". However, there are others such as Clavaria amoenoides Corner, Thind & Anand, C. indica Corner, Thind & Dev,

26 18 THE CLAVARIACEAE OF INI)IA Glavulina hispidulosa Corner, Thind & Anand, G. mussooriensis Corner, Thind & Dev, Ramaria brevispora Corner, Thind & Dev, R. echinovirens Corner, Thind & Dev, R. flaviceps Corner, Thind & Anand, Pterula decumbens Corner, Thind & Dev, Typhula longispora Corner, Thind & Dev, etc. which have only been very recently reported as new species are presumably restricted in the Himalayas since they were not reported earlier from anywhere else. V cry recent explorations which were carried out in the Mussooric Hills in the North Western Himalayas (5,000-8,000 ft. alt.) have already yielded a rich collection of Clavarias and yet I feel that it represents only a meagre part of what is there in store in the vast Himalayas, awaiting my curiosity as well as that of other Indian mycologists. A few Clavarias are recorded from the Khasi Hills while Banerjee (1947) reported a few Clavarias from Calcutta and its suburbs. No Clavarioid fungi appear to have been reported as yet from the rest of India, except Clavaria gollani P. Henn. (a dubious species) reported from Saharanpur by Hennings in Evidently we have not explored Clavarias from the tropical regions in India. Future explorations are likely~to show many Clavarias growing luxuriantly in our tropical rain forests. In the hot dry plains of India, however, Clavarias shall evidently prove to be absent or of rare occurrence. ~ COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION _'-"-rhe Clavarias as well as other fleshy fungi grow all at once and in great abundance only during the monsoon period in the Himalayas. That is why I have carried out all the Clavarioid explorations during the monsoon months of July, August and September, most of my Clavarias being collected hom middle of July to middle of September. It is a very difficult problem for any collector to carefully look into Clavarias as rapidly as they come out in the forests. Therefore, it is advisable to collect a few at a time and record their complete iield notes and essential microscopical details which are not reliably ascertainable later on from the preserved material. In this way, one will naturally require several seasons to successfully cover all the species prevalent in an area like the Hinlalayas vi/hich is quite rich in Clavarias. The following are the features, both macroscopic and microscopic which must be recorded by all collectors of Clavarias (as well as of other fleshy fungi) in the field at the time of collection before these can be successfully worked out and identified later on in the laboratory: 1. Date of collection. 2. LocaJity. 3. Collection number. 4. Habitat (i) Substratum: Soil (its characters), humucolous soil, humus, dead (or decaying) leaves, twigs, stems, roots, bark, base of stump, base of living tree,

27 INTRODUCTION 19 name of the plant (if possible) on the remains of which collection is made, etc. (ii) Ecological features: Exposed,,haded, moist or dry places, name of fores(, altitude, latitude, slope or angle of hill, rainfall, humidity, temperature, etc. S. :Fructification (i) Habit: Erect, decumbent, inverted, solitary, gregarious, crowded, singly or caespitose, etc, (i;) Prevalence: Common or uncommon or rare, scanty (0 abundant, i.e., growth sparse to profuse, etc. (iii) Size. (iv) Colour, fresh and on drying. (0) Texture, fresh and on drying. (vi) Smelt and taste. (vii) Presence or absence of trunk, especially in the cw;;e of simple fruit bodies. (viii) Colour of flesh, changing or unchanging on exposure or on bruising. (ix) Hymenium spread all over or unilateral, trunk and apices fertile or sterile, etc. 6. :Microscopic features (i) Colour of hyphae (also of cystidia and other sterile bodies) singly or in mass. (ii) Presence or absence of extra-cellular structures, if any. (iii) Colour a!jd-guttules of basidia. (iv) Q_9loufand guttules of basidiospores. ~~. The Clavarias should be chiefly preserved dry when they are convenient to keep in the herbarium. Besides, dry Clavarias give a good idea of natural habit and colour. However, dry specimens are very difficult to re-examine microscopically and are inadequate to asccrtain hypha 1 details and for dimensions of basidia, cystidia, etc. To overcome this difficulty, it is always advisable to preserve a few specimens, or a little material in a mixture of 25 per cent alcohol and 5 per cent formalin in \vater. This mixture was first recommended by Lagarde (1906) for Discomycetes and was successfully used by Corner throughout his study on Clavarias. I have found it very promising in the preservation of Clavarias. The advantage of this mixture lies in the fact that the gelatinizing effect (on tissues) offorrnalin is counteracted by the contraction (of tissues) caused by alcohol. Thus the malerial has been kept in good condition, for 20 years in Corner's collection. The Clavarias should be preserved in formalin-alcohol mixture just after collection to ensure that the basidia arc sporing. It has been observed that Clavarias and several other fungi (Polypores, Hydnums, Stereums, etc.) stop 'poring a few hours after collection, cspccially if not kept in their normal upright position. It is a very difficult problem to dry Clavarias in the open during the heavy rainy days in the Himalayas when the humidity is often at the saturation point. Placing them indoors or even in the kitchen does not work well. I dry

28 20 THE CLAVARIACEAE OF INDIA them in an ordinary wooden incubator kept at about 50 C. It is advisable as far as possible, to place inside the incubator all collections of the same species at one time. IDENTIFICATION A few regional monographs have been written on Clavarias J such as those of Cotton and Wakefield on "The Clavariaceae of Great Britain," in 1919; of Burt on " The North American species of Clavaria," in 1922; and of Coker on 'I The Clavarias of the "Cnitcd States and Canada," in 1923; as well as Petch's "Notes on Ceylon Clavaricac," in 1925; and Coker's" Further notes on Clavarias," in Besides, several floristic 'works on higher fungi such as those of Rca for Great Britain, 1922; Bourdot and Galzin for France, ; Donk for Holland, 1933; van Overcem for Java, 1923; and Cleland for South Australia, ; have also contributed considerably to the knowledge of Clavarias of the respective countries or regions. Unfortunately, most of these monographs and floristic works are not easily accessible and most students in tropics do not have access to them. This dirricuity was overcome by "A Monograph of Clavaria and Allied Genera," by Corner in Corner, more than anybody else, fully realized this difficulty when he said, " as one vvho would hand on the results of their works (persons who wrote earlier monogr!phs and floristic,,,,orks) to tropical nlycologists, I have made the freestme~of their publications and express my gratitude that it is possible., ~to build up one branch of systematic mycology on such sure ground." His most valuable monograph comprises world Clavarias recorded up to 1950 and as such is the most important work of reference on Clavarias. This is the only and the best hope for students of Clavarias, especially those in the tropics. Obviously I have followed this monograph throughout my study on Indian Clavarias, although I also consulted, whenever possible, some of the earlier monographs such as those of Burt and Coker. I have found his so-called natural key more convenient than the artificial one for identifying genera and species; however one would do well to carefully consult both. Very few keys on fungi are perfect and the keys by Corner are likewise far from perfect. This is so because Nature has not made organisms according to any set plans or rules and it is always a task of the greatest magnitude to follow through Nature's working. We can only make sincere efforts and Corner's is the best example for us to follow. CORNER'S CLASSIFICATION OF CLAVARIAS It should be pointed out at the very outset that according to Corner (1950) the name Clavariaceae is undesirable because many of the Clavarioid genera are not nearly related, e.g., T)phula, Pterula, and Lachnocladium, and it is impossible to know ",rhat are the limits of true Clavariaceae in the taxonomic sense of the type genus Clavaria s. str. Therefore, he preferred the usc of Clavarioid genera rather than Clavariaceae for this group of fungi.

29 I L,.{\:. '0.). 1I1~ INTRODUCTION 21 He (loc. cit.) arranged Clavarioid genera into six series or groups according to his so called Natural Classification; which are Pteruloid, Xanthochroic, Thclcphoroid, Ramaria, Clavariadclphus, and Clavaria, with Clavicorona left out by itself; and these series are based mainly on the following characters : I. H yphal system, mono- or dimi tic. 2. Presence or absence of gloeocystidia, dichophyses, and setae. 3. Branches flattened or radial. 4. Fructifications simple Of branched. 5. Spores white or coloured. 6. Hyphae inflating or not. 7. Texture and habitat of fructifications, etc. Each series is composed of two to several genera. vvhcrcas earlier workers maintained 11 or 12 genera, Corner (1950) recognized as many as 27 genera comprising 540 species, of which 170 are stated to be too inadequately known for certain identification. In other words, according to Corner, it should be possible to identify 370 species or three-quarter of the world flora from the keys and descripti()lls included in his monograph. For the rest type-material may exist for_y.eriflcation and, if not, the species may be recognized by mycologists visiting the type localities. If a species cannot be identified one may look into species incertae sedis in the genera Clavaria) Pterula, Lachnocladium and Pistillaria in his monograph. One of these doubtful species may then be recognized from locality, habitat, or some other detail. Failing this, Corner asserts that the species should be described as new. Corner, 1952 (Addenda Clavariacea - I & II), and 1953 (Addenda Clavariacea - III) erected 4 more genera: Allantula (decumbent, cystidiate and unbranched fruit bodies), Parapterulicium (having gloeocystidia and dichophyses), Phaeoaphelaria (intermediate between Aphelaria and stereoid fungi), and Pseudotyphula. In all Corner has added about two dozen new species and a fnv new varieties in these three papers and with my one dozen new species and three of Balfour-Browne, the number of Clavarioid species has already gone up from 540 to about 580 in the short interval of The Natural Classification of Clavarioid genera, as proposed by Corner (1950), is given below. CORNER'S NATURAL CLASSIFICATIO"l OF CLAVARIOLD GENERA Dimitic with colourless skeletal hyphae: generative hyphae usually clamped: fruit-bodies with very slendet filiform branches or the small fruit-bodies simple: branching flattened Of adventitious: fit~sh tough, drying horny: sp. white (? brownish in some spp.), smooth, aguttate: no glococystidia... Ptendoid-series lvfonomitic, or with gloeocystidia: branches rarely filiform

30 22 THE GLAVARIACEAE OF INDIA 'Vith dichophyses and gloeocystidia, or with Hymenochaetc-setae; without clamps, hyphae not inflating: fruit-bodies with flattened branching, never simple, tough, drying coriaceous: sp. white (? drying yellowish), small, smooth, aguttate Xanthochroic-series Without dichophyses or setae With gloeocystidia: fruit-bodics with pyxidatc branching, or simple, narrowly obconic and with sterile top, tough or gelatinous, drying horny: hyphae clamped, inflating or not: sp. white, small, aguttate: lignicolous (rarely terrestrial) Clavicorona Without glococystidia Fruit-hodies with flattened branching, tough, rarely gelatinous, drying coriaccous Of horny: hyphae not inflating, often thick-walled: sp. white or coloured, smooth, rough, or echinulate, often angled, aguttate... Thelephoroid-series Branching not flattened (or, if so, then 2-sporcd, with guttate spores, Clavulina, or with ochraceous spores)) or simple: usually fleshy, waxy, or gelatinous: hyphae generally inflating Branched, rarely simple: sp. ochraceous Or brown (the colour in the wall) or white and then lignicolous or epiphytic and with thick-walled hyphae: mostly with clamps (at least, if white-spored) : sp. ellipsoid, often elongate, rarely subglobose, guttulate or not...'."...,... Ramaria-series Sp. white (rarely with coloured contents: in some, drying yellowish: if with brownish wall, then subglobose and guttate): hyphae thin-walled (if thick-walled, then 'with simple fruit-bodies) Simple, large, and humicolous to very small and epiphytic with or without sclerotium, rarcty with adventitious branching: some genera with sterile top olinfhifea-head to the fruit-body: fleshy, waxy, or gelatinous, rarely tough: -hyphae usuauy clamped and ini1ating: sp. aguttate, or with vague guttulac... '... " Clavariadelphus-series Branched or simple, mostly tcrricolous, generally fleshy or brittle: hyphae typicaliy inflating, sometimes secondarily septate without clamps: sp. mostly I guttate or multiguttulate or, if aguttate, then with secondarily septate hyphae... '"..,.... Clavaria-series PTERULOID-SERIES Cystidia dimorphous, conical or lobed-digitate in the same fruit-body: simple, filiform, to 2 em. high, or minute and capitate; hymenium not thickening: skeletal hyphae of limited growth: epiphyllous: trop...,... Dimorphocystis Cystidia absent or simply conical-ventricose: hymenium generally thickening: skeletals of unli..nited growth Fruit-bodies pointing or curving down, as a cluster of inverted spines, simple or advf'ntitiously branched, to 2.5 em. long: cystidia none: sp. large: lignicolous... Defiexula Fruit-bodies erect Fruit-body simple to rather freely branched, with a resupinate patch round the base which is fertile when facing down: lignicolous : Old World tropics... Pterulicium vvithout such a resupinatc patch: fruit-body highly branched to simple, filiform and minute...,... '...,,... '...,..., Pterula (Sp. orchraceous, 6 X 4 [.L: fruit-body with dichgtomous branching: skeletal hyphae [.L wide: BraziL...,... '..... Lachnocladium reticulatlim) (Skeletal hyphae only in the sterile subiculum at the base of the lignicolous fruit-body: sp. ochraceous...,..., Ramaria stritla-group)

31 INTRODUCTION 23 XANTHOCHROIC-SERIES With Hymenochaete~setac: hymenium amphigenous,? not thickening: trop. Amer ClalJariac/taete With dichophyses and gloeocystidia: hymenium unilateral on the undersides of the branches, generally thickening: pantropical.... ' Lachnocladium THELEPHOROID-SERIES Sp. smooth, white: hyphae rather thick-walled, with or, typically. without clamps; fruitbodies white, pallid, brownish or yellowish, tough or toughly gelatinous: mainly trap Aj}helaria Sp. more or less angular, vcrruculose, echinulate, or tubercular: hyphae clamped Sp. white, angular~echinulatc: fruit~body white, yellowish, pinkish or purplish, branched in one plane, secondarily distorted... Scyfinopogon Sp. fuscous, brown, umber, or purple: fruit-body or hymenium similarly coloured, or blackish: branched in alternating planes: flesh generally turning blackish-green with dilute alkali...;-:-.~ Thelephora RAMARIA-SERlES Sp. yellow, ochraccous, j)t'-brown, smooth or variously marked, mostly guttulate: fruit~ bodies often _highlrcol~ured : terrestrial or lignicolous... Ramaria (With narrow skeletal hyphae [L wide: Brazil: sec Lachnocladium reticulatum) Sp. white or very pale yellowish (? darker on drying), generally aguttate, smooth, narrowly ellipsoid: hyphae becoming thick-walled: fruit~bodies white, pallid, tan, ochraceous, or brownish, tough, rarely simple ( L. mucida) : lignicolous or epiphytic... Lenlaria (Simple, small, obconic, with sterile top: on sticks, &c.: trop. Alller... Caripia) CLA V ARIADELPHUS-SERIES \Vith oleocystidia or thick-walled cyslidia: fruit~bodics small or minute: hyphae agglutinated on the surface of the stem Inverted, spine~1ike, solid, with sterile base to the fertile head, densely gregarious: some hyphae in the head secondarily septate with monitiform rows of cells: lignicolous: Malaya , Hotmomitaria Erect or ageatropie, with subconic to subglobosc, hollow, inflated head, smooth or plicate or becoming compressed: lignicolous or epiphytic: mainly trop... '" ".... Phy.mlacria (Cystidia thick-walled: head solid, clavate: trap..., ChaetQtyphula) Cystidia, if present, as thin~walled cystidio]cs (except Chaeto v/jhula) Hymenium thickening Pendulous, watery gelatinous! to 3 em. long: spores 5-7 X 3-5 [L: lignicolous: Tasmania, trop. ArneI'., S.U.S.A... ".... Myxorrrycidium Erect, obconic, or turbinate, with sterile top, to 2 em. high, firm, tough, drying woody: sp. 5-6 X 3-3.5!J.: hyphae thick-walled: lignicolous; trop. Amer... Caripia Erect, fleshy, waxy or firm, neither gelatinous nor with thick~walled hyphae: sp. larger -1.5 em. high, white, brittle, soft, with sterile truilcate apex: sp X 6-B j.l.: on leaves and twigs: Malaya... Araeororyne

32 24 THE CLAVARIACEAE OF INDIA Larger, varying massive, clayate or Cantharelloid (with sterile truncate top) to slend:!f or filiform (mostly more than 3 em. high), yellow, brown, fufeseent, umbel', or tinged pink or violet: flesh spongy, firm, or, in the slender fruit-bodies, rather rigid: mostly N. temp., Clavariadelphus Hymenium not thickening: small to minute, mostly filiform or with filiform stem and clavate to subglobosc head; epiphytic, rarely terrestrial Inverted, as down-pointing spines, white or yellowish: sp. small: lignicolous.. Alucronella Erect Hyphae not inflating: fruit-bodies mostly minute, filiform-acerose, rardy branched, sessile: temp Ceratellopsis Hyphae inflating more or less, agglutinated on the surface of the distinct stem. With sclerotium: temp..., Typhula \Vithollt sclerotium \ 'lith thick-walled cystidia: trop... Chaeto~vphula \\/ithout thick-walled cystidia Head discoid, submarginate, fertile only on the upper surface, minute: temp Pi'stillina Head cylindric, clavate or globose, wholly fertile: mostly temp... Pistillaria CLA VARIA-SERIES Basidia 2-spored, cylindric to subc1avate, usually secondarily septate after spore-discharge: sterigmata usually strongly incurved: sp. smooth, broadly ellipsoid to subglobose, I-guttate or multiguttulat.e-:- fruit-bodies simple or branched, with radial, flattened, Of cristate 1?ranching:-mostly terrestrial, few lignicolous: temp. and trap... Clauulina Basidia clavate with straight sterigmata, mostly 4-spored, not secondarily septate: branching never Battened or cristate Hyphae without clamps, mostly secondarily septate: basidia without clamps or with a wide loop at the base: fruit-bodies simple or branched, mostly brittle: sp. aguttate or multi-guttulate, rarely I-guttate, smooth: temp. and trop... Clavaria Hyphae clamped, not secondarily septate: sp. mostly I-guttate Sp. minutely echinulate or verrucose: fruit-bodies branched: temp. and trop.. liamariopsis Sp. smooth, in a few cases aculeate or rough (the fruit-bodies then simple): fruit-bodies simple or branched, mostly fleshy and somewhat brittle, a few gelatinous or tough, white or variously coloured, often yellow, orange, pink, or red: temp. and trap Clavulinopsis SIMPLIFIED KEY TO GENERA OF CLAVARIACEAE RECORDED FROM INDIA Fructifications with dimitic hyphae, highly branched to simple, filiform and minute, without a resupinate patch round the base; cystidia present Qr absent; caulocystidia often present; no gloeocystidia j spores white, smooth, aguttate; on humus, wood and various plant remains...,...,... ' Pterlila Fructifications with monomitic hyphae, or with gloeocystidia, branches rarely filiform With dichophyses and gloeocystidia; hymenium unilateral on the underside of branches, generally thickening Lachnodadium Without dichophyses

33 INTRODUCTION 25 \Vith gloeocystidia; fructifications with pyxidate branching, or simple, narrowly obconic and with sterile top, tough or gelatinous, drying horny; hyphae clamped, inflating or not; spores white, small, aguttate; lignicolous...,...,... Cluviwrona Without gloeocy:o.tidia Fructifications with flattened branches, tough, drying coriaceous or horny; hyphae not inflating, often thick walled Spores smooth, white; fructifications white, pallid, bro\vnish or yellowish... Aphelaria Spores angular-echinulate l white; fructifications whit{'", Yt"llowish, pinkish or purplish, branched in one plane, secondarily distorted.. ' Sf)'linopogon Fructifications radial (or rarely flattened as in Cilivulina), usually fleshy, waxy, or gelatinous; hyphae generally inflating Spores mostly coloured; fructifications mostly branched Spores yellow, ochraceous, or brown (colour in the wall), smooth or generally variously marked, ellipsoid, often elongate, rardy subglobose, mostly guttulate; fructifications often highly colour~d; terrestrial or lignicolous.,... Ramaria Spores white or very pale yellowish, 'smooth, narrowly ellipsoid, aguttate; hyphae becoming thick-walled; fructifications whitt'", pallid, tan, ochraceous, brownish, tough, rarely simple; lignicolous or epiphytic...,...,... Lrntaria Spores white (rarely with coloured contents) Fructifications ~j.mple, fleshy, waxy, or gelatinous.. rarely tough; hyphae usually clampeg._a-nd inaating; spores aguttate, or with vague guttulcs.-hymenium thickening; fructifications erect, large, massive, clavate, or filiform -- or slender (more than 3 em. high), yellow, brown, rllfescent, umber, or tinged pink or violet; flesh spongy, firm, or rather rigid; cystidia none: terrestrial or lignicolous Clavariadelphus Hymenium not thickening; fructifications erect; hyphae inflating more or less agglutinated on the surface of the distinct trunk; Jignko]ovs, rarely teaestria) \Vith sclerotium...,...,... ' r vphula Without sclerotium, without thick~walled cystidia; head cylindric, clavate or globose, wholly fertile...,...,.., Pistillaria Fructifications branched or simple, generally fleshy or brittle, mostly terricolous; hyphae typically inflating, sometimes secondarily septate without damps; spores mostly I-guttate or multiguttulate or, if aguttate, then with secondarily septate hyphae Basidia 2-spored, subcylindric, usually secondarily septate after spore discharge; sterigmata strongly incurved; spores smooth; fructifications with radial, flattened or cristate branching or simple; mostly terrestrial) rarely lignico]ous...,...,...,..... Clavulina Basidia clavate with straight sterigmata, mostly 4~spored, not secondarily septate after spore discharge; branching never flattened or cristate, or simple Hyphae without damps, mostly secondarily septaie; basidia without damps or with a wide loop at the base; fructifications simple or branched) mostly brittle; spores aguttate or multi~guttulate, rarely 1 ~g-uttate, smooth... G'lavaria Hyphae clamped, not secondarily septate; spores mostly 1-guttate Spores minutely echinulate or verrucose; fructifications branched Ramariopsis Spores smooth, in a few cases aculeate or rodgh (the fruit bodies then simple); fructifications simple or branched, mostly fleshy and wmewba t 3

34 26 THE CLAVARIACEAE OF INDIA brittle, a few gdatinous or tough, white or variously coloured, often yellow, orang!:', pink, or red... Clavulinopsis I have omitted The/ephorn from the key to Indian genera; as I am not quite sure whether it \vill be treated in Clavariaceae by mycologists in future, as has been done by Corner. The genus A,,!ylaria, which is also not included in this key differs from all other genera of Clavariaceae in its amyloid spores. Keys to species recorded in India: While preparing keys for the species of various genera recorded from India, I have made free use of the characters of the Indian types while still maintaining the broader concept of the species. For those species recorded only in India so far, all the characters used in keys are, of course, of Indian types. 1. Genus PTER ULA Fr. Orb. Veg. p ; Linnea 5: ; Lloyd, C. G., The Genus Fiem/a,,~'st. 1'\.1)'c. Writ. 5: ; Corner, Monogr., Clavaria & Allied Gen. p Synonyms: Penicillaria Chev., Fl. Gen. Paris, 1 :'> Plweopterula p, Henn., Hedu,. 43: Fruit-body variable, much branched and bushy to simple; stem generally distinct, short, slender, s<?_01 etimes with a slight byssoid or strigose disk; branches mm. wide,. iender, terete, attenuate to finely subulate or filiform tips I'- wide-ceven reduced to a single hypha), with flattened-dichotomous branching in alternating planes or the main branches apparently polychotomous (through condensed dichotomy), or adventitious in subsimple species, multaxial with equal dichotomy or monaxial with pseudo-verticillate branching through overtopping or adventitious branching, often connate from crowding; hymenium waxy, generally absent from the stem and uppersides of the main branches; flesh tough, often drying fuscous brown, horny and cartilaginous with twisted branches. On humus, wood, and vanous plant remains; 65 spp., temperate and, mostly, tropical. Spores white, smooth (asperulate in P. grandis), ellipsoid to subglobose, aguttate (or with a minute guttula). Basidia small, clavate; sterigmata 2-4. Cystidia present or absent; no gloeocystidia. Hymenium thickening, or not in a fnv simple species, the old basidia collapsing; subhymcnium composed of short-celled uninflated hyphae,"vith submucilaginous \valls. Caulocystidia often present. Sterile hymenium on the stem and upper sides of the branches consisting of a rudimentary hymenium, not or little thickened, often with caulocystidia

35 PTERULA 27 on the stein but few or none on the branches; modified into a ' pavenlent epithelium' of hyphae with agglutinated brownish walls in several subsimple epiphyllous species. Hyphae dimitic; skeletal hyphae of unlimited growth, thick-walled, colourless, or with pale brownish or yellowish walls, aseptate, smooth, mostly unbranched, occasionally branched into 2-5 skeletals apically or producing a lateral generative hyphae; generative hyphae thin-walled, uninflated, septate, generally with clamps, a few species without, sometimes branched from the clamp, occasionally with thick.walled, intercalary, skeletal segments. Type-species: P. subulata Fr. Corner defined the genus Pterula more closely on the hyphal structure. According to him the identity of many of the old species is difficult to ascertain because most of these have been described from dried specimens. In drying, the fruit bodies become so shrivelled, twisted and discoloured as to be unrecognizable in their delicate living counterparts. The various species of Pterula will be fully defined only afier mycologists study them in detail from the living fresh material. Two species of Pterula are recorded from India so far, and these can be distinguished as follo>"s : ~ KEY TO SPECIES Fruit bodies decumbent, much branched, branches singly or in dusters; spores X llj cystidioles present; on dead twigs and dead leaves; India.... P. decumbe7lj Fruit bodies erect, apparently monopodia] with verticillate branches; spores unknown; on humus; temp P. penicellata 1. Pterula decumbens Corner, Thind & Dev Pwc. 44th bulilll! Sri. Crmgr. Part Ill. Abst. pp ; Trum. Brit. Al)'c. Soc. 40: 472. IY:17. Text-Fig. 1. Fructifications decumbent to suberect, densely gregarious and covering the substratum from fe\v to several centimeters, small sized, slender, radial, fleshy, trunk absent, light brown with \ vhite apices, composed of a main axis which gives off branches laterally, attached to the substratum by numerous rhizoidal branches at various places; main axis cylindrical, slightly darker than the laterals, up to 0.33 Inrrl. wide, branched, prostrate on the substratum to suberect, attached to the substratum at places by rhizoidal branches; laterals singly or in clusters, cylindrical, up to 0.26 mm. wide, apices acute to accuminate, somet.imes obtuse, sterile; rhizoidal branches thread-like and rhizomorphic, lighter coloured, sterile; flesh \vhite; taste ~nd smell inparticular.

36 28 THE CLAVARIACEAE OF INDIA c Text- Fig. I. Pleruia decumbens Corner, Thincl & Dcv. A. Decumbent fruclificalion, X 3. B. Basidia, " C. Cystidioles, X D. Basidiosporcs, X E. Dimi lie hyphae, X 500.

37 PTERULA 29 Hymcnium amphigenous, absent on the rhizoidal branches and portions of main axis in contact with the substratum, thickening up to 80 fl, Cystidioles hyaline, thin walled, abundant, broader at the base and narrowed above, apex acute, or sometimes s,"vollcn into a capitate or knob like head, X fl, projecting I 0-26 [~ b"yond the hymenial surface. Basidia X 4-6 fl, clavate, hyaline, clamped at the base; sterigmata -t, rarely 2, straight, fl long. Spores X ', hyaline, ellipsoid, papillate, papilla prominent and up to I I-' long, smooth, aguttate. Hyphae dimitic; generative hyphae hyaline, thin walled, branched, unintlated, septate, septa at long intervals, clamped, 3-5 [.L wide; skeletal hyphae light brown, brown in a mass, thick walled, wall up to I fl thick, branched, \yavy at places, uninflated, septa rare and at very long intervals, not clamped, I-' wide. Skeletal hyphae more abundant in the main axis than in the laterals. HABITAT: On dead twigs, dead leaves, and dead needles under Cedrus deodara forest. '". ~~: Mussoorie (Kadu Khal, alt. 6,000-7,000 ft., September 3, 1955, Thind and Dev 120). DISTRIBUTION: India (Mussoorie). This Mussoori" fungus, P. decumbens, is characterized by the decumbent habit and is rightly named accordingly. It is very interesting in showing how the erect habit of Pterula passes into the decumbmt habit of Allan!ula Corner and is ultimately lost in the deflexcd fruit bodies of Deftexl/!a Corner. It is intermediate in its direction of growth between PI,rula and Allanlula. Its cystidioles are hardly comparable with the cystidia of Allantula (Corner, Ann. Bat. N.S. 16: 272, 1952) which extend as the hymenium thickens. Besides, the fruit bodies of P. decumbens are extensively branched, as is the case with Pterula, and are not merely the minute, intercalary segments of the rhizomorphs as in Allantula. 2. Pterula penicellata Lloyd A~)I(. ]I/oles 60: 86:{, f. 1466, 1467, 1919; ibid. 74: 1340, r (Inoian spt"cimens); Comer,.HollOgr. Clmmria & Allied Gen. p HABITAT: LOCALITY: DISTRIBUTION: On humus in woods. India, collection of P. L. Dey. U.S.A., Canada, India. Lloyd, 1925, referred to a specimen of P. L. Dey collected from India and named it Ptemla penicellata, the same he had described from U.S.A. He

38 30 THE CLAVARIACEAE OF INDIA remarked that it \vas strange that a species only kno\vn from U.S.A. should first turn up in India. Lloyd did not describe Dey's fungus except for one illustration (Fig. 3125). He apparently presumed that its details were the same as those of his U.S.A. specimens. Judging from Lloyd's photographs, Corner (1950) felt that P. penicellata Lloyd appeared similar to P. verticillata Corner and the Indian specimens may be identical with P. verticillata of Malaya. According to Corner, the structure, branching, spores, etc., of P. /)enicellata must be described before jt can be recognized. 2. Genus LACHNOCLADIUM Lev. Orhigll)', Did. Nat. HiJt. 8: ; Pat., J. de Bot. 3: 23, ; Ess. TaxoN. 1900; Burt, Ann. Mu. Bot. Gdn. 6: ; Donk, Bull. Bot. Gard. Buil. Ser. 3, 17: ; Singer, Mycolol!ia 36: 553."1.9,44: Corner, AJonogr. Clavaria & Allied em. p Synonyms: Eriocladus Lev., AnTI. Sci. }v'at. Bot. Ser. 3, 5: (haud Eriocladium Lindley). Stelligera Heim ex Doty, Llo.vdia 11: Fruit-_bQdi",--n(ghly ramified, often caespitose, attached by yellowish mycelialjlbrils, often with a short sterile, matt or tomentose stem; branching flattened, in alternating planes, dichotornous or apparently polychotomous from approximate dichotomies; branches rather slender, terete or±. flattened, obcuneate when young, eventually tapering, sterile and matt or subvihous on the uppersidc; hymcnium 'vax)', unilateral on the underside; morc or less yello,vish, ochract'dus, tawny or subferruginous, often clearer yellow or ochraceous near the,"vhite tips; flesh ± coriaceous, rather dry, pliant, drying stifi and fairly rigid, not horny. In humus or lignicolous, in tropical forests: c. 20 spp. Spores white, smooth, very small, aguttate, often drying pale yellowish. Basidia small, with (2 -) 4 subulate sterigmata. Gloeocystidia ahvays present, thin-\vallcd, colourless, smooth, with oily homogenecus or guttate contents, mostly immersed, traversing the hy-menium in species with thickening hyrnenia; setae and thick-walled cystidia absent. Hyphae monomitic, septate, without clamps, not indatjng, with thin and colourless or slightly thickened, pale yellowish or brownish walls, a few with oleaginous contents (as laticiferous hyphae). Dichophyses abundant in the mycelium and fruit-body but absent from the thickening hymenia, arising from a stalk but rarely with a distinct central body, repeatedly dichotoiuous, aseptatc, with thickened pale yellow or bro\vnish yellow walls and colourless acute tips (rarely subcircinate). Stem and branches (and mycelial strands) with a medulla oflongitudinal, compact generative hyphae and few dichophyscs, and with a paler looser,

39 LACHNOCLADIUM 31 often somewhat spongy cortex \vith interwoven generative hyphae and very numerous dichophyses. Hymcnium developing as a discontinuous layer of strongly projecting basidia, becoming continuous in species \vith thickening hymenium; without dichophyses; the subhymenium becoming waxy and traversed by gloeocystidia. Sterile surface covered with a mass of subcoralloid, very small dichophyses, without gloeocystidia, often thickcning slowly throughout the life of the fruitbody. Colour caused mainly by the yellow or brownish yellow walls of the medullary generative hyphae and of the dichophyses, darkening with dilute alkali. It is noteworthy that the specific differences in this peculiarly isolated tropical genus are anatomical like th,?se of algae. In general form, structure, and colour (at least, of dried specimens) the species of Lachnocladium are so uniform that none can be easily distinguished macroscopically. According to Corner (1950) SOme species have distinctly llattened branches and others subcylindric, yet bo~t_h extremes may occur on the same fruit body. Spores, gloeocystidia,_ and- dichophyses are extremely alike in the various species. i~s:_cdrding to Corner, the important differences appear in the formation of --~-~the hymenium, the relative thickness of the medulla and cortex, and in the size of the medullary hyphae, e.g., L. brasiliense. There arc only two species of Laclmocladium reported from India so far, of which one, L. himalq'yense lvlass., is perhaps a conidial Xylaria as suggested by Corner (1950). Therefore, it is not worthwhile to give a key to differentiate the two species reported from India. The description of th," so-called L. himalayense, is only given as such. 1. Lachnoc1adiurn brasiliense Ley. Ann. Sci. Nat. B9t. Ser. 3, 5: l:i (as Eriocladus htasilien.~is); Pat., J. de Bot. 3: 26, pl. 1,;: 5. 1B89; Lloyd, A---.[vc. Notes 59: B27,f, ; Burt, Ann. 11,>[0. Bot. Gdn. 6: 268, /)i. 5, j. 1, text fig ; Singer, Alyeal. 36: ; Sacc., S)'ll. Fung. 6: 738; Bancljcc, BlI!!. But. Suc. Bfflgal 1: ; Corner, AJonogr. Cla[laria & AlIiedGen.p ":10. Synonyms:? L ambiginosum eke. (teste Lloyd:? "\1S. name)? L.famacme P. Henn" F7igl Ja/nb. 23; (teste Lloyd). HABITAT:, Locality: Calcutta. DISTRIBUTION: On earth and decaying leaves. India (Calcutta), Brazil, U.S.A. (Southern Florida). No description is given for this fungus reported frolll India by Banerjee. Considerable doubt exists for the correctness of its taxonomic status.

40 32 THE CLAVARIACEAE OF INDIA 2. Lachnocladium himalayense Mass. Kew. Bull. 1: ; Sacc, s..yu. Fung. 16: 211; Corner) iuijnogr. C/(lvaria & Allied Gen. p. 434, Synonym: Pleru/a ftimala)'eli5is (Ma~s,) Lloyd, A{)le. }/oles 60: 867. t919. Trunk em. long, rather thick, elongate, pale rufescent; branches and branchlets rugulose, tercte or compresscd l axils arcuate, alutaccous then cinnamon fuliginous, apices pallid white, blackening with age. Spores 4~5 f' wide, subglobose, hyaline, smooth. HABIT AT: On the ground in fir forests. LOCALITY: Sikkim (Phallaloong Ridge, alt. 10,000 ii., Gamble 99). DISTRIBUTION: India (Sikkim). " This fungus, couected by Gamble abd Massee (1898) was li"t described as Lachrocladium himal(lyense. Later Lloyd (1919) transferred it to Pletula and named it Pteruia himaia}'ensis (Mass_) Lloyd. Corner (1950) accepted the earlier name L. himala;'ense ~ss. AC.CQL~Orner (1950) there was nothing in the description of this. _.~tungus to suggest that this was a Pteruia, and Pleruia mannii, with which Lloyd compared it, is a dubious species suggesting a Xyiaria. He felt that perhaps, this (L. himaia]ense) was also a conidial X),iaria, cf. Xyiaria nigripes. 3. Genus CLA VICORONA Doty Ll(lydia to: 38-44, t: ; Corner, ~tlono.f!,r. Clomria & Allied Gen. p Fruit-body erect, clavarioid, pyxidately branched, usually with a distinct stem, or simple and narrov'lly abconie with sterile cyathiform apex; branches verticillate, narrowly obconic, with sterile cyathiform tops, proliferating whorls of 2-8, mostly 3~4, similar branchlets from the margin of the top, successive whorls more or less alternating; the lignicolous species attached by a fibrillosestrigose or subtomentose subiculum of secondary mycelium; white, light yellowish, ochraccous, fuscous-brmvn or tinged lilac, grm,\ring tips white; hymenium,vaxy-mucilaginous, smooth, often thickening, absent from the stem, from the bases of the branches on their upper sides and fi'oin the eyathiform tops, often covered eventually by a thin sterile epihymcnium of narrow hyphae; flesh toughly gelatinous, dry and pliable or fibrous-subcoriaceous (waxy-soft in two simple species), often acrid. Lignicolous ot' terrestrial; 8 spp., temperate and tropical, uncoffilllon. Spores white, small, 3~6 x f', smooth or punctate-rough, ellipsoid or subglobose, thin walled, aguttate. Basidia small, subclavate, 4-spored.

41 APH ELARIA 33 Cystidia present or not; gloeocystidia large, traversing the subhymenium and hymenium, immersed or with slightly projecting tips, -800 X ', absent from sterile surfaces. Hyphae monomitic, clamped and inflating or dilnitic with aseptate skeletal hyphae of limited growth and clamped uninflated generative hyphae. Type species: C. taxophila (Thorn) Doty. Only one species of Clavicorona is reported from India so far. I. Clavicor,m'" p~xidata (YL) Dot)' Lloydia 10; ; Corner, Monogr. Clal'aria & Allied Gen. p Basinym: Clavaria pyxidata Fr., Syst. MJ'c. 1: ; Cooke, Handb. Aw;tral. Fungi, p ; Coker, Clavaria; l:i..s. & Canada, p. 92, t. 26, 27, ; Pilat, Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. 49: 50, t. 5, f ; Kauffm., Pap. Afich. Acad. Sci. Arts Lett. 8: ; \Vehm., ibid. 20: ; Sacc., S;'l1. Fung. 6: 698; Henn. P., Hedw. 40; ; Lloyd,.M_vcol. LeU. 44: 4. Synonyms: C. coronata Schw., Tr. American Phil. Soc. 2(4): (non Lev. =-" Clm'i (orona jtjj.lttffu;;,). f:;;-peursii B. et C., Grer. 2: :{. C. laetissima B.,]. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18: Clavicorona coronata (Schw.1 Dot)', Lloydia 10,}: flahltat: On wood. LOCALITY: Mussoorie (Arnigadh, alt. 5,500 ft., August 15, 1900, Gollan 263); India (collection of Legere). DISTRIBUTION: India (Mussooric), Europe (widely spread but rare), North America (frequent), Asia Minor, Australia. This fungus collecled and reported Ii-om India was not mentioned by Corner (1950). 4. Genus APHELARIA Corner Alo71ogr. CIa varia & Allied Gen. p. IBO. 1950; Addenda Clavariace-a. III. Ann. Bot. Lond., N.S., 17: Fruit-bodies branched, in a fev\' species sparingly or subsimple, with flattened multifid and bifid branching, alternating or apparently in some species in one plane, often with filiform Pteruloid tips, coriaceous or gelatinous (A. flabellata], white, pale grey, yellowish, brownish, or pale flesh-colour, never clearly pigmented, often Stereum-like at first. Mostly terrestrial, few lignicolous; 12 spp. tropical, a few ternperate. Spores white, smooth, subglobose to clongate ellipsoid, aguttate (or minutely multiguttulate).

42 34 THE CLAVARIA CEAE OF INDIA Basidia clavate, rather wide; sterigmata 2-4 (sub-tremellaccous ln A.. tuberosa). Cystidia and gloeocystidia absent. Hyrneniulll thickening, generally absent from the stem and upper sides of the branches, or as a rudimentary sterile hymenium. Hyphae monomitic, not inflated, long-celled, becoming slightly thickwalled, typically without clamps, colourless. Type-species: A. dendroides (Jungh.) emend. Corner. After studying further collections of Aphelaria, Corner (1953) decided that the species with clamped hyphae and subtremellaceous basidia; such as A. tuberosa, must be separated as a distinct group from those with normal basidia and without clamps. Since the number of species were few (only four) and little known, he referred them to a.new subgenus Tremellodendropsis with the following diagnosis:..., Hyphae <;lamped; basidia large, clavate, and with cruciatc apices, subseptate; sterigmata large; type A. tuberosa (Grev.) Corner. Both the species of ApiJ.elrrfia recorded so far from India belong to Corner's subgenus Tremellodendropsis and these are keyed below. ~.- KEY TO SPECIES Spores elongate, twice a,<; long as wjdc Spores 9-15 X 4-7 fl., mostly oblong pusia Spores X 5-9 (1., elongate, amygdaliform... A. tuberosa I. Aphelaria pusio (B.) Corner Monogr. Cla<'aria {# Allied Gen. p ; Ann. Bot. Land.. N.S. 17: ; Thind & Anand. ]. II/diall Bot. Soc. 35: 92, tf'xt-fig Text-Fig. 2. Basinym: Clmwia flusia B" Hook. Fl. New Zeal. p ; l\{assce, Tr. N. Zeal. Insf. 39 : Synonyms: Plmda jnnio (B.) Bres. et Syd., PhifiNJ. ]. Sci. Bot. I}: ; Bres., Hedw. 56: ; Voyd, Myc. Note!; 60: Lachnocladium fiagellijorme (B.) eke., Whitelcgge, s.n., Australia (Double Bay, on dead wood; in Herb. Kew), quoted by E. ]. H. Corner (Ann. Bot. Lond., N.S. 17: ). Fructifications X em., gregarious, erect, small sized, flattened, with or without a trunk, branched, somewhat leathery and tough, whitish; trunk, when present, cm. long and up to 0.3 cm. broad; branching dichotomous above and appearing polychotomous below due to very close

43 APHELAR I A 35 dichotomy, branches unequal, f1attened, fastigiate, in alterna ting planes, sometimes fused together ; apices concolorous and acute; flesh concolorous. H ymenium spread all over except the trunk, up to 79 p. thick. Basidia 9-12 fl broa.d, clavate, subhyaline ; sterigmata 3-4, stout, and massive. Basidiospores ] 0.3-] 5.5 X fl, subh yaline, oblong-ellipsoid, pipshaped, smooth, thin-walled, aguttate when young, ovcrmatured spores multiguttulatc, guttules vague. H yphae monomitic, fj. wide, hyphaj cells up to 150 I-l long, or even more, hyaline, narrow, branched, slightly thick-walled, septate, septa at long intervals, clamped, clamps abundant b ut not at all septa. A Text- Fig. 2. Aldll'{arin In/.lio (B.) Corner.. Fructification, 1. H. Basidia, 880. C. Basidiosporcs, x 880. D, Slightly ihick walled hyphae, X 380. HABITAT : On soil under O ak (QyerCll.l' incallfl Roxb.) forest. LOCALITY: Mussoorit' (KempLY Falls Road, alt. 5,000 ft., September 3, ]953, Thind & Anand 25). DISTRn3UTfON: India (Mussoorie), New Zealand (N. 151.); Australia.

44 36 THE CLAVARIACEAE OF INDIA The fructifications of the Mussoorie fungus arc slightly smaller but much more branched for the species. However, the size of the fruit body and degree of branching is often only a matter of age. 2. Aphelaria tuberosa (Grev.) Corner.lv/unogr. Clauuria & Allied Gen. p. 192, text fig ;)0; An1l. Bot. Lond., N.:';. 17: ; Thind & Dev.,]. Indian Bot. Sor. 35: Hasinym: Synonyms: Text-Fig. 3. ~\{eriwul tuberos1lm Grev., Sent. Crypt.- Ft. 3, t Thelephora tuberosa (Grev.) Fr., El. p Stereum tuberosum (Grev.) Mass., Brit. Fung. Fl. 1: Tbelephora contorta Karst., Not. Siillsk Faltn. Fl. Ferm. Foyil. 9: ; Bourd et Galz., Hym. Fr. p Polyozus contortus Karst., Fin( Nat. o. Folk 31: ; Act. Soc. Sci. Fenn. 15: 185, t ; Finl.,Nat. 'S. Folk. 48: : ; Lundell and Nannfeldt, Sr'. Svomp., fase. 3-4, p Lachnocladium semivestitum B. et Br., Grev. 1: (haud Clavaria semivestila B. etbr. 1874); Burt, Arm. Mo. Bot. Gdn. 6: 271, t. 5, f : Coker, Clavarias U.S. & CQJUtda, p. 196) t , ; Hcim, Publ. }unl. Cicnr. J\/al. Barcel. -< 1_2.:..+f, f Clal'aria gigaspora Cotton, NotltmliJ"j p ; Tram. Bri!..'-'{)lr..)DC. 6: '? Clauaria rivalis Britz., H_rm. Sur/b. 6: 33,f ; Rev. H_vm. p Fructifications X em., gregarious, scattered, erect, small sized, radiai to flattened, trunk present, sparseiy branched, sometimes simple, tough, rough, dirty white, becoming brighter at the top, on drying turning brown; trunk em. X D.&-2 mm., cylindrical; branches l'lx, sparse, 1-3 dichotomous, unequal, mostly in one plane, lower branches flattened and broadly palmately divided, ultimate branchlets long, radial and up to 1.7 em. long; apices acute and sterile; flesh white, unchanging on exposure or bruising; smell and taste in particular. Hymcnium spread all over except the sterile apices and the lo\'\i'er sterile part of the trunk, thickening, with numerous embedded spores, up to 315 il thick. Basidia X 6-12 fl, hyaline, subtremellaeeous, davat()-elongate, or clavate with a long tapered base, filled up with abundant irregular guttulcs ; sterigmata 4, sometimes 2, stout, straight or incurved, 4-12 fl long. Basidiospores X il, hyaline, clongato-ellipsoid, sllbfusoid or subsigmoid, subacute, papillate, attenuating to the papilla, papilla prominent and fl long, smooth, aguttate. Hyphae monomitic, 3-4 fl wide, hyaline, thin-walled to slightly thickwalled, branched, uninflated, septate, septa at long intervals, clamped.

45 APHELARIA 37 D Tcxt E g. 3. A/Jhelcrria tubernsa (Grev.) Corner. A. Sparsely branched fructifications, Subt"cmcllaccous basidia. :.( C. Elongat()..cllipsoid and smoolh walled basidiospores, X I 1;0. D. ClampC'd, uninoaled hypha, X 500. H ABITAT: On soil amid mosses under Oak forest. LOCALITY: Mussoorie (The P;uk Road, all 6,000-6,500 fl., August 22, 1955, Thind & Dev 62). DISTRIIlUTlON: Temperate Asia (Mussoorie, India; China; J apan) ; Europe (Sweden; Finland; Great Britain ; Spain) ; T emperate orth America (N. Carolina, New York, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.); Bermuda (Church Cove); Brazil (M otto Grosso ; Campo Grande). This species is reported to possess dimorphic basidia, clavate and the subtremellaccous. The :Nlussoorie fungus possesses only the latter type. Corner also observed only the latter type from a collection from Cambridge, England (loc. cil. fl. 192, text- fig ). The young basidia arc clavate with a long tapered base. Later at maturity they become. 2-4 lobed a l the top, each lobe prolonging above inlo a stout sterigma up to 12 X 4 fl.. T he four lobes divide the basidium imperfectly longitudinally (at the top only, the partition walls

46 38 THE CLAVARIACEAE OF INDIA always remaining above the middle of the basidium), thus imparting a subtremellaceous appearance to the basidium. In other words the basidia at maturity become depressed at the apex and appear shortly longitudinally (but incompletely) septate. There are no true septa partitioning the basidium as in Tremel/a. In its character of prominently marked subtremellaceous basidia and longer spores, A. tuberosa is easily differentiated from A. pusio, the basidia of which are not observed to show such subtremellaceous character. 5. Genns SCYTINOPOCON Singer Lloydia 8: ; Comer, Afollogr. elm.furia & Allied Gm. p I 95(). Fruit-body with flattened branching in one plane, becoming confused by twisting of the branches; bran,ches flattened, more or less broadly dilating before dividing, becoming elongate and ligulate, polyehotomous below, dichotomous above (or wholly dichotomous in slender specimens); hymenium inferior, the uppersides of the branches and axils with a sterile hymenium; flesh rather tough, _ fibrous, pliant, more or less coriaccous; white, cream, alu:_~-bl' tinged pink or purple. Terrestrial; 2 spp., tropical and in the southern states of U.S.A. Spores,vhite or pale tan or yellowish 1 echinulate or verruculose} angularly ellipsoid, the wall slightly thickened, aguttate, non-amyloid. Basidia small, narrow; sterigmata (2-3-) 4. Cystidia none. Hyphae monon11tlc, clamped, not inflating or very irregularly, often becoming thick-walled, colourless. Type-species: S. angulisporus (Pat.) Corner. The genus Scvtinopogon was erected by Singer (1945) for Pter"ia fjaliescens Bres., which is a synonym of Ciallaria angulispora Pat. This genus resembles superficially with RarnariQfJsis but is differentiated from the latter by its peculiar branching and the angular-echinulate spores. It is also easily differentiated from Aphelaria which has smooth spores, branches in all directions, and, typically, lacks clamps. Corner (1950) stated that its alliance seemed with The/tplma s. str; and that if the branches of St),tinopo.gon were carefully untwisted and flattened out, it could be seen that they have arisen from the repeated expansion and subdivision of the original plate of tissue forming the stem; and that, if they did not twist by unequal (? residual) inflation of the tissne, they would form a flabelliform frond as in many of the Rhodophyceae. Only one species of Scytinopogon is reported from India so far.

47 RAMARIA Scytinopogon angulisporus (Pat.) Comer Monogr. Clavaria (:3 Allied Gen. p. 648, text-figs. 5, , 282, Basinym: Clavaria anglllispora Pat., Bull. Soc. M.ye. Fr. 4: 41, t. 13, L ; Coker, Cla ~'arias U.S. (:3 Canada p. 103, t. 30, 84. ]923; Sacc.,,~y!!. rung. 9: 247; Banerjee, Bull. Bot. Soc. Bengali: SynonyIIL'i:? Clavaria guarapiensis Speg., Fung. Guar. Pug. I, n ? Clauaria spega::.zinii Sacc.", yll. Fung. 6: ( = C. cladonia Speg. Fung. Guar. Pug. 1, no , non Kalchbr.).? Lachrwcladiwn cirratum Pat., J. BOI. p ? Lachnocladium schweinfurthianum P. Henn., Engl. Jahrh, 17: Pterula pallesans Bres., Bull. Soc. But. Belg. p : Killcl'm.. J\/al. Pfl. Fam. 2nd ed. 6: 157. f. 102j Lachnocladium miilieri P. Henn., Hedu).: L. schwackei P. Henn., ibid.: 196. L. zenkeri P. Renn., Engl. Jahrb. 30: L. usamharense P. Henn., ibid. 34: L. dubio.wm Brc.';. ap. Rick~ Emf. 5-: 13, t. 6, f. 3, 1906 (without diagnosis); Arm. Myc. 18: L. ckarlacellm Pat., ibid. 5: Clavaria nodulojperma Atk., ibid. 7: Lachnocladium ]lfllkscens (Bre3.) Bres., Hedw. 56: ? Thel /Jhorctlactea Pat., Bu!!. Soc. Alyc. Fr. 39: r.,ach~ocladium echinosporum Bres. var. micro.lporum Beeli, Bull. Suc. Ru_)'. Bu!, BeIg, 58: ' Sc ytirwpogon pallescens (Brcs.) Singer, Llq.ydia 8: (Clavaria baileyi Mass. m~., in Herb. Kew). (C. saraj'inii Cotton m'l., in Herb. Kew). Lachnocladium geniculatum Lev. (Alln. Sci. Nat. p B46) sensu Lloyd, Ao0Jc. Notes 65: 1950, t (an verum?); ( 0-= Clavan:a geninilata (Lev.) San:" Syll. Fung. 6: ). L. dealbatum sensu van der Bi_il, S. Afi-. J. Sri. 29: 320, t. 3, f , HABITAT: LOCALITY: On humus. Calcutta. DISTRIBUTION: India (Calcutta), apparently throughout the tropics, U.S.A. (N. Carolina), Malaya, Uganda, Mauritius. No description is given for this fungus by Banerjee who recorded it as rare in Calcutta. 6. Genus RAMARIA S. F. Gray emend. Donk Nat. Arr. Br. PI. 1: ; Honordcn, Handb. Myk. p ; Que!.; Fi. A-Iye. 1888; Rieken, Vadem et 1920; Huber, Zeitsehr. f Pil:::.k. 15: , et ibid. 18: ; Donk, Rev. Nieder!. Homob. Aph),ll. 2: , et Bull. Bot. Gdn. Bud. Ser. 3, 17: j!vfairc, Fungi Catal. 2: 3J. 1937; Corner, Monogr. Clavarja (:3 Allied Gen. p

48 40 THE CLAVAH.IACEAE OF INDIA Synonyms: Clal'aria ritgen. Schr. Marh. Ges. 2: Clavaria sect. Ramaria Fr., E,p. p. 571, pro p Clal'ariella Karst., ReI'. l}~)i(. 3: ; Schroet., Cl)hn. Klypt.-Fl. Schle,f. Pilze p Phaeoclavulina Brinkm., ]ahrb. Westfdl. Provo Ver. Wiss. Kunst, Bl)t. Serlo p ; v. Ov., Bull. ]a,d. Bot. Buil. Ser. :1, 5; Lachrwcladium sect. Coniocladium Pat. et sect. Dendrocladium PaL, ]. de Bot. 3: 23, ; Ess. Tax Dendrocladium Lloyd, ~iv{yc. Writ. 5: 87U Fruit-bodies massive to small, radially branched, polychotomous or dichotomous, rarely with flattened branching (R. gracilis), generally coloured, pallid white in some species; flesh brittle, fleshy-fibrous, softly coriaceons, tough or gelatinous, often vines cent or rufcseent (cyanescent in R. ochraceovirens). Terrestrial in humus or ligmcolous (Stricta-group); cosmopolitan, 106 spp. "- Spores pale yellow, ochraeeous, cinnamon or ferruginous, the spore-wall coloured, ehipsoid, large to small, smooth, striate) rough, rugulose, verruculose or echinulate, genej_ally with one to several guttulae, aguttate in a few species; (subglobos~ doubtful species). -BaSidia 4-spored (1-) 2-3 spored in a few species, not secondarily septate, u,ually multiguttulate; sterigmata erect, straight, or slightly curved. Cystidia and gloeocystidia none (? R. cystidiophora). Hymcnium thickening or not, often dorsiventral and sterile on the uppersides of the branches; sllbhymenium composed of Ilninflated hyphae. Hyphae monomitie, clamped, rather long-celled, not secondarily septate, the walls thin or slightly thickened, strongly thickened in the Strieta-group (dimitic, \'\lith skeletals, in the secondary mycelium of R. stricta), not incrusted, longitudinal, some species,"",ith narrow interweaving hyphae. Mycelium white, or pallid yellowish in the Stricta-group. Colour chiefly in oil-guttulae in the hyphae and basidia; often atrochroic. Letto-type: R. botrytis (Fr.) Rick. Ramaria is a very large genus and comprises largest fructifications. Its ochraceous spores are characterized by the dark wall, vvhich is mostly characteristically marked. This genus comprises major part of Indian collections of Clavarias. So far 19 species, 9 varieties, 3 forms of Ramaria are reported from India. Of these 7 species, 7 varieties, and 2 forms which have been reported recently as new are found only in India so far. KEY TO SPECIES On wood (or palm remains) _; a floccose mycelial felt hyphae of fruit body thick-walled., damped; generally \ovith

49 ,... R fragillima ' R. ' R.fiacrida RAMARIA 41 Mycelial hyphae monomitic, damped, thin walled, 2-4 fl. wide; fruit body brown, paler above, unchanging flesh; spores X IL, finely rough or verrucujose... R, apiculata Mycelial hyphae dimitic, mostly as very narrow, fl., aseptate, unbranched, thiekwalled skeletals 6-12 cnl. tall or more; spores 7-11 X fl., nearly smooth to minutely rough; brown, varying pinkish, violaceous, or fuliginous, tips paler concolorous or cream j flesh unchanging; hyphae thick-v.'alled, clamped...,... R. stricta var. c071color Sooty black, very dark coloured; hyphae thick-walled, clamp-connections occur at the septa, but the hyphae often break apart at them...,.... R. stricta var. concolor" dark-colour form" Smaller, often sparingly branched, branches rarely compact; spores 6-9 X 4-5 jj., distinctly rngulose rough or subverrucosc (± tropical; often on palm remains), -., o ' or. moelleria71a (syn. R. J10(;PUS) Humicolous; hyphae of fruit body thin-walled, clamped or not Spores echinulate with acute spines; fruit body yellow to bro-wn, often rather small or slender and slightly tough Spores (-15) X ( 8) fl.; spines -1 (-2) [J.; fruit body.. 13 cm. tall, brownish ):~ll.m\.' Tips rorange yellow j vircscent on bruising; smell in particular; spines on spores- 0.8 fl. long ,, 0 R. echino-virens Tips orange-ochre Of rufeseent; dingy vinaceous on bruising; spines on spores 1-2 fl. long; smell strong... 0 Tips white; rufescent-vinaceous or purple brown when bruised; spines on spores 1-2 fl. long; smell strong.,...,... 0 zippelii Spores and fruit body smaller; not virescent Vinescent or ruieseent; spores X fl." R. pusilla Flesh not changing colour on bruising; spores 5-8 X fl... 0 Spores not echinulate but rugulose-verrucose to smooth; fruit bodies large, fleshy or sub-gelatinous Hyphae clamped Violet, becoming fuliginous ochraceous from the spores; spores X 4-6 fl., rough; fructifications very large, up to 21.5 cm. tall; India.. R.fumigata var. gigantea Pale yellow or ochraceous cream, the branches suffused lilac or purplish, finally wholly ochraceous; spores 9-16 X fl., rough R. mairei Pallid tan, cream coloured or white, flesh unchanging; spores X 3-5 tj., narrowly cylindric Spores smooth; fruit bodies -19 X 13 cm R.obtusi.l"J"ima Spores smooth; fruit bodies -34 X 31 em... R. oblusissima var. gigantea Spores rough...,...,...,. R. obtusissimo " rough-spored form" Light brown to pale rufous Light brown; spores 9-11 X fl., slightly rough and slightly striate 0 0, 0, R. clarobrunnea Spores wider, verruculose Spores 9-13 X (J.; light eamel brown to buff..., R. camelicolor Spores 8-10 X 5,3-7 fl.; pale rufous. 0 \,, 0 R. camelicolor var. f1{fa Yellow to orange (not pink or red), flesh unchanging Golden yellow; spores 8-12 X [L, finely verrucose.... R..flaoobrunnescens

50 42 THE CLAVARIACEAE OF I}!DIA Bright orange; crystalloid bodies present in the context; spores 8-11 X fl, distinctly verrucose,...,... R. flavobrunnescens " bright-orange form" Orange with yellow tips; spores X IL, finely verruculose rough...,. '".R.flavobrunnescens val". aurea Flesh reddening on bruising; sulphur or lemon yellow fructifications; spores long, X fj" coarsely rough; Europe~ Japan...,... '.. '. R.flava Variously pink or red Vinescent or reddening on bru)sing Yellow, red upwards, fleshy, slowly reddening on bruising; spores X (1-, finely rough to nearly smooth...,... R. sat/guinea Pinkish buff to orange rose, tips lemon yellow, longitudinally rugulose, 7-30 em. high, stem 3-6 X em.; flesh vineseent, fragile, not hygrophanous, drying chalky friable; spores B-15 X 4-6 \J.; slightly bitter (very bitter after ~ooking); poisonous" causing diarrhoea; N. Temp., S. AUl\1xalia, India.. ".,..,"".""'.. R.Jonnosa Flesh not reddening Pinkish red, tips yellow, longitudinauy rugulose, flesh unchanging, su,bgelatinous, -15 em, high; spores < 4,5-5,5 p., rather coarsely rugulose-venueose,..,..,...,.,..,.".r.. mbgelatinosa Cream) then pinkish buff or tan, finally brownish, tips rose pink, massive, 7-16 X 3-15 em,; spores X lj., rough or nearly smooth,.r, botrytoides Hyphae without clamps Pinkish red to _.Carlet, fading from below upwards; spores 7-10 >< (J-, finely r9jlgh.-t<ralmost smooth,? brownish vinaceous or violaceous in the mass.,r. subbofrytis -'N~t red (? spores ochraceous in masl\). Spores X 4-5,5 [-t, ovoid Light yellow.vith deep yellow tips; sporf's distincdy verrncose rugulose...,... R. brevispora Tan white; spores minutely rough to nearly smooth.... R, brcvispora var. albida Spores larger Orange yellow, tips paler; flesh pale yellow on bruising; spores X fl, distinctly rugulose-verrucose,...,..,...,...,,. n. subaurantia vvhite, cream or brownish Tips yellow; spores 7-lO.5 X j-l, slightly verrucose.. R,jlaviceps var.fiaviceps Tips not yellow; spores 5--7!l. wide, distinctly verrucose,. R. fiml"ceps 'var, cremea l. Ramaria apiculata (Fr.) Donk Rev. Niederl. HOlllob. Aphyll. 2: 105, 1933; Comer, Monogr. Claoaria & Allied Gen. p ; Ahmad, Pakistan BioI. So(. Afu1logr. 1: Basinym: Synonyms: Text-Fig. 4, Plate 1. Clavaria apiculata Fr., Sysl. A{')l(, 1: B21; Coker, Clavarias U.S. & Canada p. 157, t. 39, ; Lundell, Sv. SvamJ'. 3-4, p Glavaria tsugina Pk., Bull. N.r. St, AIus. 67: (fide Coker). Clavariella apiculata (Fr.) Karst., Hattsv. 2: ? Cfavaria stillingeri Coker, J. Elisha Mitch. Sci. Soc. 42: 251, t

51 R A MARI A 43 Fructifications ligni colous, 7-11 X cm., rarely up to 22 X 9 cm., gregarious, scattered, erect, medium to Jarge sized, radial, trunk a bsent, rarely present, profuse ly branched, fleshy-lough, smooth, glabrous, brown, lighter coloured above, on drying turning pinkish to violaceous brown, darker in the upper portion ; trunk, when present, up to 2.3 cm. long and up to 4 mm. wide, 'white-floccose at the base, radial, arising [rom white rhizomorphic mycelial strands with narrow, thin to slightly thick walled, clamped, [J. wide hyphae; branches profuse, lax to compact, polychotomous below, dichotom ous above, unequal, in alternating planes; jnternodes long ; primary branchcs up to 4 mm. wide, radial ; ultimate branchlets equal to UIl equal, in pairs, or in clusters, lighter coloured, minute to 3 01m. long, undeveloped lower branchlels, up to 8 mm. long; apices subacute, lighter coloured, stnile; flesh lighter coloured in tj1e lower part of the fi-wt body, concolorous above, unchanging on exposing and br uising; taste bitter ; smell inparlicular; edi ble. -- A Text- Fig. 4. Ramaria apiculata (Fr.) Donk. A. Basidia, X B. Vaguely mulliguttula te basidiospores, X C. T hick walled byphae, X 500.

52 44 THE CLAVARIACEAE OF INDIA Hymcnium spread all over except the sterile tips, thickening, with numerous embedded spores (usually in fours), up to 140 fl thick. Basidia 5-8 fl wide, clavate; sterigmata 4, stout, straight, 3-9 fl long. Basidiospores X fl, pale brown, wall dark, mostly narrowly ellipsoid, or narrowly cylindric, some ellipsoid, papillate, papilla small, up to 0.5 fl long, appearing almost smooth but in reality very minutely verruculose, vaguely multiguttulatc. Hyphae monomitic, 3-10 fl wide, up to 22 fl wide at the swollen parts, hyphal cells up to 240 fl long or more, hyaline to subhyaline, thick walled, thickening sli~ht to very 11luch pronounced so as to obliterate the lumen completdy, thickening up to 3.2 fl, slightly inflated to narrow, septate, septa usually at long intervals, sometimes swollen into sac-like bodies terminally or on one side of the septum, claq.lped, clamps common and prominent but not at all septate, highly convoluted or interwoven and often knotty in the central context, running straight or more or less parallel below the hymenial layer HABITAT:' Mostly occurring at the base of living trees or stumps of -fjelffiis deodara, rarely at the base of living trees of Pinus,xcelm. LOCALITY: Simla (Sanjauli Road, alt. 6,000 ft., August 19,1955, Thind 293; Kasumati, alt. about 6,000 ft., September 7, 1955, Thind 294; Kasumati, September 7, 1955, Thind 295 (on base of a living tree of Pinus excelsa). DISTRIBUTION: India (Simla; also a collection' Lloyd Catalogue n , leg. Prof. Shiv Ram Kashyap (n. 23) from Lahore '-locality?), Pakistan (two collections n & n from Murree by Sultan Ahmad), Japan, Siberia, Europe, U.S.A. (common in the north and south). This species is widespread in Simla Hills and was observed at the base of Cedrus deodara trees or their stumps except once when only a few fruit bodies were collected from the base of a tree of Pinus excelsa. This clavaria is edible and is commonly used as a vegetable in Simla. It is characterized by a brown fruit body paler at the top, profuse and lax to compact branches, unchanging flesh, and narrowly ellipsoid spores. The simple, clamped mycelial hyphae of R. apiculata make a good and constant difference from R. stricta. Corner (in lit, January 15, 1957) stated that he had two collections from S. Ahmad, n and 4508 (Murree), and one collection n (locality not mentioned) from the late Prof. Shiv Ram Kashyap of Lahore which are identical with the Simla collections. He also had five similar collections from U.S.A. and one from Sweden, but he never saw any alive. Sinee I described R. apiculata from the living fructifications, I distributed Simla collections widely to various national herbaria as our conception of R. apiculata, at the suggestion of Mr. Corner.

53 RAMAR I A 45 PLATE I Figs. I 2. Ramaria apiculala (Fr.) Donk, fructifications with and withoul trunk respectively. fig. 3. Ramuria bredspora Corner, Thind & Dev. Fig. 4. RlIIllfl,.ia camelirolor Corner, Thind & Anand var. camelicolor Corner, Thind & Anand (n. 40).

54 46 THE CLAVARIACEAE OF INDIA PLATE II Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Fig. 7. Fig Ramaria clal'obrullllco Corner, Thind & Anand. Ralllariajlaccida (Fr.) Rieken. RamoTill j1aviceps Corner, Thind & Anand var. jim/jeeps Corner, Thind & Anand. Ramariafltll,icl!ps Corner, Thind & Anand va,.. crell/eo Corner, Thind & Anand.

55 RAMARIA 47 Basinym: 2. Ramada botrytoides (Pk.) Corner Alonogr. Clavaria & Allied Gen. p Clavaria botrytoides Pk.. Bull. N.r. St. 111US. 94: 21, 49, t. 9:1, C ; Coker, Clavarias U.S. & Canada, p. 111, t. 31, 32, 8.1).1923 (ut C. botf),th); Burt. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gdn. 9: ; Fawcett) Pmc. Roy. Soc. Viet. 51: (ut C. botrytis); As Clavaria botrytis Pers. var. concolor Berk., Berkeley, Decades of fungi, Decades 29,39: 1\0. 399_; In Hooker's London}. Bot. 4: :)2. HABITAT: Not recorded. LOCALITY: Khasi Hills, Assam (collected by Hooker in 1850). DISTRIBUTION: India (Khasi Hills), U.S.A. (common), Australia, Tasmania, Japan (?). This fungus was collected from Khasi Hills, Assam by Hooker in According to Berkeley it agrees with Clavaria botrytis except that the tips of the branches are not darker and that it is a true Clavaria, being fleshy and brittle when fresh. Berkeley gliye it the var. name concolor, but this variety does not seem to have beely.fcceptcd by Corner (1950). 3. Ramaria brevispora Corner, Thind & Dev Proc. 45th Indian Sci. COl/gr. Part III. Abst. p '18; Trans. Brit. A1)'c. Sor. 41: Text-Fig. 5, Plate 1. Fructifications up to 14 X 6.5 cm.) gregarious) solitary~ erect, large sized, radial, trunk absent, but with a long white embedded stem-like base and branching from the ground level, with abundant dark brown, thick walled, clamped, 3-8 fj. wide, mycelial hyphae at the base, profusely branched, fleshy, smooth, glabrous, light yellow with deep yellow tips, on drying turning brown to reddish bro\vn; branches polychotomous below, dichotomous above, regular, unequal, in alternating planes, profuse, compact, Im ver branches rugulose, sterile, and pubescent; pubescent hairs hypha-like, hyaline, thin walled, straight to bent or flexuous, septate, 4-6 fj. wide; primary branches thick, radial, rugulose, pubescent, up to 1 cm. wide; ultimate branchlets in pairs, very small to 2 mm. long, smooth; apices deeper coloured, deep yellow, blunt, fertile; flesh white, unchanging; smell and taste inparticular. Hymenium spread out on the upper branches, the lower branches including one-third to three-fourth of the fruit body sterile and pubescent, slightly thickening, up to 80 [J. thick. Basidia >< 6-8 1'-, clavate; sterigmata 4; slightly incurved, stout, long, 3-8 fj. long.

56 48 T H E CLAVA RIACEAE OF I NDIA Basidiospores X fl, light brown to ochraceous, wall dark and thickened, wall up to 0.4 fl thick, very broadly ellipsoid or obvoid, or subglobose to globose, papillate, papilla up to 0.8 fl long, verruculose (without distinct warl~), uniguttate, guttule Glling three-fourth of the spore cavity. 8 Text-Fi~. 5. Ramaria brevis/)ora Corner, Thiud & Dc". A. Basidia, x J 150. B. Uniguttu)ate, verruculosc basidiospores, x Hyphae monomitic, 3-10 (.L wide, hypha1 eclls up to 160 (.L (or even more) long, hyaline, thin walled, branched, inoated, septatc, septa at short to long intervals, sometimes constricted at the septa, convoluted and interwoven, not clamped, not secondarily septate. H ABtTAT: On soil under Oak foresl. L OCALITY: Mussooric (The upper Park Road, alt. 6,500 ft., August 21, 1955, Thind & De ). DrsTRlDuTTON: India (Mussoorie). This Mussoorie fungus comes nearest to Ramaria jlavicejn Corner, Thind and Anand but has shorter spores ( X (.L against X (.L

57 RAMARIA 49 of R. flaviceps). Accordingly the name brevispora for the species is quite suggestive. var. albida Corner, Thind & Dev Proc. 45th Indian Sci, COl/gr. Part. III. Abst. p. ' ; Tram. Brit. kf},c. Soc. 41: Fructifications gregarious, solitary, erect, large sized, radial, wit.hout a trunk, profusely branched, fleshy, brittle, smooth, glabrous, tan \vhitc, n"larble white at the burried base and lo\v'ermost parts of primary branches, up to 12.8 em. tall and up to 8.2 em. broad; branching polychotomous below and dichotomous above, branches COlnpact, radial to somewhat flattened, unequal, in alternating planes, internodes long, primary branches up to l.5 em., broad, ultimate branchlets very small to 6.5 mm. long; apices blunt, concolorous, fertile; flesh marble white; taste and smell inparticular. Base of the fructifications massive and narrowed below, broader above, bears rhizor:norphic strands. Tomentose hairs are present on the marble white base and the marble white lower portions of the primary branches. These hairs are hyaline, branched, septate,/ c-pta at short intervals, not clamped, thin \,valled, narro\v, 1-3 {" broa<lil-r<lhair cells up to 15 fl long, total height of hairs up to 80 {" lon.g. - ~. Hymenium spread all over except the base and the marble white lower parts of the primary branches, thickening up to 141 fl, with abund'll1t emhedded spores. Basidia fl broad, clavate, subhyaline; sterigmata mostly 4, sometimes 2, stout, straight, " long. Basidiospores X 5-6 fl., pale brown, mostly globose to subglobose, sometimes very broadly ellipsoid, papillate, papilla conspicuous, small, up to 0.8 fl long, wall dark and thickened, wall up to OA fl. thick, verfuculose (without distinct warts), uniguttate, guttulc large, filling two-third to threefourth, or even more, of the spore cavity. Hyphae monomitic, i.t broad, hyphal cells up to 258 fl. long, hyaline, inflated, thin walled, convoluted and interv.'oven, branched, branching mostly at obtuse angle, septate, septa at long intervals, not clamped. HABITAT: On humus under Oak forest. LOCALITY: Mussoorie (Kempt,. Road, all. 5,000 fl., August 29, 1954, Thind & Dev 229). DISTRIBUTION; India (M ussoorie). This fungus undoubtedly belongs to R. brevisjjora and resembles it in all respects except that its fructifications are whitish. Accordingly its varietal name albida is quite suitable.

58 50 THE CLA VAR1A CEAE OF I ND1..\ 4. Ramada camelicolor Corner, Thind & Anand val camehcolor Corner, Thind & Anand Proc. 44th Indian Sci. Congr. Part III. Abst. p ; Trans. Brit.. }l) c, Soc. 39: Text-Fig. 6; Plates I, IV. Fructifications up to 14 X 10.4 em., solitary, erect) large, usually massive radial, profusely branched, fleshy, smooth, glabrous, very light camel-brown or buff-coloured; trunk to 4 X 1.8 em., often undifferentiated or as a stubby basal portion to 6.5 em. wide, paler eoncolorous; branches polychotomous below, dichotomous above, or dichotomous throughout in less massive fruitbodies, in alternating planes, raihct compact, primary branches to 1.3 em. broad 1 ultimate branehlcts rnastlv as minute protuberances but some 2-5 mm. long and paired or crowded " through close dichotomy, the apices blunt and concolorous; flesh concolorous or paler, unchanging; taste and smell inparticular. Hymenium- amphigenous, usually absent from the trunk, thickening to _jjl"-i<~ Basidia 7-11 fl broad, clavate; sterigmata 4, fl long, straight or slightly incurved. Spores 9-13 X fl (overall), light brown to brown, ellipsoid, minutely but distinctly verrucose, aguttate. Hyphae monomitic, 4-10 fl wide, the cells fl long or more, damped, thin-walled, branched, hyaline but brownish in the mass, not inflated. HABITAT: On soil under Oak forest and pine-oak forest. LOCALITY: Mussoorie (Dhabi Khad, alt. 5,000 ft., August 28, 1953, Thind & Anand 40, typus: Dhobi Khad, alt. 4,000 ft., July 29, 1953, Thind & Anand 41). DISTRIBUTION: India (Mussoorie). As in Ramariajlaviceps Corner, Thind & Anand var. cremea Corner, Thind & Anand, abundant interhyphal masses, soluble in dilute potash, were found in one collection (n. 40) but not in the other (n. 41) and the' spines' were distinctly crystalline. The spores ofn. 41 were also slightly larger ( >; fl) than in n. 40 ( X fl). Yet the two agree in all other respects. The species may be widely distributed in Asia, because there is a collection from Indonesia, represented by a painting (n Herb. Hort. Bogoriensis) without specimen, which agrees in shape and colour and, if one may judge from the painting, with similar verruculose spores e X 4-5 fl. R. madagascariensis

59 RAMARIA a 00 Do C7 D~ O~ J.CC:=--= =----- T ext- Fig. 6. Rmllarj{l (amelit%r Corner, Thind & Anand var. camelie% r Corner, Thind & Anand (A-C, 11. 'W ; D-E, ). A. Basidiosporcs, X 880. B. Clamped hyphae, X 380. C. Interhyphal masses, X 380. D. Basidia, / 880. E. Basiciiospores, 880. E may be allied. Distinctive are the largc, pale brownish-buff fruit-bodies with unchanging fl esh and verrucu]ose spores. vat. Tufa Cornel', Thind & Anand Proc. 41tlt ltldiall Sci. Gongr. Pan ILL Ab~ t., p ; T rans. Brit. A/ye. Soc. 39 : Text- Fig. 7; Plate IV. Fructifications up to 13 X 7.5 em., so li tary, erect, mcdillm to large, radial, without a trunk, profusely branched, nesh y, smooth, glabrous, faintly red, the base whitish for a length of 3.5 em.; branches polyehotomolls below,

60 52 THE CLAVARIAUEAE OF INDIA dichotomous above, compact, unequal, in alternating planes, primary branches long and to I em. wide, often joined, the ultimate branehlets minute and crowded or cristate through close dichotomy; the apices blunt and concolorous; flesh concolorous; taste and smell inparticular. Hymenium amphigenous, absent from the white base, thickening fl.. Basidia 8-11 fi. broad, clavate; sterigmata 4,4-7 fl.long. Spores X il (overall), pale brown, ellipsoid, in some cases broadly verrucose, uniguttatc, the gutta almost filling the spore-cavity. Hyphae monomitic, 3-11 fi. wide, clamped, hyaline to slightly coloured, thin-walled, branched, not or slightly inflated, septate at long intervals. A Text-Fig. 7. Ramaria camelicolor Corner, Thind & Anand var. nifa Corner, Thind & Anand. A. Basidia, X B80. B. Unjguttate, verrucose basidiospores, X 880. HABITAT: On soil in Oak forests. LOCALITY: Mussoorie (Dhabi Khad, alt. 5,000 ft., August 21, 1953, Thind & Anand 42). DISTRIBUTION; India (Mussooric). This fungus resembles R. camelicolor so closely that it IS treated merely as a variety, rufa being quite suggestive of its colour. 5, Ramaria c1arobrunnea Corner, Thind & Anand Proc. 4:4th Indian Sci. Congr. Part III. Abst. p ; Trans. Brit. )\1yc. Soc. 39: Text-Fig. 8; Plate II. Fructifications up to 13 X 10.5 em., solitary, erect, large, much branched, fleshy, brittle, smooth, glabrous, light brown; trunk up to 3 X 3 em., much

61 RAMARIA 53 thickened upwards, short, stubby, paler concolorous; branches polychotomous below, dichotomous above, in alternating planes, cylindrical to slightly flattened, ultimate branchlcts short and thick to 3 mm. long, the apices blunt and concolorous; flesh paler) concolorous, unchanging; taste and smell inparticular. Hymenium amphigenous, absent from the trunk, thickening to 122 fl. Basidia 6-9 fl broad, clavate; sterigmata 4, fl long, slightly incurved. Spores 9-11 X fl (overall), pale brown, slightly rough and faintly spirally striate (the striations evident in dilute potash), aguttate. Hyphae monomitic, fl wide, clamped, thin-walled, branched, hyaline, considerably inflated a-e-d at places with saccate swellings, narrowed in parts, septate at long intervals. Fig. B. Ramaria clarobrunnea Corner, Thind & Anand. A. Basidiospores, X 8BO. B. Clamped thin waned hyphae, X 380. HABITAT: On soil in Oak forcst. LOCALITY: Mussoorie (Dhabi Khad, alt. 5,000 ft., August 21, 1953, Thind & Anand 39). DISTRIBUTION: India (Mussoorie). The faint spiral markings on the spores, especially evident in dilute potash, occur also in Ramaria botrytis (Fr.) Ricken, and R. holorubella (Atk.) Corner, and though R. clarobrunnea has the small spores of R. holorubella, it lacks the red-bro\,,rn and vinaceous colours.

62 THE CLAVA RIA CE AE OF' INDIA 6. Ramad a echillo-virens Corner, Thind & Dev Proc. -HIll India" Sci. Gongr. Part IIr. Abst. pp ; Trans. Brit. Myc. Soc. 40 : 473. ) 957. Text-Fig. 9 Fructifications cm. tan and cm. broad, gregarious, solitary, crect, large sized, radial, trunk absent, profusely branched, fleshy, rough due to wrinkles, light brownish yellow below and orange yehow above, base while ; branching poiychotomous below bul dichotomous above, branches unequal, in a lterna te planes; primary branches up to 1.5 cm. broad, cylindrical; ultimate branchlcts vcry small to.) mm. long, cylindrical; apices orange yellow, blunt, fertile ; flesh greenish yellow, turning deep brown (virescent) on bruising (or exposing?); smell inparticuiar; taste starchy. H ymenium amphigcnous, thickening to 180 la, and enclosing numerous spores. Tc.xt- Fig. 9. Ramaria ecldllo-virfllls Corner, Thind & Dev. A. Fructification with blunt apices, X ~. B. Prominently echinulate basidiospores, x C. Basidia, X ) 150. D. Clamped byphae, X 500.

63 RAMARIA 55 Basidia !J. broad, clavate; sterigmata 2-4, masslve, straight, [J. long. Spores X fl (excluding the warts), brown, wall dark, narrowly ellipsoid or navicular, straight or slightly bent, papillate, thick walled, prominently verrucose, warts nl0st conspicuous and abundant at the broader portion, becoming smaller and sparse towards both ends, warts up to 0.8 fl long, aguttate. Hyphae monomitic, 2-12 [J. wide, hyphal cells up to 272 f'. long, hyaline, thin walled, branched, inflated, septate, septa at long intervals, clamped, hyphae often s\vollen or sac-like on one side of the septum. HABITAT: On soil in Oak forest. LOCALITY: Mussoorie (Sarkunda Road, alt. 9,000 ft., September 12, 1954, Thind & Dev 121). DISTRIBUTION: India (Mussoorie). This fungus is characterized by the virescent flesh and prominently verrucose basidiospores and is named accordingly. It is very near to Ramaria ochraceo-virens (Jungh.) Donk but has larger fruit bodies and more strongly echinulate spores than th~latter. The basidiospores of R. ochraceo-virens are (5-) 6--9 (-10) X ~5) [J. and minutely echinulate-verrucose with spines less than 0.5 Fct6ng. Furthermore, R. ochraceo-virens is always found in coniferous woods while R. echino-virens has so far been recorded only in Oak forest. 7. Ramaria flaccida (Fr.) Rieken Vadem. p ; Corner, }\;fonogr. Clavaria & Allied Gen. p ; Thind & Anand, ]. Indian bot. Soc. 35: ; Ahmad, Pakistan Bio!. Soc. Monogr. 1: Text-Fig. 10; Plate II. Basinym: Clavaria jiaccida Fr., ';)st. Myc. 1: ; Coker, Clavarias U.S. & Canada p. 184, t. 70 (ut C. abietina 'small non-virescent form '). 1923; VVehm., Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci. Arts Lett. 20: ; Chow, Bull. Fan l\l[em. Imt. Biot. 6 (Bot): l , Fawcett, Pwc. Roy. Soc. Viet. 51'. l56 <ut C. abietina). 19'39. Synonyms: Clavariella fiaccida (Fr.) Karst., et var. dendroides Karst., Hattsv. 2: Clavaria corrugata Karst. (? ed.). (c. f. Corner, Alonogr. Clavaria & Allied Gen. p ). Clamriella colt1(liata Karst. Haltsv. 2: Fructifications up to 5 cm. broad, rarely up to 10 cm. tall and up to 6 em. broad, humicolous or lignicolous, gregarious, rarely solitary, medium sized, rarely large sized, radial, slender, flaccid, trunk absent, sometimes present, profusely branched, fleshy, smooth, glabrous, yellowish-brown, dirty bro\vn, or dirty yellowish bro\'vn; trunk, when present, slender, up to 1.7 em.

64 56 THE CLAVARIACEAE OF INDIA long and up to 3 mm. broad; branching dichotomous, branches slender, unequal, in alternating planes, somelimes very small or ligulate, often fused with one anoulc'r, ligulate or adventitious branches present all over the fructifications or confined to the basal part and they may also divide dichotomously and become bushy; primary branches slender, only up to 2.5 mm. broad, ultimate branehlcls thin, small, in equal or unequaj pairs, sometimes minute and ligulat.e, very minut.e or 3-20 mm. long; apices concolorous, acute, fertile; flesh lighter coloured; taste and smell inparticujar. Numerous rhizomorphic mycelial threads given out from the base of the fructification. Hymcnium spread all over except the lighter coloured base, compound, with numerous embedded spores usually in clusters of four, tj. thick. Bcsidia 4-7 p. broad, clavate; sterjgmata 4, slightly incllrvcd, 3-6 lj. long. - B o'b\j ~ til {?} O Oe ~-$ D Text- Fig. 10. Ramariaflaccida (Fr.) Rkken. A. "Fructification (n. 28), X [. B. Basidia, X 8BO. C..Basidiosporcs (n. 27), X 880. D. Basidiospores (n. 28), x 880. E. Clamped hyphae, x 380.

65 RAMARIA 57 Basidiospores 4-7 x 3-4 [L (see also Table on p. 58), small, ochraceous to brown, ellipsoid, papillate, profusely echinulate, wall dark, aguttate. Hyphae monomitic, 2-8 [L broad, hyaline, branched, thin-walled, septate, septa at long intervals, not inflated, or sometimes slightly inflated, considerably swollen into sac-like structures at places near the ends or at the septa, clamped, clamps prominent. HABITAT: On humus, dead leaves, dead twigs under Oak forest and on dead needles under coniferous forest. LOCALITY: Mussoorie (The Park, all. 6,000-7,000 ft., August 31, 1953, Thind & Anand 26; Chakrata Toll, alt. 5,000-6,000 ft., August 16, 1953, Thind & Anand 27; The Park, alt. 5,000 ft., August II, 1953, Thind & Anand 28; Dhobi Khad, alt. 5,000 ft., August 7, 1953, Thind & Anand 29). DISTRIBUTION: India (Mussoorie and Dalhousie, very common), Japan, China, S. Australia, Europe (uncommon), U.S.A. (frequent in the Northern States), Canada, S. Africa, West Pakistan (Murree Hills). Collection n. 27 'fnd n. 29 arc more typical of Ramariaflaccida (Fr.) Ricken than n. 26 and-ii: 28. The fructifications of n. 29 are the largest being up to - 10 Ctn. tall and up to 6 cm. broad. Having seen a great many collections of R. flaccida, Corner (in lit, 1955) stated that the fruit body of this species may grow up to 10 cm. high, or more, though commonly it is small. Fructifications of n. 26 are solitary, flattened, sooty black, and with palmate branching. The palmate, or flattened branching of n. 26 is unusual (for R. flaccida) but occurs in some other species, e.g., R. palmata (Pers.) QueJ., which is merely R. gracilis (Fr.) Qut'l., with flattened branching. Fructifications of n. 28 occur on pine needles and possess slightly smaller and less prominently marked spores. The small spores and habit on coniferous needles indicate R. myceliasa (Pk.) Corner, but n. 28 may be only R. flaccida, because ll. 26 and n. 29 seem to have as small spores. Moreover, we are not sure if the two species (R. myceliasa and R. flaccida) are separable. R. flaccida grows very abundantly under the Oak forests in the Mussoorie Hills and under the coniferous forests in the Dalhousie Hills. During the monsoon months of 1956, a dozen more collections were made of this species from different locali6es in the Mussoorie and Dalhousie Hills. The following table gives an idea of the range of size of its fruc6fications and spores. The fructifications of R. flaccida are uniformly flaccid and the spores are uniformly small and ochraceous in colour (varying from pale ochraceous to ochraceous to pale or light brown). The spores are often clinging together in fours, this is another feature of this species.

66 58 THE CLAVARIACEAE OF INDIA Ramaria flaaida (FR.) RICKE!'< SHOWING THE RANGE OF SIZE OF FRUCTIFICATIONS AND SPORES Herb. No. Locali~y Size of fructification Size of spores 26 The Park, 1\1U Chakrata Toll, ::\1U The Park, }"luss. 29 Dhobi K had,!vluss. 251 Chakrata Toll, Muss. 252 Chakrata Toll, Muss. 253 Chakrata Toll, Muss. 254 The Park, Muss. 255 Dhobi Khad, 1\1U Dhobi Khad, Muss. 257 Kodia forest,.rvluss. 258 Kodia forest, lvfuss. 259 Kanatal, 1\1U5S. 260 Catchment area, Dal. ~ Kala Top, Dal. 262 Kala Top, Dal. -7 X 5 em. -7 X 5 em. -7 X 5 em. -10 X 6 cm x em. -8 X 3.4 cm X 4 em. 4-9 X 2-4 em X CIllo 4.4-S.5 X em. 3:-'5 X 0.S 1.5 em. 4-lO X 1-2 em. 5-9 X cm. -8 em tall,-to em. wide 7-10 X 5-8 em X 5-8 em X 2.S-3.8 ~ X 2.S-3.S ~ X 3-4 ~ X 3-4 ~ X ~ X ~ X ~ 4.8'-6.4 X ~ 4-S.6 X ~ 4-S.6 X ~ X ~ X ~ 4.8-S.6 X I' X ~ 4-S.6 X ~ X ~ 8. Ramaria flava (Fr.) Qud. Fl. Afyc. p ; Corner, Afonogr. Clavaria & Allied (;en. p. 577, Text-Fig ; Ahmad, Pakistan Biol. Soc. Monogr. 1: Basinym: Clavaria flam Fr., Syst. Myc. 1: , quoad ie. Schaeff. (non Fr = Ramaria autea); Bres., Ie. Myc., t. 1087; Konr. et Maubl., Ie. Se!. Fung. t j l\iairc, Bull. Soc, l\-~yc. Fr. 27: ; (non Coker = Ramaria flavobrunnescens). Synonyms: Clavaria fiava var. divaricata Pers., Myc. Eur. 1: ; Barla, Champ. Nice. t. 40, f C. iulea Vitt., Descr. Fg. Mang. t. 29, f. 3 (fide Brcs.) C. fulea Vent., Afisc. Brese. ( ), t. 41, f. 4 (fide Bres.). ClavariellaJlava (Fr.) Schroet., Krypt. Fl. Schles. 3; (elaoaria sanguinea Pers. Obs. 2, t. 3, f ; non Coker = Ramaria san~uine/l) HABITAT: LOCALITY: DISTRIBUTION: On the ground. Murree Hills (Patriata), Swat Hills. West Pakistan (Murrec and Swat Hills), Europe. No description is given for this species by Ahmad who reported it from Murree and Swat Hills.

67 RAMARIA Ramada flaviceps Corner, Thind & Anand val'. ftaviceps Corner, Thind & Anand PrO&. 41th II/dian Sci. COllgr. Part I I I. Abst. p ; Trans. Brit. Myc. Soc. 39: Text-Fig. 11 ; Plate II. Fructifications up to 7.8 cm. tall and 2.5 cm. wide, gregarious, rarely caespitosc, erect, rather small, radial, glabrous, smooth, white, the branchtips deep yell.ow for a distance of 0.5 cm.; trunk 3 X 0.8 cm., cylindrical; branches di chotomous, appearing polychotomous above through close dichotomy, the lower internodes long and thick, the upper thin and small or inconspicuous, the deep yellow apices blunt and appearing polychotomous through close dichotomy ; flesh white, unchanging; taste bitter or inparticular ; smell inparticular. Hymenium amphigenous, thickening to 70 fl.. Basidia 4-9 I.J. broad, clavate; sterigmata 4, 3-7 fl. long, slightly incurved. Spores X {l (overall), light brown, broadly ellipsoid, rough or inconsp.icuou.sly verrucose, agultate, the spore contents sometimes contracted as a gutta. Hyphae monomitic, J.,,\'ide, the cells fl long, without clamps, thin-walled, branched, hyaline, inflated, usually constricted at the septa, without secondary septa. HABITAT: On soil in Oak forest. LOCALITY: Mussooric (Dhobi Khad, alt. 5,000 ft., August 7, 1953, Thine! & Anand 36). c :~ ~ ~.. _ Te"t- Fig. 11. Ramaria jlal1ice/)s Corner, Thind & Anand val'. jlauicel)s Corner, Thind & Anand. A. Fructificalion, y J. B. Basidiospores, ')( 880. C. Hyphae, X 380.

68 60 THE (:LAVARIACEAE OF INDIA D,STRlBUTIO": India (Mussoorie). This is one of several species closely allied with Ramariaflava (Fr.) Que!., but differing in the much smaller spores and unchanging flesh. Distinctive of the alliance is the absence of clamps. val'. cremea Corner, Thind & Anand Proc. 44th Indian Sci. Congr. Pan. III. Abst. p ; Trans. Brit. Ai)'c. Soc. 39: Text-Fig. 12; Plate II. Fructifications up to 10 cm. tall and broad, solitary, erect, medium to large, radial, without a trunk, profusely branched, fleshy, smooth, glabrous, cream-coloured or whitish below and light brown above; branches dichotomous, unequal, in alternating planes, rather compact, internodes long below and shorter above, primary branches up to 1.5 em., vide, ultimate branchlets minute or to 2 mm. long, in pairs or' oristate through close dichotomy, the apices blunt and concolorous; flesh whitish- or paler concolorous, unchanging; taste bitter to inparticular; smell inparticular. Hymenium amphigenous, thickening to 88 1'-' Basidi"'I~broad, clavate, brown; sterigmata (2-3-) 4, I' long; straight or slightly incurved. Spores 6-11 X 5-7 I'- (overall), light brown, broadly ellipsoid, distinctly verrucose with small flat warts, aguttate or uniguttulate, the guttulc filling one-quarter to one-third of the spore-cavity. Hyphae 4-8 I'- wide, to 18 f1- wide at the vesicular swellings, without clamps, thin-walled, hyaline, branched, inflated, often with vesicular swellings terminal or on one side of the septum, long-celled, without secondary septa. HABITAT: On soil in Oak forest. LOCALITY: Mussoorie (Chakrata Toll, alt. 5,500 ft., August 6, 1953, Thind & Anand 37, typus; Dhobi Khad, alt. 5,000 ft., September 10, 1953, Thind & Anand 38). D,STRIBUTION: India (Mussoorie). This variety has wider and more clearly marked spores than the typevariety and it lacks the yellow tips on the branches. It may be a distinct species, but there is evidence in herbaria of still more variation in colour and spore in this alliance, and I prefer to take a broad view of the relationships. In n. 38, but not in n. 37, abundant interhyphal masses were observed. They were soluble in dilute potash and were clearly exudations of the hyphae, though the 'spines' were not crystalline, as in Ramaria camelicolor. Such exudations may well be distinctive and should be looked for in living material;

69 RAM ARIA 61 they are a caution against the exclusive use of potash [or restoring preserved material for microscopic examination, excellent though it be. - T exl- fig. 12. Ramaria.flaviceps Corner, T hind & Anand var. cremea Corner, Thind & Anand (A-C, n. 37; D-F, n. 38). A. POl'lion of fructification, X L B. Basidiospores, X 880. C. H yphat', X 380. D. Basidia, X 880. E. Basidil)spores, X 880. F. Tnterhyphal masses, X Ramaria flavo-brunnescens (Atk.) Corner Al olwgr. Clavaria & Allied Cen. p ; Thind & Dev, J. indian Bot. Soc. 35:

70 62 T H E OLAVAR I ACEAE O F l ND I A Text-Fig. 13; Plate III. Basinym: Clouoriaflauo-bTllllnescens Atk.. Anti. "{l'c. 7: 367. '1 909; Burt, N. Am. Gla;,y. p ; Coker, Cluuorias U.s. & COllado, p. 120, l. 36, 37, 39, 85 ( Ul C. jlavo). 1823; Kauffim., Pap. Mich. Ae. Sci. Arts Lell. 1: ; Welun.. Pap. Miell. Ac. Sci. Arts LeU. 20: ; Fawcett, Proc. Roy. Soc. Viel. 52: 153, t. 6, 7 (lit C flava). 1940; DOLy. Glat'. Pac. N. W, p. 54 (Ul C.jlaua) Synonyms: Ramona miehaelis Hubcl',.:(,I"ilschr, f Pilzk. 15 : ; 18 : ; M ich. Schulz Fiiltl.f PilifT., t ? Giallana ob/eeta BritzOl., Hym. Siidb. 8: 288,! =--==~,2)...:~ = -=:::._ ==_=====~2l- Text- Fig. 13. Ramaria jlijuo-bnllllllfl'wls (Alk.) Corner. A. Clamped basidia, X B. Verruclilose-rough to almost smoolh basiciiospol'es, X C. Clamped subhymcnia l hyphae, '< D. MedulJary hyphae with a very few or no clamps, X 500. o

71 RAMARIA 63 Fructifications up to 18 em. high and up to 23 em. broad, solitary, scattered, erect, largc-3ized, radial, trunk absent, profusely branched, fleshy, smooth, glabrous, deep golden-yellow, lighter coloured at the base; branching polychotomous below, dichotomous above, up to 6 times branched, compact, unequal, in alternating planes, internodes long; primary branches up to 1 em. wide, longitudinally rugulose; ultimate branchicts very short, mostly up to 1.5 mm. long, rarely up to 6 mm. long, in pairs; apices blunt or obtuse, concolorous; flesh concolorous (?) ; taste and smell inparticular. Hymenium spread all over except the lighter coloured base, slightly thickening, up to 90 fi. thick. Basidia X 6-8 (1., clavato-e1ongate, clamped at the base; sterigmata 4, slender, straight or slightly in curved, f1. long. Basidiospores X fl, pale brown, wall slightly darker, ellipsoid to ellipsoid-elongate, papillate, papilla small and up to 0.6 fl long, faintly vcrruculose-rough to almost smooth, aguttatc. Hyphae monomitic, 3-16 fi. wide, hyphal cells up to 202 fl long, hyaline, thin-walled, branched, inflated, septate, septa mostly at short intervals, sometimes swollen terminally or on one side of the septum, clamped, clamps common on tljc -subhymcnial hyphae and the basidia but sparse to rare on the me_<!_u.llafy hyphae. --~ HABITAT: On soil in Oak j(jrcst. LOCALITY: Mussoorie (Chakrata Toll, alt. 5,500 ft., August 6, 1953, Thind & Dev 61). DISTRIBUTION: India (Mussoorie), China (Fukien), S. Australia, Europe (little known), N. America (widely distributed). This.'vlussooric collection agrees with Rama,-ia jlavo-bruanescens (Atk.) Corner in all points except that most of the mcdullary hyphae are septate without clamps, though a few septa have them, but the subhymenial hyphae and basidia are clamped. Such an intermediate hyphal state was not reported before in Ramaria., Bright orange form 1 Thind & Dev, J. Indian Bot. Soc. 36: 92. ly5i. Text-Fig. 14; Plate III. Fructifications 20 em. tall, 16 em.,vide, solitary, erect, large-sized, massive, radial, trunk absent but with a \vhite massive embedded base, profusely branchcd, fleshy, smooth, glabrous, bright orange; branching polychotomolls below, dichotomous above, irregular, unequal, elongate; primary branches thick, elongate, slightly rugulose, up to 2 cm. wide; ultimate

72 64 THE CLAVA RI ACEAE OF l NDIA PLATE III 10 Fig. 9. Fig. 10. Fig. 11. Fig. 12. RamariajIQl'o-brUnllesceIlS (Alk.) Carner. Ramana flavo-bt-wltlcscens (Atk.) Corner' Bright orange form.' Ramal"iajumigatn. (Pk.) Corner val'. gigalliea T hind & Anand. Ramaria oblwissima (Pk.) Corner' R.ough ~por{" form.'

73 RAMARlA 65 PLATE IV _---_ Fig. 13. Fig. 14. Fig. 15. Fig. 16. Fig. 17. Fig. 18. Ramaria camelicolor Corner, Thind & Anand var. came/je%r Corner, Tbind & Anand (n. 4 1). Ramaria cllllle/it%r Corner, Thind & Anand var. nya Corner, Thind & Anand. Ramona moeflel1alllj (Bres. et ROtlm.) Corner. Ramada stricta (Fr.) Qucl. var. COllc% r Oorntr ' Dark coloured COrm.' Ramaria SIlbbolrytis (Coker) Corner. Lanlaria b_vssiseda Corner.

74 66 THE C LAVARJA C EAE OF i ND I A branchlets mostly in parallel pairs, small to very long, up to 1.5 cm. long; apices concolorous, blunt, fertile; fiesh white, unchanging; smell and taste inparticular. H ym enium spread all over, thickening, with numerous embedded spores and basidia, up to 120 p. thick. B T ext-fig. 14. Ramaria./favo-brullllescerll' (Atk.) Corner' Bright orange form'. A. Verrueulosc basidiospores, B. Jlllcrhyphal needle-like crystals a l'ranged in stellate masses, )( 500. Basidia X p., clavato-elongate; sterigmata 4, stout, strai.ght, (1. long. Basidiospores X fl, pale brown to ochraceous, wall dark, mostly ellipsojd to ellipsoid-cylindrical, sometimes broadly ellipsoid, papillate, papilla up to 0.8 (l. long, distinctly verruculosc, aguttate. H yphae monomitic, (1. wide, hypha I cells up to 162 fl (or more) long, h yaljne, thin-walled, branched, jnflated, septate, septa at short to long intervals, clamped, clamps very sparsely present, \\lith numerous needle-like crystals arranged in stellate masses in the context. HABJTAT: On soil amid mosses in Oak forest. LOCALITY: MUssool;e (The Park, alt. 6,000-7,000 fl., September 8, 1954, Thind & Dc" 68). DrsTRlUUTION : India (Mussoorie).

75 RAMARIA 67 This Mussoorie fungus apparently belongs to Ramar;a flavo-brunnescens (Atk.) Corner but possesses crystalloid bodies in the context. It differs from o the Mussoorie collection n. 61 of R. flavo-brunnesfem in the possession of bright orange fi-uit bodies and the crystalloid bodies in the context. var. aurea Coker Clavarias u.s. & Canada, p. 124, t. 38, 85 (ut. Clallariaflava var. aurea). 1923; Wehm. Pap. Mich. Ac. ad. Sci. Arts Lett. 20: 261 (ut C.Jlava val aurea). 1935; Fawcett, Proc. Rry. Sot. Vict. 52: 154, t ; Corner, Monogr. Clal'Gria & Allied Gen., p ; Thind & Dev, J. Indian Bot. Soc. 36: Text-Fig. 15. Synonym~:? Ramaria elegans Huber, Zeitschr.f. Pilzk. 18: ? Clavaria paludosa Lundell, in Krok ct Almq. Sv. Fl. 5th ed., p. 285, pt Fructifications X 3-8 em., gregarious, erect, massive and mediumsized, radial, trunk present or absent, profusely branched, neshy, brittle, smooth, glabrous, orange with yellow tips, on drying turning reddish brown and flattened into a thin sheet (as if it were turgid or gelatinous when fresh); trunk, when present, up to 4.3 X 2 em., white, massive, narrowed down at the base, radial; branching polychotomous below, dichotomous above, unequal and irregular, crowded; primary branches up to 1.1 cm. wide, short to elongate; ultimate branehlets very short to 1.5 mm. long, in pairs or crowded due to close dichotomy; apices yellow, blunt or obtuse; flesh white, unchanging; smell and taste in particular. Hymenium spread all over except the white basal parts, not thickening, up to 54!J. thick. Basidia 6-9!J. wide, clavate; sterigmata 4, straight or rcflexed, 2-7.6!J. long. Basidiospores X '-, pale brown, wall dark, ellipsoid-elongate, papillate, papilla up to 0.6 I'- long, finally verruculose-rough, aguttate, not striated. Hyphae monomitic, f' wide, hyaline, thin-walled, branched, inflated, septate, septa usually at short intervals, clamped. HABITAT: On soil under Oak forest. LOCALITY: l\iussoorie (Dick Road, alt. 5,000-6,000 ft., August 20, 1955, Thind & Dev 69). DISTRIBUTION: India (Mussoorie), S. Australia, Europe (? unrecognized), U.S.A. (N. Carolina, New York), Canada (Nov. Scot.).

76 68 T H E C L AVA Rr ACEAE OF I N DI A ~ ~-L_~==== Text-Fig. 15. R((mQria/ltwo-brunrlfsct1ls (Atk.) Cornt"r var. Illlreo Coker. A. Fruclification, X ~. B. Basidia with straight and outculvcd sterigmata, )( C. Ellipsoid-elongate, finely verruculose-rough basidiosporcs, X D. I nflated damped hypbae, X 500. o

77 RAMARI/\' 69 This collection closely resembles Ramar;a fladd-brunneseens (Atk.) Corner var. aurea Coker and is marked by smaller size, orange colour with yellow tips, unchanging flesh, and elongate-ellipsoid spores ( X '). It differs from the bright orange form of R.flavo-brunneseens (n. 68) in the smaller size and yellow tips of its fruit bodies, and in the absence of crystalloid bodies in its context. 11. Ramaria formosa (Fr.) Quel. Fl. Myc. p ; Corner) Afonogr. Clavaria & Allied Gen. p. 584, Text-Figs. 248, 255, Basinym: Synonym,,: Clavariaformosa Fr., Syst. Myc. 1: Clavariaformosula Britz., Hym. Siidb. 8: C. densa Pk. ( = C formom Pers. fide Coker), Rept. N.r. St. lvfu.~. 41: BB; Coker, Clavarias U.S. & Canada, p~ 127, t. 41, 42, (as C.formosa Pers.); Berkeley, Decades of fungi, Decades 39, 40; No. 399; in Hooker's London J. Bot., 4, p. 140, 1852; Sacc., Syll. Fung. 6: 699. C]lJlw7i.dJafo.rmP.50 (Fr.) Karst., HOJt5J'. 2: JB5. JBB2. HAB!"]'AT:.--~orded. _. LOCALITY: Khasi Hills, Assam (collection of Hooker, 1850). DISTRIBUTION: India (Khasi Hills), Europe, temp. N. America, and Asia (China, Japan), S. Australia. This fungus was collected from Khasi Hills, Assam, by Hooker in According to Berkeley, 1852, it exactly agrees in colour with the plant of Holmskiold. 12. Ramaria f~agillima (Sacc. et Syd.) Corner Monogr. Clavaria & Allied Gen. p, 588, Text-Figs. 2A and C, 250a, 257, 258; Plate ; Ahmad, Pakistan Bioi. Soc. J\;[ono.~r. 1: Basinym: Clavaria fragillima Sacco et Syd., Syll. Fung. 16: Synonyms: Clavaria echirwspora P. Henn., MOll.l"1ln. 1: 43, ; (non B. et Br., 1875 = SC)'tinopogon echinosporus). Clavariellafragillima (Sac(:. et Syd.) V. OV. Bull. Jard. Bot. Buit. Scr. 3, 5, p ; I,. Fung. Mal. I HABITAT: LOCALITY: D,STR,BUTION: On the ground. Swat Hills. West Pakistan (Swat Hills), Java, Ceylon, Malaya. No description is given fol" this species by Ahmad who collected it from the Swat Hills.

78 70 TlI E C L AVA RI AGEAE O F I N DI A 13. Ramaria fumigata (Pk.) Corner var. gigantea T rlind & Anand J. it/diatl B Ol. Soc. 35 : 98. J 956. Text- Fig. 16; Plate III. Fructifications up to 21.5 cm. tall and up to 10 cm. broad, gregarious or solitary, erect, large-sized, massive, radial, trunk present, profusely branched, fleshy, smooth, glabrous, violet coloured throughout, colour facling in overmatured specimens to fuliginous ochraceous but the tips remain violet for a longer time ; trunk as undjffercntiatccl stubby basal p<lrt of thc fructification, up to 5.8 em. broad ; branching polychotomous below and dichotomous above, branches crowded to compact, unequal, in altcrnating planes, primary branches up to 1 cm. broad, ultimate branchlets rrunute, blunt and crowded together due to close dichotomy; flesh whit~ to cream coloured, not changing colour on bruising; taste and smell in particular. Internodes are generally long but they may be short in some specimens. Text- Fig. 16. Ra7llaria }umigala (Pk.) Corner val'. gigalllea T bind & Anand. A. Basidia, X 880. B. Basidiospores, X B80. C. C ramped hyphae, ", 380.

79 RAMARIA 71 Hymenium spread all over, compound, up to 88 fj. broad. Basidia 8-J 0.5 fj. broad, clavate, pale brown; sterigmata 4, slightly incurved, fj. long. Basidiospore, X I", light brown to brown or sooty brown, dark brown to sooty when in a mass, narrowly ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, papillate, rough to almost smooth, wall dark, aguttate or with one or morc vague guttules. Hyphae monomitic, fj. broad, subhyaline, branched, sometimes antler-like short branches also observed, not inflated or only slightly so, thinwalled septate, septa at long intervals, clamped. HABITAT: On soil in Oak forest. LOCALITY: Mussoorie (Chakrata Toll, alt. 5,500 ft., August 20, 1953, Thind and Anand 34). DISTRIBUTION: India (Mussoorie). This Mussoorie collection (n. 34) undoubtedly belongs to Ramaria/umigaJa (Pk.) Corner (lac. cit. p. 591, 1950) but differs from the type species in its very large fruit bodies, larger spores, in the absencc of colour change of the flesh, and_hlthe}iresence of clamps on the hyphae. The varietal name gigantea is --based on its very large fruit-bodies and slightly larger spores. Important differences between the type species R. /umigata and its var. gigantea of Mussoorie hills are tabulated below: R. fumigata var. g(i:anlea R fumigata Fructifications up to 21.5 em. tall. l. Fructifications 5-12 em. tall. Primary branches up to 1 em. bnmd. 2. Primary branches only 2-3 mm. broad. Not rufescent on bruising. 3. Rufesccnt on bruising. Spores aguttate Of with 1 to more vague 4. Spores uniguttate. guttules. Hyphae clamped. 5. Hyphae not clamped. Spores X :"' 6. SpQ,es X ~. 14. Ramaria fuscobrunnea Corner Balfour-BnJ\vllt', Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Bot. 1: Fructifications up to II em. tall, caespitose, much branched, stipe hardly developed, brcnvn, later on darkening, on drying turning grayish brown or dark brown; lower branches 5-8 mm. wide and polychotomous, gradually narrowed at the top, apices 1 Inn1. lvide, internodes Inore or less elongated to IS mm. length. Spores X fl, rarely II X 5 il or 12 X 3.5 il, brunneoochraceous, narrowly pyriform. or subcylindric, df'licately echinulate, spines hyaline and fj. long.

80 72 THE CLAVARIACEAE OF I);!DIA Hyphae up to 12 fj. wide, clamped, thin walled, for the most part longitudinal hyphae swollen near the septa. HABITAT: On soil or humus under Picea or Q_uercus-Ilex forest. LOCALITY: Nepal (Tarakot, alt. 3,400 m., July, 1952, Polunin, Sykes and Williams 2635); S. E. Tibet (Valley above Sang, alt. 3,200 m., June 26, 1938, Ludlow, Sherriff and Taylor 4988 b.). DISTRIBUTION: So far reported only from ]','epal and S.E. Tibet. This species shows close affinity with Ramaria jlaccida (Fr.) Rieken and R. invalii (Cott. et WakeC) Dank but its fructifications are large and dirty brown. 15. Ramaria mairei Donk Rev. Niederl. Homobas. Aphyll. 2: ; Corner, Monogr. Clavaria & Allied Gen. p j Ahmad, Pakistan Biol.' SOI;., Monogr. 1: Synonyms: Clo[)aria jmllida Bres., Fg. Mang. p ; Ie. Myc" t. 1088; Malencon Bull. Soc.!\'{ye. Fr. 41, t ; Konr. et Maubl., Ie. Sd. Fung. t. 490; (non C. pallida B. et C. 1869, vide Ramariopsis kunzd) ; (C. pallida SchadI'. Fung. Bav. t ); Huber, Zeitschr.f. Pilzk. 18: Ramana pallida (Bres.) Rieken, Vadem., p e!avaria extensa Herpell, Hedw. 52: HABITAT: LOCALITY: On the ground. Murree Hills (Changla Gali). D,STRIBUTION: 'Vest Pakistan (Murree Hills), Morocco (Atlas Mountains), Europe (frequent). No description IS given by Ahmad for this species collected from the Murree Hills. l6. Ramaria moelleriana (Brc5. et Roum.) Corner Monogr. Clavaria & Allied Gen. p ; Ahmad, Pakistan Bio!. Soc. Monogr. 1: ; Thind & Dev, J. Indian Bot. Soc. 36: Text-Fig. 17; Plate IV. Basinym: Lachnodadium moellerianum Brcs. et Roum., Rev. A~yc. p. 36) t. 92, f Synonyms: LachrlOcladium warburgii P. Renn., Hedw. p ; Monsunia 1: ; (teste Bres., Sacco S),ll. Fung. 23: ). L. lauterbachii P. Renn., Engl. Jahrb. 18, Biebl (teste Bres" 1. c.). L. strictum P. Renn., Engl. Jahrb. 22: ; (teste Bres., 1. co).? L. brunneum Brcs., Ann. Myc. 9: Ramaria polypus Corner, Monogr. Clavaria & Allied Gen. p

81 RAMARIA 73 Fructifications lignicolous, up to 3 X 2.6 em., greganous, caespitose, erect, small sized, radial, trunk absent or with a stubby and massive trunk like base, sparsely branched, fleshy-tough, smooth, glabrous, yellowish brown, arising from rhizomorphic strands; rhizomorphs up to 1 mm. \vide, composed of narrow, highly or wholly thick-walled unseptate, 2-4 I' wide hyphae; branches dichotomous, up to 4 times, lax; primary branches very massive, stubby, elongate, up to 5 mid. \vide, radial; ultimate branch1cts very small to 1 mm. long and mm. \vide, usually cro\vded, or in pairs, very short and nipple-like; apices blunt; flesh white; smell and taste inparticular. Hymenium spread all over, not thickening, up to 60 [" thick. Basidia 6-8 fl wide, clavate; sterigmata 4, straight, I' long. Basidiospores X ', ochraceous or pale brown, wall dark, short, ellipsoid, papillate, papilla up to 0.5 [J. long, verruculose (without distinct warts), aguttate. Hyphae monomitic, 2-7.2!.L wide, up to 12!.L at the swollen regions, hyphal cells up to 172 I' (or more) long, hyaline, slightly to moderately thick walled, up to I tj. thick, highly convoluted, uninflatcd, narro,,,,, branched, septate, septa at long int~rvals, sometimes swollen terminally or at onc side of the septum, clamped;-----clamps common. -- Text~Fig". 17. Rarnaria moelleriana (Bres. et Roum.) Corner. A. Verruculose bas-idiospores, X B. Clamped and slightly thick walled byphae, sometimes s\\'ollcn terminally, X 500. B HABITAT: On dead \vood in Oak forest. LOCALITY: Mussoorie (The Park, alt. 7,000 ft., August 20, 1954, Thind and Dev 178). D,STRIBUTION: India (Mussoorie), Congo (Kinkosi, on the ground), West Pakistan (Murree Hills, on decayed wood). 6

82 74 THE CLAVARIACEAE OF INDIA This species is characterized by yellowish brown small but stubby fruit bodies arising from thick rhizomorphs, blunt apices, short ellipsoid and verruculose spores and highly convoluted thick-walled clamped hyphae. It is very close to R. stricta var. concalor Corner but is smaller, morc of a tropical fungus, and with more rugulose and generally smaller spores. Corner (in lit, January 20, 1957) stated that R. moelleriana (Bres. et Roum.) Corner is the same as his R. POly/IUS Corner as he has later on learnt from seeing part of the type. Accordingly, I have listed here Corner's R. po(ypus as a synonym of R. moelleriana. 17. Ramaria obtusissima (Pk.) Corner Monogr. Clamria & Allied Gen. p ; Thind & Dev, ]. Indian Bot. Soc. 36: Text-Fig. 18. Basinym: Cla('aria obtusissima Pk., Bull. N. Y. St. ]t.ius ; Coker, Cla'larias U.S. & Ca laaa, p. 146, t. 56, ; Pova, Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci. Arts Leu. 20: Doty, Clav. ---I'ff. 1935; Wehm., Pap. Mich. Ac. Sci. Arts LeU. 20: j Pac. N. W. p Synonyms: Clavaria oblusissima var. minor Pk., Bull. N. r. St. lv/us. 167: 34 (teste Coker) ? C. albida Pk., Rep. N. r. St. Mus. 41: Fructifications up to 19 X 12 CIll., scattered, erect, large-sized, massive, radial, trunk absent, profusely branched, fleshy, smooth, glabrous, pallid or tan white, on drying turning reddish bro\vn; base massive, stubby, short, up to 3 em. wide, giving rise to stout main branches at the ground level; branching polychotomous below, dichotomous above, branches elongate, slightly rugulose, dense; primary branches stout, up to 1.4 em. wide; ultinlatc branchlets bifid or crowded, very minute to 4 mm. long; apices blunt; flesh white, unchanging; smell and taste in particular. Hymenium spread all over, slightly thickening, up to 94 I-' thick. Basidia I-' wide, clavate; sterigmata 4, straight to slightly incurved, I-' long. Basidiospores X ', pale brown, wall dark, ellipsoidelongate or narrowly ellipsoid-cylindric, papillate, papilla up to 0.6 I-' long, smooth, not striated, aguttate. Hyphae monomitic, 4-16 I-' wide, hyphal cells up to 282 I-' (or more) long, hyaline, thin-walled, branched, inflated, septate, septa at long intervals, sometimes constricted at the septa, clamped, clamps rare. HABITAT: On soil in Oak forest.

83 RAMARIA 75 Text- Fig. 18. Ran/aria obilisissima (Pk.) Corner. A. Fructification with minute blunt apices, X!. B. Ellipsoid-elongate, smooth walled basidiospores, X 1150.

84 76 THE C L.\ V ARIA CEAE OF lndi A T ext-fig. 19. Ran/aria ohtllsissima (Pk. ) Corner var. gigalllw T hind & Dev. A. Large sized rmctificalion, X ~. B. Basidiospores. ~ 1l50.

85 RA~lARIA 77 LOCALITY: :'vlussoorie (Chakrata Toll, alt. 5,500 It., August 13, 1956, Thind and Dev 70). DISTRIBUTION: Scot.). India (Mussoorie), U.S.A. (frequent), Canada (Nov. R. oblusissima has characteristically smooth spores, narrowly cylindrical, and 10~15 X 3.5~5 1'-' The Mussoorie fungus is thus quite typical of this species. ]. Indian Bot. Soc. 36: var. gigantea Thind & Dev Text~Fig. 19. Fructifications 34 X 31 em., solitary, erect, very massive, very large sized, radial, trunk present and base-like, profusely branched, fleshy, smooth, glabrous, white, on drying turning reddish brown; trunk stubby, massive, base-like, 5 X 3.5 em., giving off very stout, massive, main branches near the ground level; branches polychotomous below, dichotomous above, unequal, irregular, inteqlodes long; primary branches stout, up to 3.5 cm. wide; ultimate branchlets--ilipairs, usually small to 3 mm. long; apices blunt; flesh white,.--~-- -unchanging; smell and taste inparticular. Hymenium spread all over, thickening, with numerous embedded spores, up to 164 I'- thick. Basidia 5~B I'- wide, clavate; sterigmata 4, straight or slightly incurved, 2~7 I'- long. Basidiospores 10.4~14.4 X 3~4 1'-, pale brown or ochraceous, wall dark, elongate-cylindric or narrowly ellipsoid-cylindric, papillate, papilla very small, smooth, not striated, aguttate. Hyphae monomitic, 4~IB I'- wide, hyphal cells up to 220 I'- (or more) long, hyaene, thin walled, branched, inflated, septate, septa at long intervals, clamped, clamps rare; a few narrow, uninflated, unseptatc hyphae, filled up with dense homogeneous oily substance. These hyphae are 4~7 I'- wide except at the swollen terminal ends where they enlarge up to 10 1'-. HABITAT: On soil in Cedrus deodara forest. LOCALITY: Mussoorie (Dhanolti, alt. 7,500 ft., September II, 1956, Thind & Dev 173). DISTRIBCTION : India (M ussoorie). This Mussoorie fungus undoubtedly belongs to Ramaria obtusissima (Pk.) Corner. However, its size is considerably bigger, being 34 X 31 cm. in contrast to 9~15 X 13 cm. reported for R. obtusissima. The Mussoorie fungus (n. 35) of R. obtusissima, "rough spored form" (Thind & Anand, 1956) is 14 X II cm. while Mussoorie fungus (n. 70) of R. obtusissima, "smooth

86 78 THE CLAVARIACEAE OF INDIA spored" (Thind & Dev, 1956) is 19 X 12 em. Thus, the Mussoorie fungus (n. 173) is certainly much larger than all the previous reports on the size of R. obtusissima. Accordingly, it is rightly considered and named as var. gigantea., Rough spored form' Corner, lvlonogr. Clavaria & Allied Gen.. p ; Thind & Anand, J. Indian Bot. Soc. 35: Text-Fig. 20; Plate III. Fructifications up to 14 cm. tall and up to II cm. broad, solitary, erect, large sized, radial, trunk present, profusely branched, fleshy, smooth, glabrous, cream coloured, deep coloured below and lighter coloured at the top; trunk narrow, up to 2 cm. long and I em. broad; branching dichotomous, branches rather lax, unequal, in alternating pla~s-, internodes long below but shorter above, primary branches like the trunk and up to 0.9 cm. broad, ultimate branclliets very small to 3 mm. long, in pairs, or crowded together and look cristate due to close q_ichotomy; apices obtuse or blunt, concolorous; flesh whitish; tast".,9i='; smell inparticular. '-Hymenium spread all over except the trunk, compound, fl broad. Basidia fl broad, clavate, light brown; sterigmata 2-4, fl long. Basidiospores X 4-6 [1., light brown, ellipsoid, papillate, slightly rough, wall dark, aguttate, abundantly embedded in the compound hymenium. Hyphae monomitic, fl broad, hyaline to subhyaline, branched, thin-walled, inflated, often swollen at the ends, ends of the byphal cells gliding over one another, clamps present, septate, septa at short to long intervals, hyphal cells from 32 [1. to very long. HABIT AT : On soil in Oak forest. LOCALITY: Mussoorie (Chakrata Toll, alt. 5,500 ft. August 6, 1953, Thind & Anand 35). DISTRIBUTION: India (Mussoorie), U.S.A. (N. Carolina, Washington). The spores of tbis Mussoorie fungus are slightly rough and wider than R. obtusissima (Pk.) Corner which has characteristically smooth and narrowlycylindrical spores (l0-15 X fl). Accordingly, this collection n. 35 is put under the' rough spored form' of this species. 18. Ramaria pusilla (Pk.) Corner Monogr. Clavaria & Allied Gen. p. 6l ; Thind & Dev,]. Indian Bot. Soc. 36:

87 RAMARJA ~::::: c Text- Fig. 20. Rlimaria oblusissima (Pk.) Corner' Rough spored form '. A. Basidia, X 880. B. Rough basidiospores, X 880. C. InOalcd, clamped hyphae, X 380.

88 80 THE CLAVARIACEAE OF INDIA Text-Fig. 21. Basinym: Clavaria pusilla Pk., Buff. Soc. Nat. Sci. 1: ; Rept. N. Y. St. Mw. 25: ; (non C. pusilla Pet's. = Pistillaria pusilla; non C. pusilla Quel. = Nyctalis). Pseudonym: Clavaria decurrens Pers., sensu Coker, Clavaria U.S. & Canada, p. 174, t. 66, ; (non Pers. = Ramaria crl~pula). Fructifications X em., gregarious, solitary, not caespitose, erect, small sized, radial, trunk present, rarely absent, sparsely to profusely branched, fleshy-tough, smooth, glabrous, deep yellow, trunk and the lower parts of primary branches white, on drying turning brown; trunk up to 1.7 X 0.3 em., white, radial, slender, arising from numerous brownish rhizomorphic strands at the base; rhizomorphs composed of monomitic, narrow, branched, clamped, thin walled, pale brown, 2-4 fj. wide hyphae; branching dichotomous, or polychotomous belqw and dichotomous above, unequal, in alternating planes, internodes long; 'prirp_ary branches up to 3 Inm. wide, long and radial; ultimate branchlets very small, up to 2 mm. long, rarely up to 5 mm. long, mostly less than 1 mm.; apices sharply acute, concolorous, sterile; flesh white"turning red to dark red (vinaceous) on bruising or on long exposure ~3"~nd taste inparticular ffy~enium spread all over except the sterile apices and,,,!hite basal parts, not thickening, up to 60 fj. thick. Basidia fj. wide, clavate; sterigmata 4, straight, fj. long. Basidiospores small, X \C, pale brown or Gchraceous, ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid or obovoid, papillate, papilla small, finely echinulate, aguttatc. Hyphae monomitic, f.i. wide, up to 14 fj. wide at the swollen portions, hyphal cells up to 270 fj. long or even more, hyaline, thin walled, branched, slightly inflated, septate, septa at long intervals, sometimes swollen terminally or at one side of the septum, clamped, clamps small to massive and common. HABITAT: On humicolous soil in Oak forest and on dead needles in Cedrus deodara forest. LOCALITY: Mussoorie (The Park, alt. 7,000 ft., August 9, 1955, Thind & Dev 174; Kodia, alt. 7,000 ft., September 12, 1955, Thind & Dev 175). D,STRIBUTION: Canada (Ottawa). India (Mussoorie), U.S.A. (New York and Oregon), These two Mussoorie collections (n. 174 & n. 175) come very close to Ramaria pusilla (Pk.) Corner. They also resemble R. flaccida (Fr.) Rieken which, however, has unchanging flesh. The collection n. 174 seems to come exactly between R. /iusilla and its var. australis Coker (Corner, loco cit. p ) in having the small size of the former and the colour of the latter.

89 RAMARIA 81 Text- Fig Ramnria j)usilla (Pk.) Corner. A. Frllctification, X 1. B. Finely echinulate basidiospores, X C. H yphae wilh massive clamps, X 500. c

90 82 THE CLAVARIACEAE OF INDIA It is worthwhile to mention here that R.flaccida, R. j)usilla and R. myceliosa (Pk.) Corner (loc. cit. p ) are very closely allied and inter-grade into one another. R. pusilla is so close to the variable R. flaccida that the only constant difference one can see is that the flesh is unchanging in R. Jlaccida. R. 1"fIcvceliosa is apparently only R. flaccida with small spores, and it, too, seems to grade into R. flaccida. As already mentioned in this monograph (see under R. jlac(ida), the spore size is quite variable in the latter. 19. Ramaria sanguinea (Coker) Corner Alonogr. Clavoria & Allied Gen. p ; Thind & Dev. ]. Indian Bot. Soc. 36: Tbt-Fig Basinym: Clavaria sanguinea Coker ex Doty, C[OI)_,_ Pac. N. W. p ; Coker, Clavaria U.S. & Canada, p. 118, t. 38 (ut C. sanguinea Pers = Ramaria Jlal'a). 1923; Fawcett, PrOF, Roy. Soc. Viet. 51: 278, t Synonym:? Clavaria umhraticola Leuba, Champ. Com. 77, t. 42, ~/. -Yructifications up to 14.5 X 13 em., scattered, creet, large sized, trunk absent but with a short thick white embedded base, profusely branched, fleshy, smooth, glabrous, yellow, later turning light dark red at the top, on drying reddish brown to dark hrown; branches polychotomous thtoughout, ultimate branchlets dichotomous, compact or crowded and looking like a cauliliowcr {rom the top, internodes medium sized, radial, primary branches up to 9 mm. wide; ultimate branchlets very short to 2 mm. long; apices generally blunt or sometimes suhacute; flesh white, on bruising slowly turning red to dark red; taste and smell inparticular. Hymenium spread all over, not thickening, up to 60 I" thick. Basidia 6-10 [.L,vide, clavate; sterigmata 4, straight, or slightly incurved, 1-8 I" long. Basidiospores X ", pale brown, wall dark, narrowly ellipsoid or elongate, papillate, papilla up to 0.6 IJ. long, almost smooth, not striated, aguttate. Hyphae monomitic, 3-15 I" wide, hyphal cells up to 154 IJ. long, hyaline, thin walled, branched, inflated, some narrow, uninflated, septate, narrow ones appearing unseptate, clamped. HABITAT: On moist soil under a mixed forest. LOCALITY: Mussoorie (The Municipal Garden, alt. 5,000 ft., August 18, 1955, Thind & Dev 176). DISTRIBUTION: India (Mussoorie), Australia (Kinglake, Victoria), U.S.A. (N. Carolina, Massachusetts, Oregon), Canada (rare).

91 RAMARIA 83 T ext-fig. 22. Ramaria sallguinta (Coker) Corner. A. Fructification, X k. B. Basidiospores, X According to Corner (loc. cit. p ) Coker used Persoon's invalid name for this species. He further stated, " European authors are agreed that C. sanguinea Pers. (Obs. 1799, t. 3, f 5) is R. flava. Whether Coker's species is also R. flava in the European sense (non sensu Coker = R. fiavo-brunnescens ), I am uncertain, for its spores are distinctly shorter and the fruit-bodies appear to be pinker or redder. However, the spores may well be as variable as in R.formosa, wilh the shorter spores almost or quite smooth, and it has not been ascertained whether the redder colour of R. sangttillea (at least, when old) is a tj:ue pigmentation or merely a general rufescence as a result of weathering. It is certainly remarkable that the European R. Jlava has not been recorded from N. America or S. Australia, while R. sanguinea of both these continents has not been found in Europe. Fawcett's description of R. sanguinea from Australia agrees closely, even in spore-size, with R. flava as described by Bresadola and Konrad and 11aublanc. Doty, however, gives the colour of specimens of R. sanguinea from Oregon as ( pallid yellow to maize-yellow or pink throughout '." The Mussoorie collection (n. 176) fully fits in R. sanguinea. In the yellow colour of the fructification and reddening of the flesh this fungus, however,

92 84 THE CLAVARIACEAE OF INDIA resembles R.jlava (of Europe) which has no clamps. In the Mussoorie collection clamps are certainly present, yet many of the hyphae of the medulla have septa without clamps. Thus, it appears that this Mussoorie collection is linked up in some way with R. jiava. 20. Ramaria stricta (Fr.) Que]. PI. MJ'c. p ; Corner, Afonogr. Clavaria & Allied Gen. p. 623, Text.Figs. 249, ; Ahmad, Pakistan Biol. Soc. lvfonogr. 1: Basinym: Clal'aria stricta Fr., Syst. J\.lyc. 1: , Konr. et!\taubl., Ie. Sel. FUrlg. 487, (non Bres., non Bourd. et GaIz. :::c= Ramaria bourdotiana). Synonyms: Clavaria syringarum Pcrs., A{vc. Eur. 1: 164. (teste Lundell) C. pruinella Ces., Rahenh. Fungi Eur. Exs. Cent. 5, No ; Bot. Zei. p ; Sacc.Syll. Fung. 21: ; ibid. 23: C. kcwensis Mass., J."BrW.._ 34: (fide Cott. et. vvakef., Coker). C. stricta var. condensata Lundell, Sv. Svamp. 5-6, p (C. dendroidea et C. condensata sensu Bourd. et Galz.). Clavariella stricta (Fr.) Karst" Hattsv. 2; HAlj1T~ -~~ LOCALITY: DISTRIBUTION: On the ground. Murree Hills (Patriata). vvest Pakistan (Murree Hills), japan, Europe (Common). No description was given for this species by Ahmad who collected it from Murree Hills. 2l. Ramada stricta (Fr.) Quel. \ ar. concolor Corner Monogr. Clavaria & Allied Gen. p ; Thind & Anand, ]. Indian Bot. Soc. 35: Text-Fig. 23. Synonyms: Clavaria stricta sensu Coker, Clavarias U.S. & Canada, p. 162, t. 61,62, , vvehm., Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci. Arts. Lett. 20: ; Teng, Sinensia 7: ; Fawcett, Proc. Rcry. Soc. Vict. 51: 18, t ; Doty, Clav. Pac. N. W. p ; Sacc., Syll... Fung. 6: 705; Berkeley, Decades if fungi, Decades 39, 40, No. 399; In Hooker's London J. Bot. 4, p C. leucotephra B. et c., Crev. 2: ; (fide Coker).? Lachnocladittm atki7honii Bres., J. _A{yc. B: ; (fide Coker, forsan Ramaria apiculata). Clavaria densissima Pk., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 30: ; (fide Coker). Lachnocladium odoratum Atk., Ann. ~'1yc. 6: ; (fide Coker).? L. ercetum Burt, Ann. AIo. Bot. Grin. 6: 276, t Fructifications up to 8.5 em. tall and up to 5 cm. broad, lignicolous, gregarious, caespitose, erect, medium sized, radial, without a trunk, profusely branched, fleshy, smooth, glabrous, dark brown, or pinkish bro\vn to violaceous

93 Rj\M.'\ J~ I A 85 brown; branching more or less polychotomous below and dichotomous above, branches crowded, often fused togeth er, unequal, in alternating planes, internodl's long, primary branches up to 3 mm. broacl, ultimate branchlets very thin or slender, from v('ry smau to cm. long; apices cream colour to yellowish or concolorous, acute; flesh concolorous ; taste and smell inpartieular ; numerous long rhizomorphic myceliaj strands given out from the bases of fructj fica lions. H ymcnium spread a ll over except the white submerged base) thickening, so-atose) with abundant embedded spores, up to 345!1- broad. Basidi.a 7-9!1- broad, clavate, subhyalinc to pale brown ; sterigmata 4) rarely 2-3, stout, sjightly incurved, 3.5-7!1- long. Basidiospores X 4-6.7!1-, light brown, broadj y ellipsoid, papillate) rough, or almost smooth, wall dark, aguttate or uniguttate, guttule large and filling one-third to one-half of the spore cavity, rarely 2-3 guttu1ate. H yphae 2-12 JJ. broad, up to 16 JJ. broad at the swollen regions, monomitic) hyaline, slightly to moder ately thick-walled, sometimes much thickened ) thickening fl, branched, no t inflated, septate, septa at long intervals, Text- Fig. 23. RanlOria S(1ictd (Fr.) Quel. var. (Ollculor Corner (A-D, { ; P. n. 30). A. Fruclification with rhizomorphic strands given out from the base, X I. B. Ba~ idia, X 880. a. Basidiospores, X 880. D. T hick walled, clamped hyphae, X 380. E. Fl'llctifkation of n. 30, X l.

94 86 THE CLAVARIACEAE OF INDIA clamped, H-pieces present, highly convoluted and interwoven, often swollen a t ends or near septa. HABITAT: On rotting stumps, rotting logs, dead leaves, and on humus amid mosses in oak forest. LOCALITY; Mussoorie (The Park, all. 7,000 ft., August 13, 1953, Thind & Anand 30; The Park, all. 7,000 ft., August 9, 1953, Thind & Anand 31). Khasi Hills (collection of Hooker in 1850). DISTRIBUTION; U.S.A., Canada. India (Mussoorie, Khasi hills), China, S. Australia, Both the Mussoorie collections (n. 30 & n. 31) arc identical with var. concolor Corner of Ramaria stricta (Fr.) Que!. (Corner, lac. cit. p. 623, 1950) but the spores of n. 30 are practically identical with those of R. polypus Corner which has been made here a synonym of R. moeueriana. Corner (in lit, May 6, 1955) stated that most records of R. a/)iculata (Fr.) Dank (Corner, lac. cil. p. 555, 1950) are the variety concolor of R. stricta. He stated further that he has not been able to find an authentic specimen of R. apiculata. The fruit bodies of';. 31 have the thick-walled hyphae and almost smooth spores of R. stricta, but lack the yellow tips. The violaceous tints as observed in n. 31 may develop in this species. This fungus was also collected lrom the Khasi hills, Assam, by Hooker m 1 B:i(), and reported by Berkeley as Clavaria stricta Pers., Dark coloured form' Thind & Anand,]. Indian Bot. Soc, 35: Text-Fig. 24; Plate IV. Fructifications up to 7 cm. tau and up to 5.8 cm. broad, lignicolous, solitary, erect, medium sized, radial, without a trunk, profusely branched, fleshy, smooth, glabrous, sooty black; branching polychotomous below, dichotomous above, branches unequal, in alternating planes, compact, fused together at places, primary branches up to 4 mm. broad, ultimate branchlets minute, only up to 3 mm. long, in pairs, or look crowded and cristate due to very close and irregular dichotomy, branches lighter coloured above; apices lighter coloured or cream coloured and blunt; white rhizomorphic branches given out from the base of the fructifications; flesh concolorous; taste and smell inparticular. Hymenium spread all over, compound, stratose, fl thick. Basidia fl broad, clavate, brown or pale brown; sterigmata 4, fl long. Basidiospores 7-11 X '-, light or pale brown, to brown, ellipsoid, papillate, rough or inconspicuously verrucose, \varts not distinct, wall dark,

95 RAM A R1A 87 aguttate or with 1-3 or more vague guttules, abundantly embedded in the compound hymenium. H yphae monomitic, !L broad, subhyaline, branched, septate, septa at long intervals, damped, thick-walled (skeletal), wall !L thick, thickening often highly pronounced so as to obliterate whole of the lumen. HABITAT : On dead pine needles. LOCALITY: Mussoorie (The Park, alt. 5,000 ft., September 2, 1953, Thind & Anand 32). DrSTRTBUTION : India (Mussoorie). TIli:, lvlussoorie collection (n. 32) resembles R. siricla var. collcolor in alj respects except that its fru ctifi c ~l tion s are very dark a ncl sooty black. Therefore, Thind & Anand (1956) regarded it as a dark coloured form of the var. concolar Corn er. B -=:;== =~~ =:::=-< ) ---- ===-?-:-:6 c Text- Fig. 24. RamaNa stricta (Fr.) Que!. vaf. collcolor Corner' Dark colourl'd form '. A. Basidia, X B80. B. Basidiosporcs, X 880. C. Considera bly Lhick walled ann clamped hyphae, X 380.

96 88 T H E CLAVAR l ACEAE OF l ND J A 22. Ra maria subaurantiaca Corner Balfour- Browne, Bull. Brit. Mill'. (Nat. Hift.) Bol. 1 : : T lllnd & Drv.]. [lidiall Bot. Soc. 36 : T ext Fig. 25. Fructificalions up to 10 X 7 em., scattered, erecl, massive and medium sized, radial, trunk absent, profusely branched, fleshy, smoolh, glabrous, light orange yellow, branching polychotomous below but dichotomous above, rather short, massive, dense; primary branches massive, up to 8 mm. wide ; ultimate branchlc ls very short to 1.5 mm. long, in pairs; apices blunt, lighter concoloro us; flesh white, on bruising turning pale yellow; smell and taste in particular. H ymenium spread all over, thickening, with numerous embedded spores,.... up to 98 fj. thlck. Basidia 5-8 fj.,,"ide, clavate; sterig mata 4, sometimes 2, fj. long. Te.xt-Fig. 25. Ramaria suballralltiaca Corner. A. F!'lIctification, X 1. B. Basidia, X ) 150. C. Verruculosc basidiospores, X J 150.

97 RAMARIA 89 Basidiospores x [.t, pale brown, wall dark, ellipsoidelongate, papillate, papilla small, less than 0.4 [.t long, distinctly verruculoserough, aguttate. Hyphae monomitic, [.t wide, hyphal cells up to 140 [.t long, hyaline, thin walled, branched, inflated, septate, septa mostly at short intervals, sometimes slightly constricted at septa, clamps absent. HABITAT: On soil amid mosses. LOCALITY: Mussooric (Sarkanda Temple, alt. 9,000 ft., September 12,1954, Thind & Dev 172). DISTRIBUTION: India (Mussoorie1, S. E. Tibet (Kongbo, Shoga, Dzong, all. 3,200 m., on earth under Berberis; Kongbo, Deyang La, alt. 3,150 m., on rotting branches). This Mussooric collection (n. 172) is identical with Ramaria subaurantiaca Corner, described as a new species by Balfour-Browne (1955) from S. E. Tibet except that its spores are slightly longer than S.E. Tibet collection. Corner (in lit, January 15, 1957) stated that there was some variation in spore size because he had seen intermediate sizes in collections from U.S.A., Argentina and Europe which must be the same, that is, Ram2riajiava (Fr.) Que!. (Corner, loco cit. p. 577, 1950) with orange fruit bodies and rather short spores. Thus, like R. sanguinea (Coker) Corner, R. subaurantiaca Corner is also closely allied to R. jiava (Fr.) Qud. These three species intergrade into one another so much that one feels inclined to merge R. sanguinea and R. subaurantiaca into R.jiava. It is certainly very interesting to note that R.jiava is reported only from Europe while R. sanguinea and R. subaurantiaca arc reportcd only from countries outside Europe, i.e., U.S.A., Australia, Tibet and India. For the present, R. sanguinea and R. subaurantiaca can be differentiated from R. jlava in more reddish or morc orange colouration and shortcr spores. The size of spores, hovvevcr, is very variable and shorter spores are also reported for R.jiava. 23. Ramaria subbotrytis (Coker) Corner Monogr. Clavaria & Allied Gen. p ; Thind & Anand, J. Indian Bot. Soc. 35: Text-Fig. 26; Plate IV. Basinym: Clavana subbotrytis Coker, Clavaria U.S. & Canada, p. 116, t. 28, 33, ; Kauffm. Pap. A,fich. Ac. Sci. Arts Lett. 8: i Doty, Clav. Pac. N. W. p Fructifications up to 10 em. tall and up to 10 cm. broad, solitary, erect, large sized, radial, without a trunk, profusely branched, fleshy, smooth, 7

98 90 THE CLAVAR I ACEAE OF I N DIA glabrous, deep scarlet red or deep pinkish red when young, colour fading at maturity; base stubby, thick, lighter coloured; branching polychotomous below but dichotomous above, branches compact, unequal, in alternating planes, primary branches up to 1 cm. broad, ultimate branchjels small to minute, thin; apices obtuse or blunt, in pairs, or crowd ~d together and looking cristatc due to close dichotomy, concolorous; flesh concolorous; taste and smell inparticular. Hymenium spread all over, compound, up to 74 f.l broad. _--_, A ~ Text- Fig. 26. Ramaria slibbolrytis (Coker) Corner. A. Basidia, X 880. B. Basidiospo r e.~, X 880. C. Innaled hyphae, X 380.

99 RAMARIA 91 Basidia [L broad, clavate or elongated, light brown or subhyaline; sterigmata 4, long, straight or slightly incurved, [L long. Basidiospores X [L, light violet or light brownish violet when in a mass, brown or sooty brown individually under the microscope, narrowly ellipsoid, papillate, wall dark, rough to almost smooth, aguttate, abundantly embedded in the compound hymenium. Hyphae monomitic, [L wide, hyphal cells [L long, hyaline or subhyaline, thin-walled, inflated, may be slightly constricted at the septa, septate, septa at shorter intervals, secondary septa absent, clamps absent. HABITAT: On soil in oak forest. LOCALITY: Mussoorie (Chakrata Toll, alt. 5,500 ft., August 6, 1953, Thind & Anand 33). DISTRIBUTION: India (Mussoorie), U.S.A. (N. Carolina, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Washington, Maryland, Oregon). This species is easily recognised from the red colour of its fruit bodies, the small, narrow and brown or sooty brown spores (light violet or light brownish ",iolet wnen in a mass), and the absence of clamps on the hyphae. 24. Ramaria subgelatinosa Corner Monogr. Clavaria & Allied Gen. p Text-Figs. 249, ; Thind & Dev, J. IndiQ1~ Bot. Soc. 36: Text-Fig. 27. Fructifications up to 12.5 X 8.5 cn1., gregarious, erect, large sized, trunk present, profusely branched, fleshy, smooth, glabrous, light pinkish red with yellow tips, on drying becoming reddish brown or deep brown with a reddish tinge; trunk elongate, radial, up to 3.5 X 1.1 em., dirty white, beset with abundant short hypha-like hairs, [L wide and projecting up to 82 [L; branches polychotomous below but dichotomous above, longitudinally rugose especially below the branching, internodes long, shortening upward; primary branches up to 8 mm. wide, radial, stout, elongate; ultimate branchlets in pairs or singly, very short to 2 mm. long; apices blunt; flesh lighter eoncolorous, unchanging; smell and taste inparticular. Hymenium spread all over except the basal parts of the primary branches, not thickening or only slightly thickening, up to 80 [" wide. Basidia X 8-10 fl, clavate; sterigmata 4, straight, stout, [L long. Basidiospores X [L, pale brown, wall dark, ellipsoid, papillate, papilla up to 0.8 [L long, verruculose-rough, aguttate. Hyphae monomitic, 3-10 [L wide, up to 14 fl wide at the swollen parts, hyphal cells up to 284 [L long, hyaline, thin walled, branched, inflated, septate,

100 92 THE CLAVARIACEAE OF INDIA --- Text- Fig. 27. Ramaria subgelatinosa Corner. A. Fructification, X Ii. B. Vcrruculose basidiospores, X C. Hypbae with variously swollen clamps of very irregular form, X 500. D. Extra-cellular crystaloid bodies from the context, X 500.

101 RAMARIA 93 septa at long intervals, sometimes swollen on one side of the septum, clamped, clamps often variously swollen and of very irregular form; numerous extra~ cellular crystals present in the context. HABIT AT : On soil. LOCALITY: Mussoorie (Kadu Khal, alt. 7,500 ft., September 12, 1955, Thind & Dev 177). DISTRIBUTION: India (Mussoorie), Malaya (Pahang, Kuala, Teku). This Mussoorie collection (n. 177) resembles Ramaria subgelatinosa Corner except that it is not recorded by Thind & Dev (1957) whether the flesh was gelatinous or subgelatinous at the time of collection. The formalin-alcohol preserved specimens as well as dry specimens do not throw any light on this point. Its aguttate spores and presence of abundant crystalloid bodies in the flesh are other differences from R. subgelati1j!!sa. The hyphae in the Mussoorie collection arc clamped but there are many septa in the longitudinal hyphae of the medulla which have no clamps. On the other hand, many of the septa have variously swollen or inflated clamps of very irregular form, as illustrated in the Text-Fig. 27. ~/ As stated by Cortter (lac. cit. p. 628, 1950), this species differs from R. formosa (Fr.) QueJ. in its sub gelatinous flesh, without colour change in the flesh, and in its small spores. It thus connects R. formosa with R. gelatinosa (Coker) Corner. 25. Ramarla zippelii (Lev.) Corner Monogr. Clavaria & Allied GeJl. p. 632, Text-Figs. 2B and D, 250d, 268, 269, 271, 272, Plate Basinym: Clavaria zippelii Lev., Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. 3, 2, p ; Bres" Ann. Myt. 5: Synonyms: Clavaria dozei Lev., 1. c. 216; (fide v. Ov.).? C. nigrescens Fr., Nov. S_ymb. Myc. p C. thwaitesii B. et. Br., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 14: i 4; (fide Petch: ' with fuscous tips ').? C. phaeocladia Pat., Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. p Lachnocladium hookeri B., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 14: ; Sacc., Syll. Fung. 6: 738; Berkeley, Decades if Fungi_. decades 39, 140, No. 399; in Hooker's London ]. Bot., 4, p L. echinosporum Bres., Ann. Myc. 9: Phaeoclavulina zippelii (Lev.) v. Ov., Bull. Jard. Bot. Bnit. Ser. 3, 5, p ; I.e. Fung. Mal. 1, t. I, f. I (Lachnocladium negleetum Mass.,? ined.). Fructifications dry, opaque, velvety, trunk present, branched; trunk 1.5 inches long, nearly an inch thick, tinged with red, dilated above and divided into 2 or 3 branches; branches coarse, ochraceous or dirty yellow, giving off short, irregular branch lets of the same colour, sometimes trifid

102 94 THE CLAVARIACEAE OF INDIA above; ultimate branchlets all emarginate; mycelium tuberous, several inches thick. HABITAT: LOCALITY: On the ground in the forest. Khasi Hills, collection of Hooker. DISTRIBUTION: India (Khasi Hills), Ceylon, Java, Malaya, Borneo, New Guinea, New Caledonia. This fungus was collected from the Khasi Hills, Assam, by Hooker and is distinguished by its very thick main branches and the remarkable tuberous mycelium. It was named Lachnodadium hookeri by Berkeley. According to Corner, 1950, the type of L. hookeri B. (Khasya Hills, India) in the Kew Herbarium has the typical spores of Ramaria zippelii (Lev.) Corner (11.5~14.5 X 6 ~7 [L, echinulate, spines I [L long). He further stated that it might, of course, have been R. C)'anocephala, for there is no fi'ekl note on the colour. 7. Genus LENTARIA Corner Monogr. Clalj~en. p ~-~~-~ Fructifications radially branched, polychotomous then dichotomous, varying sparingly branched to subsimplc in Lentariopsis, the uppersides of the main branches and axils sterile in Eu-Lentaria, white, cream, alutaceous, tan, flesh-colour, ochraceous, or brolvnish, often arising from a spreading villous or subtomentose, white or yellowish, sterile mycelial felt spreading over the substratum; flesh tough, pliant; taste often bitter. Lignicolous or on leaf-mould; 12 spp., temperate and tropical. Spores white (to pale ochraccous?), smooth, narrowly ellipsoid, aguttate. Basidia clavate, with 4, in some species 2-8, sterigmata. Cystidia none. Hymenium usually thickeniug, the old basidia collapsing or, if abortive, becoming rather thick-walled; subhymcnial hyphae not inflating. Hyphae monomitic, clamped, inflating, becoming thick-walled, not secondarily septate. Colour in the hyphal walls, particularly those near the subhymenium. Type: L. su]"culus (B.) Corner. KEY TO THE SPECIES Fructifications branched; spores long, X 3-6 (.L, elongate or subsigmoid..... L. byssiseda Fructifications smaller, simple, phycophilous; spores small, X (1-, ellipsoid,... L. mucida

103 LENT ARIA 95 I. Lentaria byssiseda Corner Monogr. Clavaria & Allied Gen. p ; Thind & Dev, J. Indian Bot. Soc. 35: Text-Fig. 28; Plate IV. Synonym'>: Clavaria bys.liseda sensu Auctt (quoted from Corner, Alonogr. Clav(lria & Allied Gen. p ); Eres., Ann. j\.1yc. 1: ; Coker, Clav:1ria U.S. & Canada, p. 152, t. 28, 59, 60, ; Wchm., Pap. Mich. Ac. Sci. Arts L,tt. 20: 260, 1935; Lunden et Nannfeldt, Sv. Svamp. f. 3-4, p ; (non Fr., vide p ). Clavanella b]ssiseda (Fr.) Karst., Finl. Nat. o. Folk 37: Ramaria byssiseda (Fr.) Quel., Fl. Myc. p Clavaria pinophila Pk., Rept. N.r. St. Mus. 35: ? C. soluta Karst. (see Ra1l)aria soluta (Karst.) Corner, Morwgr. Clavaria & Allied Gen. p. 62], 1950). Misidentifications (quoted from Corner, lac. cit. p ): Clavaria byssiseda sensu Karst., and Ramaria b)'ssi.'ieda sensu Quei. are probably Ramana crispula or R. stricta. ~. Fructifieatfons lignicolous, em. tall and em. broad, densely _gregarious or caespitose, all fructifications in a densely gregarious patch spring~ ing from a common white mycelial felt or patch which extends on the dead twigs up to 12 em., erect, small sized, trunk present, or absent, branched, fleshy, smooth, glabrous, reddish brown, with "..,hite apices, turning to light brown on drying; trunk small to inconspicuous, or even absent, 2-5 X mm., radial to slightly flattened, arising from the mycelial felt; mycelial patch (or felt) white, extending up to 12 cm., giving out fructifications throughout its surface, composed of hyaline, nano\\-', thin-walled, branched, uninflated, septate (septa at long intervals) clamped hyphae, which are fl wide; branches lax, fastigiate, up to 4~dichotomous, radial, unequal, in alternating planes, ultimate branchlets long, up to 2.5 cm. long; apices acute, sometimes rounded, sterile when acute, fertile when rounded; flesh white; taste and smell inparticular. Hymenium spread all over, trunk fertile, thickening, up to lid fl thick, with many embedded spores. Basidia X fl, in curved, fl long. clavate; sterigmata 4, straight or slightly Basidiospores X fl, narrowly ellipsoid, mostly sinuous or subsigmoid, blunt or rounded at the apex, subacute at the oblique base, papillate, papilla small, smooth, aguttate. Hyphae monomitic, 2-10 fl wide, hyphal cells up to 344 fl long, or even more, hyaline, thin-walled, branched, wavy to convoluted, slightly inflated, septate, septa at short to long intervals, clamped, clamps common. HABITAT: On dead twigs of Picea morinda Link under Picea forest.

104 96 THE CLAVAR IA CEAE OF I N DIA LOCALITY: Mussoorie (Sarkunda Temple, alt. 9,000 ft., September 2, 1955, Trund & Dev 63). DISTRmuTION : India (Mussooric), Sweden, Holland, France, Germany, Poland, U.S.A., Canada. This fungus undoubtedly belongs to L. byssiseda Corner and is characterized by the lignicolous, sma ll-sized, reddish brown fructifications springing from the white mycelial patch, long ultimate branchlets, narrowly ellipsoid, often sinuous to sigmoid spores ( X fl), and clamped hyphae. This species is closely allied to L. surculus (B.) Corner and in fact grades into the latter. B Text- Fig. 28. Lentaria byssisllda Cornel'. A. Sinuous or subsigmoid basidiospores, X B. Hyphae, X Lentaria mucida (Fr.) Corner MOllogr. Clava ria & Allied Cell. p ; Thind & Dev, J. Indian Bot. Soc. 36:

105 LENTARJA 97 Text-Fig. 29. Basinym: Clava ria mucida Fr., q,.st. o/iyc. 1: ; Lind, Bot. Ga:!. 37: 62, f. 16, , and Roslrup's Herb. Fungi, p ; Coker, Clava ria U.S. & Canada, 1923; Lundell, Sv. SvamJl. f. 3-4, p ; Marlin, G. W., Lilloa 5: , and Lloydia 7: Synonyms: Clauaria mucida var. curtisii B., Grev. 2: (teste Coker).? C. albipes MonL, Arm. Sci. Nat. 2, 18, p ; ( = Calocera albipes (Mont.) B., Grev. 2: lb. IB73).? C. alba Lloyd, M_J'c. Notes 67: 1153, f ; (non PeTS.). Fructifications mm. tall, gregarious, erect, small-sized, radial, trunk present, simple, clavate, fleshy, smooth, glabrous; head X rum., white, mostly bent or allantoid, sometimes straight, apex sterile, mostly acute, sometimes obtuse; trunk 1-5 X mm., light green (due to algal growth), straight, cylindrical, solid, short, glabrous, smooth, somewhat broader at the base, algae associated with the oase; smell and taste inparticular. -- = ~c ~---==:--c? = ~ D Text- Fig. 29. Lentaria mucida (Fr.) Corner. A. Simple and stipitate fructifications, X 5 B. Basidia with 4-6 sterigmata, x C. Basidiospores, X D. Narrow, clamped hypbae, X 500.

106 98 THE CLAVARIACEAE OF INDIA Hymenium spread all over the head except the apex, also absent on the trunk, not thickening, up to 28 I" broad. Basidia up to 25 X 5 [L, clavate; sterigmata 6, sometimes 4-5, straight, up to 5 f.l long. Basidiospores X ", hyaline, ellipsoid, smooth, aguttate. Hyphae monomitic, I" wide, hyphal cells up to 304 f.l long or even more, hyaline, thin-walled, branched, slender, narrow, uninflated, septate, septa at long intervals, clamped, H-picccs also observed. HABITAT: On decaying logs (coated with algae) of Picea morinda Link under picea forest. LOCALITY: Mussoorie (Kadu Khal, alt. 7,500 ft., September 6, 1956, Thind & Dev 71). DISTRIBUTION: India (Mussoorie), Japan, Europe (Sweden, France, rare), Siberia, U.S.A. (widely distributed, uncommon), Canada, West Panama (Chiriqui), Columbia (Sierra Nevada de Santa Maria, C m.), (? Australia (N.S.W.), New Zealand, Tasmania). Th~ presence of 4-6 sterigmata in this collection (n. 71) of the Mussoorie Hills is an intermediate character between L. mucida (Fr.) Corner and L. coronilla (1'vfartin) Corner and shovvs that these two species are not distinct. Besides, both ~~ycophilous. Unlike L. rnucida, the apices of the fruit bodies of n. 71 afesterile. It is not known whether apices of L. coronilla are fertile or sterile. Corner (in lit, July 14, 1956) stated that L. mucida was very difficult to classify and that he often thought that it should go to Pistil/aria but its fruit bodies arc too massive and it connects with L. epichnoa (Fr.) Corner. 8. Genus CLA V ARJADELPHUS Dank Rev. Niederl. Homobas. Aphyll. 2: ; Corner, ]\;[onogr, Clavaria & Allied Gen. p Fructifications typically solitary, occasionally subcaespitose, filiform to clavate, ligulate or turbinate, in some species truncate and sterile at the expanded apex (even perforate), without marginal growth, simple (exceptionally with one or a few short branchcs), massive to filiform, light yellow or light ochraceous at first, in some species tinged pink or violet, becoming deep ochraceous, brown, rufcscent or ferruginous (persistently pale in C. contortus; light orange-yellow in C. maricola); flesh rather firm, not brittle, spongy in large fruit-bodies; hymenium thickening, becoming longitudinally rugulose in large fruit-bodies, covering the greatcr part of the fruit-body except the extreme base and, in a few species the sterile apex. Terrestrial in humus of coniferous or [rondose trees, or on twigs, leaves, and cones, not lignicolous on trunks; 9 spp., north temperate, (1 in Indo China).

107 CLAVARIADELPHUS 99 Spores 9-22 X ft, white or pale yellowish, smooth, thin-walled, elongate-ellipsoid, pip-shaped or almond-shaped to subcylindric, contents finely granular guttulate, or merely cloudy vacuolate. Basidia with 4 straight or slightly curved sterigmata, cytoplasm multiguttulate. Cystidia none. Hyphae monomitic, with clamp-connexions, inflating, thin-walled, not secondarily septate; some species vvith scattered laticifcrous hyphae. Type-species: C. pistillaris (Fr.) Dank. KEY TO SPECIES Fruit bodies more or less turbinate or subpileate with a sterile truncate apex, large; spores 9-14 X 4-8 f'. Yellow or orange nchraeeous, then rufcseent or cinnamon, 6-15 X 2-9 em.: on coniferous needles: N. Temperate..,...,...,...,...,.... C. truncatus Fruit bodies with_krtile, rounded or pointed apex (truncate in C. mims from Indo-China) Fruit bgdies-;(e"ry large, 7-30 X 2--6 em., on the ground in frondose forests,,---spo;es X 6-10 [1-: fruit bodies yellow then ochraceous or tinged rufescent or brownish, the flesh becoming brownish vinaceous on bruising: Europe... C. pistillaris Spores X : fruit bodies flesh colour or rose pink) then ochraceous:? turning brownish vinaceous on bruising: U.S.A... C. pistillaris var. americanus Fruit bodies em. wide. With obtuse, truncate, or mamillate apex Fruit body 8-15 X cm., cylindric) pale brown; spores 8-10 X 4-5 (.1j on the ground in mixed forest: Indo-China, India... C. mirus Not so; spores very long Fruit body dark ochraceous; spores X [J.: temp. N. America, Japan and S. E. Tibet...,... C..mchalinensis Fruit bodies 0.6 cm. wide or less, 3-15 X em., filiform or subclavate, slender, pale ochraceous to brownish; spores 6-12 X [1.; basidia short; on humus and sticks in [ronclose woods and on the grounds: N. Temperate... C.junceus I. Clavariadelphus junceus (Fr.) Corner }Ir1onogr. Clavaria & Allied Gen. p. 275, Text-Fig ; Thind & Dev, J. Indian Bot. Soc. 36: 96, Text-Fig. 30 Basinym: Clavariajuncea Fr., Syst. Myc. 1: ; Harper, Mycol. 10: 56, t ; Boud., Ie., ; Bres., Ie. Myc., t Synonyms: T_yph:da juncea (Fr.) Karst., Bidr. Finl Nat. o. Folk, 37: ; (Shroet' J Coker, Donk, CleL); forma vivipara Fr., ibid. (see Corner, AJonogr. Clavaria & Allied Gen. p ).

108 100 THE CLAVARIACEAE OF INDIA T.filiformis Fr., S)"st. Myc Clavariafiliformis (Fr.) Karst., op. cit. 1: C. tortilis Pets" JJyc. Eur. 1: Typhula ramentacea Fr., Syst. Myc Clavaria ramentacea (Fr.) Karst., Syst. Myc. 1: C. hitta Pers., Myc. Eur. 1; C. virgultorum Pers., op. cit. 1: C. klotzschii Lasch., in KIQtzsch Herb. Vivo Supp\. 240 (cum diagn. 'quercicola ~ typhuloides, gracillima). Fructifications em. tall, gregarious, scattered, erect, slender, radial, trunk present, simple, fleshy-tough, also brittle, smooth, glabrous; head long, cm. X mm., milk white, filiform, cylindrical, straight, narrowed towards the top, apex fertile, obtuse; trunk short, em. X mm., brownish red, appearing smooth, outer hyphae agglutinated and brownish red; flesh white both in the head and Qle trunk; smell and taste in particular. Hymenium spread all over except the trunk, not thickening, up to 30 f' broad. Basidia X _5-7 1", hyaline, clavate; sterigmata 4, rarely 2, straight, 3-S 1"1on~.~ ~--Basidiospores X ", hyaline, broadly ellipsoid, papillate, papilla up to O.S f' long, smooth, aguttate. Caulocystidia minute, scarcely projecting beyond the stem surface, mostly m groups. Hyphae monomitic, 7-20 f' wide, narrow ones 2-4 f' wide, hyphal cells up to 340 f' long, hyaline, thin-walled, branched, inflated, a few narrow and uninflated, septate, septa at short to long intervals, narrow hyphae clamped, inflated ones not clamped. HABITAT: On dcad leaves and decaying fruits of Q_uercus incana Roxb. under oak forest. LOCALITY: Mussoorie (The Park Road, alt. 6,500 ft., August 5, 1955, Thind & Dev 72). DISTRIBUTION: India (Mussoorie), China, japan, S. Australia, Tasmania, (? New Zealand), N. Africa (Tunisia), Europe, N. America. This fungus is marked by long filiform fructifications with white long head and brownish red, distinct, short trunk, broadly ellipsoid spores ( X "), and clamps being present only on the narrow hyphae. Its eaulocystidia are short and much less developed than those described for the species. According to Corner (lac. cit. p. 276, 1950) this remarkable species is very widely distributed in temperate countries. where it is not uncommon in

109 CLAVAR I ADE LPUU S 101 A B Text- Fig. 30. ClolJ(lriadelphus jullceu.r (Fr.) Corner. A. Slendc., simple, stipitate fructifications, X 5. B. Basidia, X C. Basidiosporcs, X J ) 50. D. Narrow hyphae with clamps and infla ted hyphae without clamps, X 500. swampy places in autumn, but it has not been recorded from tropical mountains. He further stated that systematically C. junceus comes exactly between C. Jislulosus (Fr.) Corner and Typhula phacorrhiza Fr. and a closer link between the two genera could hardly be imagined. It is so Typhuloid that it is usually put in Typhula. However, Corner removed it from T.J!phula and put it under Clava,.iadelplms because it has n.o sclerotium, because the hymenium thickens and has the narrowly stalked basidia of Clava ria delph us, and because it so much resembles a slender, small spored C. jistulosus. 2. Clavariadelphus mirus (Pa t.) Corner A/(Itlogr. ClalJona & Allied Cen. p j Balfour-Browne, Bull. Brit. Mils. (Nat. Hist. ) Bot. 1: ; Thind & Anand, J. Indian Bot. Soc. 35: Text- Fig. 31; Plate V. Basinym; Clavana mira Pat., Bull. Soc. lvl)'c. Fr. 23; Fructifications up to 22.5 em. tall and up to 1.5 cm. broad at the top and up to 0.9 cm. broad at the base, gregarious, solitary, rarely sllb-caespitose, erect, large-sized, radial, tmnk indistinct, simple, tough, smooth, glabrous,

110 102 THE C L AVARJ ACEAE OF INDIA light brown or camel-brown coloured, lower portion being light dull yellow; trunk indistinct, lighter coloured, light dull yellow, narrower than the clubs above, smooth; clubs simple, very rarely forked only once at the top, soli.d, cylindrical below while usllally Oattened and longitudinally rugulosc in the upper part, younger specim ens usually cylindrical even in the upper portion ; apices concolorolls, fertile, blunt, row1dcd, ollen flattened, and swollen; flesh cream coloured or pale yellow, turning vinaceous brown on bruising and not so on mere exposing; taste bitter; smell inparticular. Text-Fig. 3 J. Clavariadelphus mirus (Pat.) Corner. A. Basidiospores, X 880. B. Clamped hyphae, Y 380.

111 CLAVARIADELPHUS 103 Hymenium spreading all over except the basal dull yellowish stem-like portion, thickening, up to 87 fl broad. Basidia 8-12 fl broad, clavate, light brown; sterigmata mostly 4, sometimes 2-3, massive, large, straight or incurved, fl long. Basidiospores X fl, subhyalinc, broadly ellipsoid, obovate or pyriform, papillate, papilla up to 1.2 fl long, smooth, aguttate. Hyphae I fl broad, hyphal cells very long (up to 206 fl or more), monomitic, hyaline, thin-walled, branched, usually inflated but some narrow and uninflatcd, septate, septa at long intervals, clamped, clamps abundant and present almost at all septa. HABITAT: On soil under oak forest. '. LOCALITY: Mussoorie (Dhabi Khad,- alt. 5,000 ft., August 28, 1953, Thind & Anand 46). DISTRIBUTION: India (Mussoorie), Indo-China (on the ground in woods), Nepal (Deoli Patan, South-East of Jumla, 3,800 m.; in oak-bamboo-conifer forest). -~ -----this species undoubtedly belongs to C. mirus (Pat.) Corner because of its tall narrow shape and brown colour of the fructifications and the vcry short wide spores. It agrees well with the recent collection from Nepal (Polunin, Sykes & Williams 3144-see Bull. Brit. Mus. I: ). Patouillard described the spores of this species as 8-10 X 4-5 fl. The spores of the Mussoorie fungus are also quite similar being X fl. However, the spores of the Nepal collection are reported by Corner as (-14) X fl which are rather longer for the species. The earlier contention of Corner (Bull. Brit. Mus. I: ) that the sporcs measured by Patouillard may have been immature does not seem to hold true in VIew of the lviussoorie collection \vhich possesses definitely mature spores. C. mirus is very close to C. pistillaris (Fr.) Donk but differs in the more slender, brown and taller fructifications and smaller spores. C. mirus recalla large specimens of C. fistulosus (Fr.) Corncr but its fructifications have the solid construction of Eu-clavariadelphus. 3. Clavariadelphus pistillaris (Fr.) Donk var. americanlls Corner Monogr. Clavaria & Allied Gen. p Synonyms: Clavaria pistillaris sensu Harper, Myc. 5: ; sensu Coker, Clavaria U.S. & Canada, p. 83, t. 22, 23, , et J. El. Mitch. Sci. Soc. 63: ; sensu Wehm., Pap, Mich. Ac. Sci. Arts Lett. 20: ; Sacc., Syll. Fung. 6: 722; Ahmad, Indian Phyla/1ath. 2: II HABITAT: On the ground. LOCALITY: Murree (August, 1948, Ahmad 2536).

112 104 THE CLAVARIACEAE OF INDIA DISTRIBUTION: Pakistan (Murree), U.S.A., Canada. No description was given for this fungus by Ahmad who reported it in 1949 as Clavaria pistillaris L. from a collection from Murree. 4. Clavariadelphus sachalinensis (Imai) Corner Monogr. Clavaria & Allied Gen. p ; Balfour-Browne, Bull. Brit. lvfus. (Nat. Hist.) Bot. 1: Basinym: Clavaria sachalinensis Imai, Tr. Sapporo Nat. Hist. Soc. 11: ; ibid 12: Fructifications up to 8 cm. high, elongate, clavate, drying brownish ochraceous; spores X IL, cylin(lric, thin walled, colourless, aguttate; basidia c. 100 X 10 IL; hyphac up to W IL wide, clamped, thin walled. HABITAT: Amid mosses under Abies forest. LOCALITY: S. E. Tibet (Tsanang La, ncar Paka, 3,200 m., July 20, 1938, Ludlow, Sherrif & Taylor 5881). EhsTRI];UTION: This is the first authentic record of the species outside Japan (S. Saghlien, Mt. Kashipo), though probably it also occurs in North America. The larger spores and basidia, as \vell as the more intense colour of the fructifications distinguish the spccics from its close aiiy C. ligula (Fr.) Donk. 5. Clavariadelphus truncatus (Quel.) Dank Rev. Niederl. Homobas. Aphyll. 2: ; Corner, Atonollr. Clavaria & Allied Gen. p ; Thind & Dev, J. Indian Bot. Soc. 35: ; Ahmad, Pakistan Bioi. Soc. Monogr. 1: Text-Fig. 32. Basinym: CIauaria truncata QueI., Enchir. p ; Lloyd, Myc. Notes 64: 988, f ; Konr., Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. 39: 43, t Synonyms: Graterellus pistillaris Fr., Epicr., p ; Harper, Mycol. 5: ; Burt, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gdn. 1: ; Wehm., Can. Journ. Res. 18c: Clavaria pistillaris auctt.: sensu Ercs., Ie. Myc. t C. truncata Lovejoy, Bot. Gaz. 50: ; Doty, Clav. Pac. N. W. 24: t. 3, f. 23, t Fructifications 5-16 cm. tall, scattered, large-sized, radial, simple, clavate, trunk present, fleshy, brittle, smooth, glabrous, apical portion first light-yellow then orange-red, lower portion dark-red, while the basal trunk portion is pale yellow, entire clubs turning dark-brown on drying; trunk indistinct,

113 CLAVARlAOELPH.US x em., solid, sterile; simple clubs clavate being broadest at the top and gradually narrowing to the base, longitudinally rugose, hollow above and solid below; apex at first conical, cm. wide, later becoming truncate to concave or depressed and eventually perforated, sterile; flesh white, on bruising turning dark-red; taste sweet; smell in particular ; white n.ycelial threads given out from the base of the clubs are composed of nan-ow, thinwalled, hyaline, branched, clamped, 2-3 {J. wide hyphae. Hymcnium spread all over except the sterile apex and sterile trunk, nol thickening, up to 140!.I. thick. --- A Text- Fig. 32. CI I.uGri(l(/elplllls lrrmratlls (Que!.) DOl1k. A. Simple clavate fructifications with conical and tmncatus apices, x }. B. Ba~idia, x 1 J 50. C. Broadlycllipsojd basidiospores, X

114 106 THE CLAVARIACEAE OF INDIA Basidia X 7-10 [-l, subhyaline, clavate; sterigmata 4, straight or slightly incurved, 3-11 [-l long. Basidiospores X [-l, subhyaline, broadly ellipsoid, sometimes ovoid, papillate, papilla up to 0.8 [-l long, smooth, aguttate. Hyphae monomitic, 2-15 [-l wide, hyphal cells up to 166 [-llong, hyaline, thin-walled, branched) inflated to uninflated, septate, septa at short intervals in inflated and at long intervals in narrow hyphae, inflated hyphae usually constricted in the region of septa, clamped, clamps sparse. HABIT AT : On soil under Picea forest. LOCALITY: Mussoorie (Kadu Khal, all. 7,500 ft., September 2, 1954, Thind & Dev 64). DISTRIBUTION: India (Mussoorie), West Pakistan (Murree Hills), Japan, N. Africa (Algiers), Europe, N. America. This fungus undoubtedly belongs to C. truncatus (Qu d.) Dank. Its perforated sterile ap"ex is not pervious to the base of the fruit body. This specimen evidently represents the red form of the species as described by Lovejoy. It is differentiated from collection n. 15 of C. mitus (Pat.) Corner collected from the Mussoorie hills (Thind & Anand, 1956) in the colour of its fructification and in the sterile conical apex which later becomes truncated and perforated. 9. Genus TYPHULA Fr., emend. Karst. Fries, Syst. Myc. 1: ; Karst., Finl. Nat. o. Polk. 37, xvii et ; KilIerm., Zeitschr. f. Pil::k. 18: , ; Remsberg, lvf_ycologia 32: ; Yang, Medd. Plantepat. Afd.K,_f!,1. Vet. Landb. Kob. 28: ; Corner, Monogr. Clavaria & Allied Gen. p Synonyms: Typhula subgen. Phacorrhizae Fr., sensu auctt. (non Leptorrltizae Fr. 0,.= Pistillaria). Phacorrhiza Pers., A{yc. Eur. 1: ; Greville, Scot. Cr;'Pt. Fl. I, t Pistillaris Fr. sensu Donk, Rev. Nieder!. Homobas. Apll)'ll. 2: ; (non sensu auctt.). Fructifications mm. high, simple, spuriously branched in a few species, very small to elongate, slender, with a filiform sterile stem, arising from a small sclerotium, and a subglobose, clavate, cylindric, or elongate filiform fertile head; texture rather horny or cartilaginous, especially in the stem, to waxy-firm or soft, especially in the head. On dead plant-remains, not humicolous or tcrricolous (? not truly lignicolous, though corticolous), saprophytic or parasitic; N. temp. (? S. temp.), absent from the tropics; c. 41 species. Spores white, smooth, ellipsoid, thin-walled, aguttatc, or with 1-2 minute guttulae. ' Basidia with 2-8, mostly 4, sterigmata.

115 TYPHULA 107 Cystidia present only in T. cystidioph01'a (so far as known). Hymenium not thickening, covering the head on all sides or absent from the growing apex; subhymenium varying \vell-developed to almost absent. Caulocystidia generally present, scattered. Hyphae monomitie, inflating, primarily clamped, though the clamps absent from the fruit-bodies in some species, often incrusted with crystals especially in the sclerotium, on the surface of the stem, and in the subhymenium, not secondarily septate, occasional uninflated hyphae with resinous oleaginous contents; hyphal walls often more or less flrmly or toughly mucilaginous, the superflcial hyphae of the stem with thickened agglutinated walls forming a firm peripheral cylinder 1-2 hyphae thick. Sclerotium mm. \vide, small, globose or more or less flattened, generally yellow, brown, or black, with a cortex of agglutinated hyphae and a dark-coloured cuticle formed from the outer hyphae walls, or with an epidermis of narrow hyphae; medulla composed of free or agglutinated hyphae. Lecto-ty~T. phacorrhiza Fr. ----,-The association of the sclerotium-bearing species in Typhula gives a natural and interesting assemblage, as it is the one specialization of Clavarioid fungi; indeed, it seems the only new idea in the family other than the universal degeneration of the fruit-body. Practically, Typhula becomes important because several species attack crop-plants and, now that they have been grown in artificial culture, they may become subjects of physiological, cytological, and genetical research. It is one of the few genera of higher fungi which impinges on laboratory science, so it behoves systematists to assist with accurate classification. Unfortunately, except for Remsberg's researches in the United States, the genus has been much neglected and its systematics is superficial and inexact (Corner, ioc. cit. p. 658, 1950). Corner (lac. cit. p. 659, 1950) stated that no species was recorded from the south temperate regions, or from the vast temperate areas of tropical and subtropical mountains, though from the tropical lowlands the genus seemed truly to be absent. I, however, hope, that with the start I have already taken, there will be several more Typhula collections from the Himalayas. It is certainly very thrilling to look and collect sodden leaves thronged with little (7)phula) fungi. KEY TO SPECIES Head cylindric, 4-10 X mm.; spores rather long and narrow, X t.t... T. [angi >pora Head subglobose to ovoid, X rom.; spores ellipsoid, X T. ovata

116 108 THE CLAVARIACEAE OF INDIA Since T. longispora is reported only from India, I have given Indian dimensions for T. ovata as well in the above key. I. Typhula longispora Corner, Thind & Dev Proc. 44th Indian Sci. Congr. Part HI. Abst. pp ; Trans. Brit. Myc. Soc. 40: Text-Fig. 33. Fructifications up to 25 mm. tall, scattered, one per sclerotium, erect, slender, small sized, radial, trunk present, simple, clavate, fleshy, brittle, smooth, glabrous; head 4-10 X mm., white, cylindrical, small, bent or allantoid, slightly narrowed above, apex rounded, blunt, fertile; trunk X mm., white, brown lower down and darker at the base, erect, filiform, slightly narro~ing upward ( I-' wide at the top), finely or sparsely puberulous near the base (up to mm. length), then smooth in the middle (up to 7-13 mm. length) and finally verrucose or dentate at the top (up to mm. length) ; hairs at the base small, slender, brownish, 8-44 X 2-6/tJ.<wall thickened up to '; teeth at the top short, straight, symm,;t<ic:il, hyaline, X '; smell and taste inparticular.. - ~~ Hymenium amphigenous, absent on the trunk, 32 I-' wide. Basidia X ', elongate, 4-8 I-' long. Spores 8-12 X ', aguttate. not thickening, up to clavate, hyaline; sterigmata 4, straight, hyaline, clongato-ellipsoid, papillate, smooth, Hyphae monomitic, I-' wide, hyphal cells up to 305 I-' long, hyaline, thin walled, branched, somewhat inflated, septate, septa at short to long intervals, clamped, clamps not abundant, hyphae of the stem longitudinal and somewhat agglutinated and darker at the surface. Sclerotium X mm., spherical when young, becoming flattened transversely later, brown, turning dark brown with age, smooth; in surface view with irregular oblong cells, the lumina X ', separated by brown walls which are very wavy or projected into short to long processes, wall I-' thick; cuticle 4-8 I-' thick, brown to dark brown; cortex not sharply demarcated from the medulla, I-' wide, composed of many contiguous but not really agglutinated hyphae 4-10 I-' wide, not in distinct layers; medulla white, composed of free hyphae which are loosely interwoven in the middle but more or less compactly arranged outwards, mostly 3-10 I-' wide, thick walled (wall 1-2 f1- thick), very few hyphae thin walled, and 2-6!l. wide. HABITAT: On leaflets and rachi of fern leaves.

117 T Y PH U L A 109 L OCALITY: Mussoorie (Depot Round, alt. 6,500 ft., August H, 1955, Thind & Dcv 122). DISTRI.BUTION : India (Mussoorie). This fungus is characterized by the rather long and narrow spores. No Typlzula species with these characters of the fructifications has such long and narrow spores. T. lleglecta Pat. comes very near which, however, possesses caulocystidia and in which the stem is clistinctly violaceous black. The sclerotial --- A D Text- Fig. 33. TyjJhul{l longispotfl Corner, Thind & Dcv. A. Fructifications arising from sclerotium, X 5. B. Basidia, X C. Long narrow basidiospores, X D. Clamped hyphae, X 500. E. Surface view of sclerotium, X 500. E

118 110 THE CLAVARIACEAE OF INDIA structure of T. longispora agrees with that of T. gramitlum Karst. Then there is T. ath)17ii Remsberg which is also [outtd on ferns and has similar sclerotial stmcture but it has stouter fructifications and wider spores. Besides, the medullar hyphae of T. athyrii arc said to be incrusted, a character not observed in T. {ollgispora. G H T ext-fig. 33 (continued). 7jophuia/ollgispora Corner. Thine! & Dey. l\'1agnificd pa, ts of a fl'uctification (, 300). F. Basal hairy portion of the trunk springing from the sclerotium. G. Middle smooth portion or the trunk. H. Upper verrucose or dentate portion of lhe truok. 1. Basal ponioo of lhe head. J. Fertile rounded apex. j 2. Typhula ovata Karst. Finl. N(lt. o. Folk. 37: j (noll Schroet. ) 888 = Pistillaria plisilla) j Corner, Mono?r. Clavf1.ria & Allied Cell. p J 950; Thine! & Dev., J. Illdiall Bot. Soc. 36 :

119 TYPHULA III Text-Fig. 34. Synonyms:? Phacorrhiza amansii Brond., Rec. PI. Crypt. 1: 10) t ? Pistillaria amansii (Brand.) Sacc, SyU. Fung. 11: Fructifications 1-6 mm. tall, gregarious, scattered, mostly 1 per sclerotium, sometimes 2-3 per sclerotium, erect, small-sized, radial, trunk present, simple, fleshy, smooth, glabrous; head X mm., mostly white, sometimes yellow, enlarged, globose when young, becoming ovoid (sometimes short-cylindric) at maturity, straight, apex rounded, fertile; trunk mm. X fl., white, sometimes brownish at the base, straight, of uniform diameter, sometimes slightly enlarged at the base, solid, appearing smooth; flesh white, unchanging; smell and tastc in particular. Hymenium spread all over the head, trunk sterile, not thickening, up to 37 [L thick; subhymenium present. Basidia X 4-7 [L, hyaline, clavate; sterigmata 4, sometimes 2, straight or slightly incurvcd, 3-7 [L long. Basidiospores X [L, hyaline, ellipsoid, or ellipsoid-allantoid, papillate, papilla minute, smooth, aguttate. Caulocystidia small, longer and more abundant at the base of the stem, hyaline, nanow with blunt ends, thick-walled, wall up to I [L thick, straight, aseptate, 5-30 X 4-8 1". Hyphae monomitic, 4-8 [L wide, hyphal cells up to 206 [L long or even more, hyalinc, thin-walled, branched, uninflated, or somewhat inflated, septate, septa at long intervals, damped, H-pieccs observed occasionally; context hyphae compact, parallel, longitudinal; subhymenial hyphae loose and obliquely placed. Sclerotium X mm., spherical when young, later on becoming compressed or lenticular, brown, smooth; in surface view with irregular cells, the lumina 5-54 X 4-12 [L, separated by wavy brown walls, wall slightly thickened, thickening up to 1.6 [L; medulla white, wholly agglutinated, indistinguishable from the cortex (i.e. cortex absent); cuticle absent; epidermis agglutinated. HABITAT: On decaying leaves of Cautlea lutea Royle under oak forest, on dead leaves of Pteris cratica L. under Cedrus deodara forest, and on dead leaves of a grass under oak forest. LOCALITY: ~1ussoorie (Dhobi Khad, alt. 5,500 ft., Augus: 10, 1955, Thind & Dev 73' Dhanolti, alt. 7,500 ft., August 27, 1955, Tlllnd & Dev 74; Jabber Khct,'all. 6,000 It., August 14, 1955, Thind & Dev 116). DISTRIBUTION: of Populus nigra). India (]\;Iussoorie), :Francc (S. Amans on fallen leaves

120 112 THE CLAVARIr\ CEAE OF INDIA _ N. 74 N. 73 A Texl- Fig. 34. Tyjifw{a ocala. KarSL. A. Fructifications ofn. 73, n. 74 and n. 116 all arising from the sclerotium, X 5. B. Magnified frllclification (note the thick walled caulocystidia with blunt ends) of 11. J 16, X 150. B

121 TYPHULA 113 This species was abundantly collected from several localities in the Mussoorie Hills. Fructifications are always white except n in which th e heads were yellow and they are taller in n. 73 than in n. 74 and n The heads of the (i'uctifications of n. 116 are much narrower than the other two collections. The basidia of n. 74 arc narrower and always 2-spored. The basidiosporcs of n. 74 are narrower and bigger ( X fl); those of n. 116 are ellipsoid (7.2-8 x fl); while those of n. 73 arc ellipsoidallantoid (6.4-8 X fl). --- N -- 1l6 o ~ E Text- Fig. 34 (continued). Typhula ovala Karst. C. Basidiospores of n. 73, n. 74 and n. 116, X D. Pan of a hypha from the head of n. 73, X 500. E. Surface view ofscierolium of n. 73, X 500. F. Part of transverse section of sclerotium of n. 73, X 500.

122 114 THE CLAVARIACEAE OF INDIA T. ovata is allied to T. viburni Remsberg but the latter differs in the ovoid spores and brown colour of the fructifications, and the outer investing hyphae of the sclerotium. The three Mussoorie collections are also allied to T. elegans (B. et C.) Corner which, however, has much larger spores. Corner (in lit., July 14, 1956) recently got some collections of T. ovata from Holland, which differed from the Mussoorie specimens in having ventricose, thin-walled eaulocystidia with tapering filiform apex. The caulocystidia of T. ovata lrom ;\1ussooric are thick-walled with blunt apex. 10. Genus PISTILLARIA Fr. Syst. Myc. 1: ; Killerm" Zeitschr. f Pil::;k. 18: , ; Corner, Monogr. Clavaria & Allied Gen. p Synonyms: Typhula subgen. Leptorrhizae Fr., Hym. Eur (pr. p. maj.). Cnazonaria Cda., Sturm. Deutschl. Fl. Pilze 7: ; Donk, Rev. ]Viederl. Homobas. Aphyll. 2: Scleromitra Cda., ibid. p Sphaerula PaL, Tab. An. p : CTiocOT),ne hfaire, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 55: G5 ( = Gloiocoryne auctt.). Fructifications generally smaller or slender, simple, or occasionally branched, with a filiform sterile stem and a subglobose, clavate, or cylindric head, rarely elongate filiform, \vithout sclerotium, the head with a sterile apex ~J_ first-,--sooner or later fertile over the apex; texture waxy-soft to rather horny, toughly mucilaginous or cartilaginous, especially in the stem. On dead plant-remains (a few possibly exceptional species terrestrial); north temperate, few tropical or south temperate, c. 54 spp. Spores white, smooth, ellipsoid to subglobose, thin-walled, aguttate, or with a few minute guttulae. Basidia with 2-4 sterigmata, rarely I (P. maculaecola?). Cystidia absent, except as cystidioles in P. suhuncialis. Hymenium not thickening; as in TyphuLa. Caulocystidia generally present. Hyphae monomitic, inflating, septate,,,,ith clamps, or the clamps more or less absent from the fruit-body, not secondarily septate, hyphae walls thin or slightly thickened and toughly submucilaginous, agglutinated on the surface of the stem; generally with crystals on or among the hyphae. Lecto-type : P. pusilla Fr. or P. micans Fr. Corner (loc. cit. p. 473, 1950) stated that most species of Pistillaria are imperfectly known and that small, filiform, subsessile whitish species must be sought also in Ceratellopsis Konr. et Maubl.

123 PISTILLARIA 115 Only two species of Pistillaria have been recorded from India so far and these are distinguishable as follows: KEY TO SPECIES Head light to deep pink; stem short, white; spores 6 X 3 fj.; on dead leaves; temperate... P. granulata Head cinnamon-yellow; stem long, bister to blackish; spores?; on twigs; France, India... '".. P fuscipes 1. Pistillaria fuscipes (Pel's.) Corner Monogr. Clavaria & Allied Gen. p Basinym: Clavariafuscipes Pers., Myc. Eur. 1: Synonym: TyphulajuscijJes (Pers.) Fr., Epicr. p ; Currey, Trans. Linn. Soc. London J II Ser., Bot., T, p ; Sac., Syll. Fung. 6: 750. HABIT AT : LOCALITY: I DISTRIBUTION: On Polystictus versicolw. Sikkim, alt. 7,000 ft., collection of Kurz. Sikkim, France. This fungus was collected by J\Ir. Sulpiz Kurz, Curator of the Botanic Garden, Calcutta, from Sikkim at an altitude of 7,000 ft. According to Currey, who reported it in 1880, a specimen of this species occurs with Po[yporus versicolor. No description was given for this fungus by Currey. According to Corner (loc. cit. p. 481,1950) P.fuseipes is a dubious species, recalling Clavariadelphus Jistulosus (Fr.) Corner or C. juneeus (Fr.) Corner. He further stated that Killermann's record of it seems to be Typhula erythropus (Zeitsehr..f Pil;::k. 18: 138, f. C. 1934). 2. Pistillaria granulata Pat. Tab. Ann. p. 118, No ; (? = Clavaria granulata Pers., Myc. Eur. 1: ) ; Corner, Monngr. Clavaria & Allied Gen. p ; Thind & Dev, J. Indian Bot. Soc. 36: Text-Fig. 35. Fructifications up to 2 mm. tall, gregarious, scattered, erect, small-sized, radial, trunk present, simple, clavate, fleshy, smooth, glabrous; head up to 1.5 X 0.3 mm., light pink to deep pink, cylindrical, bent or allantoid, apex rounded, fertile; trunk up to 412 X 145 fl, white, straight, cylindrical; smell and taste inparticular. Hymenium spread all over except the trunk, not thickening, up to 30 fl broad.

124 11 6 TH E CLAVARIACEAE OF I N DIA 8 T ext-fig. 35. Pistiilana grarrulata Pat. A. SmaU, simple, stipitale frucuficalions, X 5. B. Magnified fructificalion, X L50. C. Basidiospores, X 1150.

125 CLAVULINA 117 Basidia X ij., clavate, light pink; sterigmata mostly 2-3, sometimes 4, stout, straight, 4-6 fl long. Basidiospore, X 2."1-3.2 fl, light pink, narrowly ellipsoid or ellipsoid-elongate, smooth, aguttate. Hyphae monomitic, 2-8 ij. wide, hyaline, thin-walled, branched, septate, septa at long intervals, slightly swollen on one side of the septa, sometimes gliding over each other at the septa and gliding over portion resembling a clamp, parallel, longitudinal. HABlTAT: On dead leaves of a Composite. LOCALITY: Mussoorie (The Municipal Garden, alt. 5,000 ft., August 18,1955, Thind & Dev 117). DISTRIBUTION: India (Mussoorie), France (on rotting leaves of Populus). This Mussoorie collection (n. 117) is indistinguishable from the meagre description of P. granulata Pat. Therdore, the description of these plants will, in future, represent the type characters of the species! The diagnostic features of the Mussoorie plants, as my interpretation of Pistill aria granulata Pat., are given below; -~,- Fructifications up 'to 2 mm. tall, gregarious, scattered, simple; head up to 1.5 X 0.3 mm., light pink to deep pink, cylindric, apex rounded and fertile; trunk up to 412 X 145 ij., white; hymenium not thickening, up to 30 ij. broad; basidia X ij., sterigmata 2-4; basidiospores X ij., light pink, narrowly ellipsoid, smooth, aguttate; hyphae monomitic, 2-4 il wide; on dead leaves of a Composite; India (Mussoorie). P. granulata is near P. rhodocionides Corner but has smaller spores than the latter. II. Genus CLA VULJNA Schrae!. Cohn, Krypt. Fl. Sclzle.f. Pilze p ; Corner, Afonogr. Clavaria & Allied Gen. p Synonym: Slichoramari{( Ulbrich, Lindau Krypt. Fl.f. Arif. 1: 83, 3rd cd ( = all exact synonym based on C. cristata~ teste Donk, p ). Fructifications small or branched, generally with flattened branching and more or less eristate tips, in some species slightly dorsiventral with a sterile hymeniurn on the upper sides of the main branches; white or variously coloured, never bright yellow, orange, red, or black; flesh tough, waxy-fibrous, or rather brittle; mostly terrestrial, a few lignicolous, rarely on herbaceous remains (C. cristata var. incarnata). Spores white (? brown in C. decipiens), generally ochraceous after prolonged drying (in the herbarium), subglobose, or broadly ellipsoid, blunt,

126 118 TIlE CLAVARIACEAE OF INDIA smooth, with I large gutta nearly filling the spore, occasionally multiguttulate, 5-14 [.L long. Basidia subcylindric, projecting, usually becoming secondarily septate with one or more septa after spore-discharge, stichobasidial (? in all species) ; sterigmata 2, rarely 1, generally incurved and short, in some species nearly straight. Cystidia present in a few species, generally absent. Hymenium thickening; subhymenium persistently filamentous or becoming pseudoparenchymatous. Hyphae rnonomitic, \vith clamps in most species, generally with colourless, slightly but distinctly thickened, walls (pale brown in C. Qrnatipes and C. decipiens), secondarily septate only in the species without clamps, mostly short-celled ( [.L long), more or less inflated but often irregular; H connexions frequent. Flesh consisting of a wide loose--core (becoming hollow in some species) of more infiatf'd, loose, and generally ~ontorted or convolute hyphae, and a more compact peripheral layer of longitudinal hyphae with narrower and generally shorter cells, particularly next to the subhymenium, the outer layer retaining the core and stretched by it. Terrestrial, rarely lignicolous; 34 spp., In temperate and tropical regions. C. ametlgstina; -C. cinerea) C. cristata) and C. rugosa are edible. /:.-----<T~pe species: C. cristata (Fr.) Schroet. Five species, four varieties and one form of Clavulina arc reported so far from India. Their key-characters arc given below. KEY TO SPECIES Hymenium minutely hispid from tufts of emergent, cystidium-like hyphae... C. hispidulosa Hymenium not hispid Hyphae of the fructifications with brown walls, 3-8 (l wide, little infiatf'd; basidia X 5-7 ll; hymenium unilateral; branched; subgen. Fusco-Clavulir?a Hyphal walls slightly thickened, 0.5 ll; up to 9 em. high, fusco-brown, robust; stem up to 6 cm. X 2-8 nun., densely strigose spiculose; branches rather stout, few, palmate, tips subulate (not filiform) ; spores white; terrestrial...,.,...,c. ornatipes Hyphae of the fructifications with colourless watts, usually inflated; basidia muany larger; subgen. Eu-C(avul WI Hephac damped at all septa (so far as known) ; hymenium unilateral or amphigenous; branched Dr simple; without cystidia Fructifications grey or fuliginous, sometimes tinged purplish, wtthout emergent hyphae Much branched; spores 7-11 X 7-10!-1; north temperate Whttc becoming fuliginous, often cristate... C. cristata var. Gray or fuliginous from the first, rarely cristate... C. cinerea Pale greyish white; stem long, slender; branches long, thin, tapering, acute;

127 CLAVULINA 119 branchings somewhat palmate-flattened; spores 9 X 8 (L C. cinerea var. gracilis Fructifications at first creamy white, later greyish brown or ashen brown, profusely branched, up to 9 cm. high; with emergent hyphae in the hymenium; spores 7-9 X 5.5-B!J.; under Cedrus forest; India... C. ml1ssooriensis Fructifications more or less lilac or purple, inclining to greyish Simple, sparingly branched Or with many branches, pale lilac, up to 10 cm. high; spores 7-10 X 6-8 [1-; terrestrial; U.S.A., India...,.. C. ametjrystinoides (Violaceous-grey or fuscous purple, much branched, stout; Europe, India...,... C. cinerea var. sub-lilascens) Fructifications white or yellowish, in some species becoming pinkish, greyish, vinacenus, nchraceous, or cinnamon j mostly terrestrial Spores 5-7 [J. long, subglobose Simple or irregularly branched Up to 1 em. high; spores 7 X 5 (l-; terrestrial Fructifications white j France..., C. bessonii Fructifications pink; India... C. bessonii vat. incamata Spores larger Fructifications much branched, up to 10 ern. high, white, sometimes becoming yellowish Or greyish, often cristatc, very variable; hymenium rarely unilateral; spores 7-11 X tt; temperate..,... C, (ristata Fructifications simple, large, up to 12 cm. high, often longitudinally rugulose, or sulcate and hollow, or with few blunt branches, very variable; without strong smell or ta~te; spores 9-14 X 8-11 (l-j North Temperate...,.... C. rugosa \Vith.se-verallong, stout, blunt branches, simple or one to three times branched themselves, often caespitose; spores 9-12 X 7-9 (J.;.Europe C. rugosa var alryonaria 1. Clavulina amethystinoides (Pk.) Corner Monogr. Clavaria & Allied e'en. p ; Thind & Anand, J. indian Bot. Soc. 35: Text-Fig. 36 Basinym: Clm!aria amethystilloides Pk., Bull. Torre_y, Bot. Club 34: ; Coker, Clavaria U.S. & Canada, p. 65, t. 9, 14, 82, Fructifications 5-8 cm. tall, individual clubs up to 4 mm, broad, gregarious, solitary, mostly singly, sometimes in caespitose clusters of 2-4 or more clubs, small to medium-sized, slender, radial, trunk present, mostly simple but there is marked tendency towards slight or sparse branching, fleshy, smooth, glabrous, viokt; trunk 1-2 em. long and up to 2.5 mm. broad, sharply differentiated by its bro\vn colour, cylindrical, sometimes flattened and twisted, solid; clubs mostly simple, sometimes sparsely branched up to a maximum of four times, or almost unbranched except for one or two short antler branches) or at otber times a club may dividc only once into two branches (usually unequal) which may soon fuse together for the most part or only towards the top, thus giving a marked grooved appearance, in somc cascs a club may be

128 120 THE CLAVAR I ACEAE OF I N DIA Q o QOO :::= - ~ o -: B -=-=-==== Text-Fig. 36. Clavulino amethystinoides (Pk.) Corner. A. Fruclificatiom, X 1. B. Uniguttate basidiospores, X 880. C. Clamped hyphae, X 380. C

129 CLAVULINA 121 divided into 2-4 equal branches having a common stalk below. Thus, the sparse branching is of irregular typc or irregularly dichotomous. Apices are pointed or blunt; taste and smell inparticular. Hymenium spread all over except the trunk, stratose, IL broad. Basidia fl broad, clavate; sterigmata 2, [L long. Basidiospores X fl, subhyaline, globose, subglobose, or sometimes pyriform, papillate, uniguttate, guttule large, occupying more than half of the spore cavity. Hyphae monomitic, subhymenial hyphae 5-8 IL broad, context hyphae 5-12 [L broad, hyphal cells up to 176 [L long, hyaline, branched, parallel, thin-walled, inflated, septate, septa at short intervals, branches of hyphae narrow and not inflated, clamped, clamps abundant, ends of hyphal cells often gliding over one anothcr. HABITAT: On soil amid mosses. LOCALITY: Mussoorie (Dhobi Khad, alt. 5,500 ft., August 8, 1953, Thind &, Anand 53). D,STRIBUT,ON: India (Mussoorie), U.S.A. (N. and S. Carolina, Massachusetts). This species (n. 53) undoubtedly belongs to C. amethysti1lfjides (Pk.) Corner and is marked by simple, or sparingly branched, violet coloured fructifications. Its spores are slightly larger for the species. This larger spore size, together with the violet colour of the fructifications fits C. amethystina (Fr.) Donk but the latter has always profusely branched fruit bodies. Apart from India, this species was previously only reported from the temperate part of North America. Its habitat is the same in both regions. 2. Clavulina bessonii (PaL) Corner var. incarnata Thind & Anand ). Indian Bot. Sac. 35: Text-Fig. 37. Fructifications up to 1.6 em. tall and up to 1 mm. broad, gregarious, erect, small-sized, radial) slender, trunk present, simple, or rarely branched only once, fleshy, smooth, glabrous, pink; trunk up to 2 mm. long and up to 0.8 mm. broad, lighter pink coloured; clubs usually bent, or sometimes straight; apices blunt and concolorous; taste and smell inparticular. Hymenium spread all over except the lighter coloured trunk, thickening, up to 81 fl broad. Basidia [J. broad, clavate, sub hyaline, contents granular, secondarily septate after spore discharge; sterigmata 2, incurved, fl long.

130 122 THE CLAVARIACBAE OF I N DIA A 8 Text- Fig. 37. Clavl/lil/(l bcssqllii (Pal.) Corner var. incamnta Thind & Anand. A. Simple to ra rely brancht'd fructifications, X 2. B. Basidia becoming secondarily septate after spore discllargc, >< 880. C. Uuigullale basidiospores, X 880.

131 CLAVULINA 123 Basidiospores (J. in diameter, hyaline, globose to subglobose, papillate, smooth, uniguttate, guttule large, tilling nearly three-fourth of the spore cavity. Hyphae man ami tic, (J. broad and hyphal cells (J. long, hyaline, thin-"\valled, branched, somc\vhat inflated, septate, septa at short intervals and hence hyphae small-celled, clamped, clamps abundant and nearly at all septa, may look like cells gliding over one another. HABIT AT : On soil amid mosses in oak forest. LOCALITY: Mussoorie (Dhobi Khad, alt. 5,500 ft., September 19, 1953, Thind & Anand 52). DlSTRIBcTION : India (M ussoorie). This fungus (n. 52) closely resembles C. bessonii (Pat.) Corner (lac. cit. p. 299, 1950) except that its fructifications are pink in contrast to the white ones of C. bessonii. Accordingly, this fungus was described as a pink coloured variety of C. bes50nii and the var. name incarnata is quite appropriate. Corner (in lit:! May 6, 1955) gave the following opinion on this fungus:. "Y=f'[ungus (n. 52) is identical with C. bessonii (Pat.) Corner the type of which I have recently studied, but the type is said to have been white, and it has fruit bodies up to 25 mm. (not 10 mm. as given by Patouillard). Hence I regard your fungus as a pink variety of C. bessonii and deserving a varietal name". 3. Clavulina cinerea (Fr.) Sehroet. Krypl. Fl. Schles. Pilze, p, B8; Corner, ;Honogr. Clavaria & Allied Gen. p. 30B, Text-Figs. 122, 123; Plate 4, ly:io; Ahmad, PakiJlan BioI. Soc. Monogr. 1: 69,1956. Basinym: Clavaria cinerea Fr., Syst. Myc. 1: Synonyms: Ramana cinerea S, F, Gray, Nat. Arr. 1: R. cin",a (Fr.) Qu<l., Fl. Myc. p Clavaria grisea Fr., Syst. Myc. 1: 46B. (teste Cotto et \Yakef., Bres., Coker, Donk Konr. et!\.1aubl.) Clavariella grisea (Fr,) Karst., Finl. Nat. o. Folk 37: IB Clavaria grisea formapetricola Bourd. et Galz" H)'lJI. Fr. p. 108 (attached to stones by an extensive white mycelium) Clavaria fuligillea Pers., Myc. Eur. 1: 166 (teste Pers., Coker, Dank; spores of Persoon's specimens X 6,5-9.5 fl, teste Coker) Clavaria :o,phaero:o,pora E. et E.,]. M),c.,,,: S. HABITAT: LOCALITY: On the ground. Murree Hills (Changla Gali). DISTRIBUTION: West Pakistan (Murree Hills), North temperate Brazil, S. Australia; common.

132 124 THE CLAVARIACEAE OF INDIA No description was given for this species by Ahmad who reported it from Murree Hills. var. gracilis Rca Trans. Brit. J4yc. Soc. 6: 62, t. 2, f ; Corner, Alonogr. Clavaria & Allied Gen. p. 309, Plate ; Ahmad, Pakistan Bioi. Soc. llfmlogr. 1: HABITAT: LOCALITY: DISTRIBUTION: On the ground. Murree Hills (Changla Gali). West Pakistan (Murree Hills), Great Britain (uncommon). No description was given for this'v~iety by Ahmad who reported it irom the Murree Hills. ' '--._ 4. Clavulina e[nerea (Fr.) Schroet. f sublilascens Bourd. et Galz. Hym. Fr. p_:jd-7--:--f928; Corner, Afonogr. Claoaria & Allied Gen. p. 309, Plate ; --Thirra&:-Dev, J. Indian Bot. Soc. 35: 51B Text-Fig. 38; Plate V. Synonym:? Clauaria crassa Britz., H)'m. Siidb. p Fructifications X cm., scattered, erect, small-sized, radial, without a trunk, profusely branched, fleshy-tough, smooth, glabrous, dark vinaeeous with blaek tips, on drying turning sooty or dark-brown, the embedded base of the fructifications elongated (up to 2.1 X 0.8 em.); branches profuse, often slightly irregularly flattened, rugulose, polychotomous below, becoming irregularly chotomous above giving a bushy appearance to the fruit bodies, internodes short, branches compact, ultimate branchlets short and giving a cristate appearance; apices acute, sometimes obtuse, sterile; flesh lighter concolorous, turning dark-red on bruising; smell and taste inparticular. H ymcnium spread all over except the sterile apices, thickening, up to 164!J. thick. Basidia X 4-8 1", cylindrical to subclavatc, secondarily septate after spore discharge; sterigmata 2, sometimes 1 or 4, stout, strongly incurved, 3-7 I'- long. Basidiospores X '-, subhyaline to hyaline, ovoid, sometimes sub globose to globose, papillate, papilla prominent and up to O.B!J. long, smooth, uniguttate, guttulc large and filling three-fourth to almost whole of the spore cavity.

133 CLAVULINA 125 Hyphae monomitic, 2-14!J.. wide, hyphal cells up to 260!J.. long, hyaline, thin-walled, branched, inflated, some uninfiated, septate, septa at short intervals in wider and at long intervals in narrower hyphae, clamped, clamps almost at all septa. HAJ3lTAT: On soil amid mosses under Cedrus forest. LOCAL1TY: lviussoorie (Kana tal, alt. 7,500 ft., September 1 J > 1955, Thind & Dev 66). DISTRll3UTlON: India (Mussoorie), France (common), England. C. cinerea (Fr.) Schroet. (Corner, IDe. cit. p. 309, 1950) often has such stunted forms as this collection n. 66. The fructiflcations of the 1Vlussoorie fungus, however, arc darker coloured (dark vinaceous or dark [uscous lilaceous) from the beginning. Text- Fig. 38. Cla!'lltina cinerea (Fr.) Schroet. r. sllbtilascens BOUld. ct Gab~. A. Secondarily septate basidia, X 1l50. B. Uniguttatc basidiospon.:s, X } 150.

134 126 THE CLAVARIACEAE OF IND1A 5. Clavulina cristata (Fr.) Schroet. Krypt. Fl. Schles. Pi/ze. p ; Corner, ft,fonogr. Clavaria & Allied Gen. p. 312, Text-Figs. 27, 124, 125, ; Thind & Anand, J. Indian Bot. Soc. 35: : Ahmad, Pakistan Bioi. Soc. Alonogr. 1: Text-Fig. 39. Basinym: Clavaria cristata Fr" S)st. A:{yc. 1: ; Rolland, Champ_, t. 103; Bres., Ie. Myc., t. 1094; Konr. ct Maubl., t. 492; Coker, Clavaria U.S. & Canada, t. 17 (immature), t. 18 (lower figure) Synonyms: Clavaria cristata var. fallax Fr., Syst. l\vic. 1: ( = specimens attacked by Rosellinia). C. cristala var. minor Pat., Tab. An. No C./al/ax Pers., Myc. Eur. 1: C. trichopus Pers., ibid. p '.? C. obtusiuscula Britz' J Bot. Centraibl. 71: Clavariella cristata (Fr.) Karst., Foinl. Nat. o. Folk 37: Clavariella trichopus (Pers.) Karst.~ ibid. Ramaria cris!q.ta (Fr.) QueL, Fl. A-1ye. p, Misinterpretation:.Cllfvulina kunz:ei (Fr.) Schroet., i.e., Quoad descr. (non nomen = Ramariopsis kunzei). Fructifications up to 6.8 cm. tall and up to 0.8 cm. broad, solitary, gregarious, caespitose, cacspitose clusters up to 1.5 cm. broad, erect, mediumsized, radial to flattened, trunk usually present, simple to sparsely branched, fleshy, smooth, glabrous, white or cream coloured; trunk indistinct, lighter coloured or concolorous, narrower than the clubs above, usually about oncthird of the total length of the fructifications, or absent; fructifications simple, or very sparsely branched, usually only once, solid, narrow below and broader above, longitudinally grooved, flattened, and wrinkled when old, often spathulate or cerebriform, branches oftc'n remaining antler-like; apices subacute to' rounded; flesh concolorous or lighter; taste and smell inparticular. Rhizomorphic mycelial strands abundantly given out fi'om the bases of the fructifications. Hymenium spread all over except near the base, thickening, I' thick. Basidia fl broad, subclavate to cylindrical; sterigmata 1-2, mostly 2, incurved, fl long. Basidiospores X ', paler yellowish brown, globose to subgldbose, papillate, smodtb, uniguttate, guttule large and Elling one-half to two-third of the spore cavity. Hyphae monomitic, fl broad, hyphal cells fl long, or even morc) hyaline, branched, thin-walled, inflated, narrow hyphae uninflated, septate, septa at short intervals, clamped, clamps abundant and present at all septa, H-connections present but rarc.

135 HABITAT: CLAVULINA 127 On soil amid mosses in oak forest. LOCALITY: ~lussoorie (Jabber Khct, alto 5,500 [t., August 17, 1953, Thind & Anand 54). DISTRffiUTION: India (Mussoorie), West Pakistan (Murree Hills), temperate regions of the world, common on the ground in fields and woods (deciduous and coniferous). This collection (n. 54) is a simple to sparsely branched form of C. cristata (Fr.) Schroet, which is common all the world over and extremely variable. Corner (loc. cit. p. 318, 319, 1950) opined that some of the varieties may be no more than fructifications, developed in exposed or impoverished places (as vars. lappa Karst., curta J ungh., and mutans :N16Ller) or in deep shady humus T ext- Fig. 39. GlavlI[ma cruttlla (Fr.) Schroet. A. Frllc tifica tion~, X 1. B. Basidia, 880. c. Ba~ id i osporcs, X 880.

136 128 THE CLAVARIACEAE OF INDIA (as vars. fimbriata Fr., flexuosa Jungh., nivea Bourd. ct Galz.), but others seem to have peculiar branching. Between var. lap!ja and typical C. cristata there is every gradation through var. curta. There are about one dozen varieties reported for C. cristata. To this list is added a new var. brunneola Thind & Anand, described recently from India. Tvvo known vars. curta and fimbriata are also recorded recently from India. All these three vars. arc described and illustrated in detail below. These can be separated as follows. KEY TO VARIETIES Fructifications pure white, 1-4 em. high, branches sparse to profuse, often crowded, apice~ short, blunt, cristate... var. curta Fructifications coloured, generally larger """ Fructifications light brown, whitish at the base; srern elongate, up to 3.3 X 1.1 em., laxly branched above; ultimate branchlets very minute, always cristate... var. fimhriata Fructifications milk-toffee coloured, or brownish, not whitish at the base; stern shorter and nar~ower, up to 1 X 0.2 em., laxly branched above; ultimate branch Jets mostly much longer; up to 2.2 crn_..jeng, not always cristate... var, hrunneola -~ I have used only characters of the Mussoorie plants to differentiate varieties of C. ctistata in the above key. J. Indian Bot. Soc. 35: a. var. brunneola Thind & Anand Text-Fig. 40. Fructifications up to 6.2 cm. tall and up to 2.2 em. broad, terrestrial or lignicolous, solitary, or caespitosc and gregarious, erect, small to mediutn-sized, radial, trunk present,!jranched, fleshy, smooth, glabrous, brownish, dustcoloured or milk-toffee coloured; trunk up to I cm. long and up to 2 mm. broad, cylindrical, concolorous; branching lax, polychotomous to dichotomous, or irregular, branches unequal, in alternating planes, usually flattened at the point of origin and often twisted due to irregular and spiral flattening, sometimes fused with one another, some branches very small and antler-like; primary branches up to 2 mm. wide, ultimate branchlets very minute to 2.2 cm. long and usually cristate, apices acute and concolorous; flesh paler concolorou5; taste and smell in particular. Hymenium spread all over except the trunk, thickening, up to 88 fl broad. Basidia 5-7 I-' broad, clavate, secondarily septate after spore discharge; sterigmata usually 2, sometimes I, incurved, I-' long.

137 CLAVULlNA 129 Basidiosporcs X fl, hyaline to subhyaline, globose, subglobose, or oval to obovate, papillate, papilla eccentric, uniguttate, guttule large and almost completely filling the spore cavity. Hyphae monomitic, fl wide, hyphal cells fl long, hyaline, branched, thin-walled, inflated, septate, septa at short intervals, clamped, clamps present at almost all septa, H-conncctions present. Text- Fig. 40. Cltwulilla aij/a/a (Fr.) Schroct. "ar. brlllll1eola Thind & Anand. A. Frllctifica tions of n. 56, I. n. Fructifications of n. 57, )0 I. C. B"sidiosporcs or n. 56, 880. n. Basidiospores of n. 57, X 880. E. Hyphae with ci.amps and a connections from n. 57. X 380.

138 130 THE CLAVARIACEAE OI<' INDIA HABITAT: On soil along the eroded hill slopes, and on dead leaves, dead twigs and bark of trees in oak forest. LOCALITY: Mussoorie (Chakrata Toll, alt. 5,500 ft., September 2, 1953, Thind & Anand 56; Chakrata Toll, alt. 5,500 ft., September 9, 1953, Thind & Anand 57). D,STRIBUTION: India (Mussoorie). These two Mussoorie collections (n. 56 and n. 57) undoubtedly belong to C. cristata (Fr.) Schroet. However, their fructifications are regularly brownish or milk-toffee coloured, a colour not reported for C. cristata or any of its varieties. Hence these two collections were described as a new colour variety-brunneola on basis of their brownish colour. Their spores, especially those of n. 57, are slightly smaller than in C. cristala (C. cristala, 7-11 X IL; n. 56, X 7 IL; n. 57, X IL).... b. var. curtajungh. Linnea 5: 407, t. 7, f. 2b. 1830; Corner, A1onogr. Clavaria & Allied Gen. p ; \Thind & Anand, J. Indian Bot. Soc. 35: _~~" Text-Fig. 41 ; Plate V. -'Fructifications 1-4 cm. tall, cm. broad, solitary, caespitose, gregarious, erect, small~sized, radial, trunk invariably present, branched, rarely simple, fleshy, smooth, glabrous, white; trunk white, radial, 4-8 mm. long and up to 4 min. wide; branching sparse to profuse, often crowded, irregular, polychotomous below giving rise to several trunk-like primary branches which divide further dichotomously, short and stubby; ultimate branchlets cristate, short, some mere protuberances; apices blunt and concolorous; flesh white; taste and smell inparticular. Hymenium spread all over except the trunk, IL thick. Basidia fj.. broad, clavate; sterigmata 2, short, usually incurvcd like pair of a tong, fl long. Basidiospores X IL, hyaline or subhyaline, globose, subglobose, or broadly ellipsoid, papillate, smooth, uniguttate, guttule large and filling one-half, or more, of the spore cavity. Hyphae monomitic, fl broad, hyphal cells IL, hyaline, branched, thin-walled, inflated, septate, septa at short intervals, clamped, clamps present at all septa. HABITAT: On soil in oak forest. LOCALITY: Mussoorie (Woodstock College, alt. 5,500 ft., September 19, 1953, Thind & Anand 55). DISTRIBUTION: India (Mussoorie), temperate regions.

139 CLAVUL I NA 131 c T c_xt Fig. 4 l. Claz'u/ina cristata (Fl'.) Schroet. val'. curta Jungb. A. Basidia, Y 880. B. Basidiospores, X RSO. C. Clamped hyphae, x 380. Var. curta Jungh. represents merely a small state of C. cristata connecting it with var. lappa Karst. (c) val'. fimbriata Fr. Sy~t. Myr. l : j Corner, MOllogr. Clavaria & Allied Gen. p : Thind & Dev; ]. lrulian Bot. Soc. 35 : Text- Fig. 42. Synonym: Clavaria laci11iata Schaeff. ex P ers., Myc. EIIT. 1 : J 56.! 822; Lloyd,!>f)'c. NoleS os: 1046, t. 1935, 1936, 1921 ; Coker, Clm'aria U.S. & Canada t. 18 (upper figure), t. 19, f Fructifications up to 7.5 cm. tau and up to 4.2 cm. broad, gregarious, scattered, solitary, erect, medium-sized, radial, trunk present, branched, fl eshy, glabrous, light-brown; trunk up to 3.3 cm. long and up to 1.1 cm.

140 132 THE CLAVAR I ACEAE OF IND!A broad, cylindrical or slightly flattened in some cases, whitish at the base, tomentose; tomentosc hairs hyaline, simple, rarely branched, dosely septate, clamped, thin to slightly duck-walled, narrow, up to 210 1). long and 1-4!). broad; branching 1<L'C, sparse to abundant, radial, dichotomous, branches equal or unequal, and in alternating planes, internodes long, primary branches up to 5.5 mm. broad, ultimate branchlets small, cristate due to close and irregular dichotomy; apices acute, lighter coloured, fertile; flesh lighter OQ 06~o c B ~ 9~ ' = =r D Text- Fig. 42. Clavulina cristata (Fr.) Schroet. val'. jimbriata Fr. A. Fl'ucLification with a long trunk a nd cl'istatc apices, X I. B. Basidia, X C. Globose, uniguttate basidiospol'es, X D. Clamped hyph.ae, X 500.

141 CLAVULINA 133 coloured; taste bitter; smen inparticular; rhizomorphic hyphae given out from the base of the fructification and they arc brown, thick-walled, branched, with numerous antler-like branches, 4-6 fl broad, with hyphal cells up to 240 ij. long, wall up to 1 [l thick. Hymenium spread all over except trunk, also absent in the lower portions of some of the primary branches \vhere the latter are tomentose like the trunk, thickening, up to 68 [l thick. Basidia X [l, subhyalinc, clavate; sterigmata 2, sometimes 1, strongly incurved, up to 7.7 tt long. Basidiospores 8-9 [l in diameter, hyaline, globose, papillate, papilla small and very fine, smooth, uniguttate, guttule filling almost whole of the spore cavity. Hyphae monomitic, [l wide, hyphal cells up to 138[llong, or more, in broader hyphae, and up to 258 tt or longer in the narrower ones, hyaline, branched, thin-\valled, inflated, septate, septa at long intervals in narrower and at shorter intervals in broader hyphae, clamped, clamps abundant and appear more prominent on the narrov..'er hyphae than on broader ones. HABITAT: On-'moist soil in oak forest. /' _I,QC~ Mussoorie (Dhobi Khad, alt. 5,500 ft., August 30, 1954, Thind & Dev 65). DISTRIBUTION: India (Mussoorie), Europe, North America. This fungus (n. 65) resembles C. cristata var. fimbriata Fr. in the elongate trunk, lax branching at the top, cristate ultimate branchlets and globose spores of the same size. According to Corner (IDe. cit p. 314, 1950) var. fimbriata is possibly only a form of C. cristata developed in deep humus or shade. 6. Clavulina hispidulosa Corner, Thind & Anand Proc 44th Indian Sci. Congr. Part ILL Abst., p ; Trans. Brit. Myc. Soc. 39: Text-Fig. 43. Fructifications simple up to II X 0.8 cm., or variously and irregularly branched, solitary, gregarious, or caespitose in clusters to 1.5 cm. wide, erect, radial, sometimes flattened, fleshy, at first white, then grey to fuliginous; trunk usually narrowcr than the fertile head, paler, to 5 em. long, usually one-third or less of the fruit-body; fertile clubs solid or becoming hollow with age, often flattened and longitudinally grooved, often 2-3 connate; branches sparse to abundant, irregular, radial or flattened and mostly grooved, often connate, solid or hollow with age, as short apical proliferations or more or

142 134 THE CLAVARIACEAE OF JND I A 9 (Q) (Q B E ~' ~ :,... G Text- Fig. 43. Clalluli"a hispidttlosa Corner, Thlnd & Anand (A-C, n. H ; D-H, n. 44). A. Caespitooe fnlctificalions, X t. B, Globo,c, uniguhate basidiospo\'c's, ~ 880. C. Clamped hyphae, X 380. D. Simple \0 sligjuly branched fructifications. " t. E. Basidia, '< 880. F. Uniguttate, globose basidiospores, X 880. G. H ispid hymenium with tufts of emerge!1t hyphae, X J90. H, A tuft or emergent hyphae with subhymenial connections, X 380. H

143 CLAVULINA 135 less basal and resembling the simple clubs, the apices acute or blunt, concolorous; flesh concolorous or paler; taste and smell inparticular; abundant basal white mycelial strands. Hymcnium amphigenous, absent from the trunk, thickening up to 140!L with numerous embedded spores, minutely hispid from tufts of emergent, thin-walled, smooth, unbranched, blunt, cystidium-like hyphae 5-8!L wide, in fascicles of 5-25, rarely solitary, projecting to 120 [J. beyond the hymenial surface, continued below into the subhymenium \vith septate and clamped stalks (thus persistent as sterile emergent hyphae during the thickening of the hymenium), the fascicles absent from the trunk. Basidia I' broad, clavate; sterigmata 2, or 1-2, I' long, usually straight. Basidiospores 8-12 X ', subhyaline to pale yellow or pale brownish, subglobose to obovoid, sm00th with one large gutta filling about one-half of the spore cavity. Hyphae monomitie, [J. wide, the cells I" long or more, clamped, thin-walled, branched, hyaline, inflate-d, a few narro"v and unin lated with distant septa, H-connections present. HABITAT: On humus-soil in oak forest LOCAr:rTV: Mussooric (Dhobi Khad, alt. 5,500 ft., September 10, 1953, Thind & Anand 43, typus; Chakrata Toll, alt. 5,500 ft., September 2, 1953, Thind & Anand 44). DISTRIBUTION: India (Mussoorie). This new find reported recently from India is characterized by its minutely hispid hymenium and hence the specific name hisjjidulosa. At lirst sight, this species seems to come between Clavulina rugosa (Fr.) Schroet. and C. cinerea (Fr.) Schroet. but the fascicles of hvphae in the hymenium arc characteristic and as they occur also in some AustraJian species lvhich have yet to be properly described, they seem to indicate a group of Australian species, to which C. liveillii (Sacc.) v. Ov. (Corner, lac. cit. p. 328, 1950) may also belong. 7. Clavulina mussooriensis Corner, Thind & Dev Proc. 45th Indian Sci. Congr. Part III. Abst., p ; Trans. Brit.. M)'c. Soc. 41: Text-Fig. 44; Plate V. Fructifications up to 8 em. tall and up to 4.5 cm. broad, gregarious, caespitose, or solitary, medium sized, erect, radial to flattened, trunk absent, sparsely to profusely branched, fleshy, smooth to often rough due to the presence of tuberculate outgrowths or minute adventitious branchlets,

144 136 THE CLAVARIACEAE OF INDIA glabrous, creamy \vhite when young, greyish brown or ash-brown when mature and old but remaining creamy white at the top and at the submerged stubby base, on drying turning darker; branching polychotomous, irregular, branches short, compact, abundant, stubby, radial to very much flattened, unequal, longitudinally rugulose, smooth to rough, irregularly palmate in some younger specimens, often fused together, primary branches up to 5 mm. wide, ultimate branchlets short and cristate or bifid and creamy white; apices acute, mostly blunt fertile, or acute sterile; flesh light brown; smell and taste inparticular. Hymcnium glabrous, spread all over, thickening up to 200 1", numerous embedded spores. with Emergent hyphae sparse, very narrow, hyphae-like, cylindrical, apex rounded, thin-walled, straight or slightly bent, hyaline, smooth, vacuolated, arising from the subhymenium and usually with a septu.m near the base, Text-Fig. 44. Clavulina n1lls.moriensis Corner, Thind & Dev. A. Basidia sccondarily scptate after spore discharge, X B. Emergent hyphae from the hymenium, 500. C. Emergent hyphae drawn from their base, X 500. D. Basidiospores, X E. Clamped hyphae, X 500.

145 CLAVULINA 137 nonseptate above, without a clamp at the base, or rarely clamped (?), up to 4-7 I-' wide, projecting 8-50 I-' (rarely up to 60 1-') beyond the hymenium. Basidia X ', subclavate, byaline, secondarily septate after the spore discharge; sterigmata 2, strongly incurved, I-' long. Basidiospores 7-9 X ', hyaline, mostly obovoie!, or subglobose to globose, papillate, papilla small (up to 0.4 I-' long), smooth, uniguttate, gutta large and filling three-fourth of the spore cavity. Hyphae monomitic, I-' wide, hyphal cells up to 150 I-' (or even more) long, hyaline, thin-walled, branched, inflated, septate, septa at short to long intervals, clamped, clamps common. HABITAT: On humicolous sailor on a mould of dead leaves and dead twigs under Cedrus forest (Cedrus deodara). LOCALITY: Mussoorie (Dhanolti, alt. 7,500 ft., September 12, 1954, Thind & Dev 230,!ypus; Kanatal, alt. 7,500 ft., August 22, 1956, Thind & Raswan 231; Dhanalti, alt. 7,500 ft., August 23, 1956, Thine! & Raswan 232). D,STRIBUTION: India (Mussoorie). These Muss9mi:e collections (nos ) resemble Clavulina cinerea (Fr.) Schrget.~ general appearance but differ from the latter in the colour of tlte Tiuit bodies (which is creamy white at first and greyish brown or ash brown later on in contrast to grey or fuliginous from the first in the case of C. cinerea) and in the emergent hyphae from their hymenium. These hyphae are too narrow to be cystidia of C. zeveillii (Sacc.) v. Ov., in which they are also more or less encrusted. Moreover, C. lr1veillii has always pale yellow fruit body to begin with and possesses smaller and more spinulose branches. The emergent hyphae in the hymcnium of C. mussooriensis are a normal feature and are not to be regarded as merely excrescent hyphae formed after collccting the fungus. C. mussooriensis is at once differentiated from C. hispidulosa Corner, Thind & Anand which possesses minutely hispid hymenium from tufts of much longer emergent hyphae. The emergent hyphae Df C. mussooriensis are very small and singly situated and do not impart any hispid appearance to the hymcnium. Besides, the fructifications of C. hispidulosa are mostly simple while those of C. mussooriensis arc sparsely to profusely branched and do not seem to possess a trunk. l\1onogr. Basinym: Synonyms: 8. C1avulina ornatipes (Pk.) Corner Cluvuria & Allied Gen. p. 333, Text-Figs. 24, 28-30,142,143; Plate Clavaria ornatipes Pk., Bull. N. r. St. At/H. 122: lb. 1908; Coker, Clavoria U.S. & Canada, p. 67, t. 9,15, ; Kauffm., Pap. Mich. Ac. Sci. Arts Lett. 5: 118, t. 2, f. I (photo). 1925; Imai, Yr. So/)poro Nat. Hi.I-t. Soc. 13: Lachnucladium orrullipes (Pk.) Burt, Ann. Mo. Bot. (;dn. 9: 65, t. 11. f. ) ; Banerjee, Bull. Bot. Soc. BengalI:

146 138 THE CLAVARIACEAE OF INDIA HABITAT: LOCALITY: DISTRIBUTI01';: Japan, Malaya. Among decaying leaves by the side of a pond. Calcutta. India (Calcutta), U.S.A. (widely distributed), Canada, No description was given for this fungus by Banerjee who reported it as Lachnocladium ornatipes (Pk.) Burt. 9. Clavulina rugosa (Fr.) Sehroet. Kr;'Pt. Fl. Schles. Pilze, p ; Corner, Afunogr. Clavaria & Allied Gen. p. 336, Text-Figs. 144, ; Ahmad, Pakistan BioI. Soc. Monogr. 1: Basinym: Clavaria rugosa Fr., S)'st. M vc. 1: ; Rolland, Champ., t. 103, No. 233; Bres., Ie. A{ye., t. 109B; Coker, t. 16, f. 4, t. 19, f. 3 (? old, approaching var. Juliginea). Synonyms: Clavaria pseudojlaca Britz., Hym. StMb. 8: 14, f ; Rev. H_vm., p. 220 (only a yellowish form) ~,, C. clavaqormis Britz., ibid. (yellowish f()t~). C. herveyi Pk., Ref)t. N. r. St. Mus. 45: C. gigantula Britz., Bot. Centralbl. 71: 95, f. 9S C. obtusiuscula Britz., ibid. 19, f. 97.? C. ru~sers ~Quel.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 11: Bamatw rugosa S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. 1: R. rugom (Fr.) QuCl., Fl. Myr. p ? R. rubescens Que!., Rev. Myc. p HABIT AT : LOCALITY: On the ground. Murree Hills (Changla Gali). DISTRIBUTION: West Pakistan (Murrec Hills), North temperate (common), Australia? No description was given [or this species reported from Mvrree Hills by Ahmad. var. alcyonaria Corner Monogr. C{avaria & Allied Gen. p. 337, Text-Fig D; Ahmad, Pakistan Biol. Soc. Monogr. 1 : Synonyms: Clavaria grossa auctt. pro p. (alt. p. = Clavulina cristata var. sllbrugom); Bres., Ie. M),c. t (? 4 sterigmata). C. incrassata Chev., Fl. Gen. Paris 1: los, C. krombholzii Fr. pro j), (Krombh., r ); (non vera = Ramariojlsis kun;:ei var. deformij"). C. arctata Britz., f{_ym. Siidb. 8: ? C. gregalis Britz.~ ibid.? C. unistirpis Britz., Hym. Siidb. 8: Ramaria grossa Qui-I., Fl. Aljc. p

147 CLAVARIA 139 HABITAT: LOCALITY: DISTRIBUTION: On the ground. Swat Hills (Kalam). West Pakistan (Swat Hills), Europe. No description was given by Ahmad for this variety collected by him from the Swat Hills. Genus 12. CLAVARIA Fr. s.str. Syst. A{yc. 1: ; Hym. Eur. 1874, subgenus Syncorync, Corner, Manogr. Clavaria & Allied Gen. p Synonyms: Holocoryne Bon., Handb. Myk. p :)1, emend. Dank (1933).? Stichoclavaria Ulbr., Linda/{ Kt:_}pt. Fl.]. Arif. 1, 3rd cd Fructifications branched, or genrrally, simple, often cacspitose, brittle, white, pink, reddish, purple, violet, grey, or brown, rarely yellow; branching radial, stem distinct or indistinct, noticeable in small fruit-bodies; hymenium extending over the growing apices. Terrestrial, in some cases associated with soil-algae; temperate and tropical; 27 spp., and 16A6iibtful species. ~- &pore; white or pink (C. helicoides), generally smooth, subglobose to cylindric ellipsoid, thin-walled, generally aguttate or finely granular guttulate, often with vitreous-opalescent contents, rarely I-guttate. Basidia mostly 4-spored, without clamps (Sync01yne) or with a wide loop-like clamp (Holocoryne). Cystidia absent or present as cystidioles. Hymenium thickening or not, never unilateral; subhymenium well developed, the hyphae not inflating, or slightly (C. fossicola, C. zollingeri). Hyphae thin-walled, inflating, without clamps, generally secondarily septate, compact, narrov\t on the surface of the stem, not agglutinated. Type species: C. vermicularis Fr. This genus is the original receptacle for all Clavarioid Basidiomycetes. It thus reached unwieldy dimensions and covered many microscopic differences of generic, if not family, rank. According to Corner (loc. cit. p. 215, 1950), this original enormous genus must now be defined from C. vermicularis Fr. as the leeto-type and it thus represents the Friesian subgenus Syncoryne, excluding the yellow species of the Clavulinopsis fusiformis alliance. The main generic characters of Clava ria, according- to Corner, are the absence of clamps from the hyphae of the fructifications, the secondary septation of the hyphae (which give the brittle juicy texture), and the colourless, aguttate, or finely multiguttulatc spores. The one constant feature is the absence of clamps from the medullary hyphae.

148 140 THE CLAVARIACEAE OF INDIA On the basis of the presence or absence of a wide loop-like clamp at the base of the basidium, Corner divided Clavaria s. str. into two subgenera, Syncoryne (without clamps) and Ifolocoryne (with the clamp and having C. acuta Fr. as its leeto-type). He stated that this character (wide loop-like clamp at the base of the basidium) may prove to be generic. He, however, could not study fresh materials of enough species and this character can hardly be made out in dried specimens because of the contraction and (rumpling of the subhymedium. Therefore, this genus needs to be fully elucidated from living material. I hope to take up this question in due course of time. Eight species. one variety, one form of Clavaria are reported so far from India, and the following key is devised for their separation. KEY TO SPECIES ~""'" Basidia wlthout clamps (~}'nc01)i_'1e) '- Cystidja present and very narrow, IJ- wide; fructifications sooty, up to 4 X 0.3 em., caespitose; spores 5.5-/.5 X tl, smooth, aguttate; on humicojous son under Oak forest; India...,... C. indica Cystidia absent Fructifiqlu'erts'hranched, violet C. :::ouingeri ""'-~ructifications simple, differently coloured Fructifications alutaceous, then fuliginous... C. fumosa Fructifications yellow... C. amoenoides Fructifications white Large, 6-12 (-15) cm. high; hymcnium not thickening; hyphae freely secondarily septate; not phicophilous... C. vermicularis Caespitose; stem indistinct; up to 5 cm. high, fasciate, and branched; spores X il... C. vermicularis f. fasciata Gregarious, solitary, or sub-fasciculate; stem distinct, pellucid Spores X 3-4 [1., broadly ellipsoid.... C. vermicularis var. gracilis Spores 3-6 il, subglobose.... vermicularis var. spfwero::,pora Basidia with a wide loop-like clamp at the base (fhfoor_}n o ) Hyphae :;;ccondarily septate; spores glob03e or broadly ellipsoid; fructifications white; hymenittm not thickening...,... C. acuta Clavaria gollani P. Henn. and C. jacquemontii Lev. reported only from India so far were treated as dubious species by Corner (loc. cit. p. 263, 1950) and he indicated that these species may, in fact, belong to other genera. Hence I did not incorporate them in the above key but I have given their diagnostic features below as such. These can be easily differentiated from each other from the following key: Fructifications much branched, white, caespitose; Kashmir (India)... C.jacquemontii Fructifications simple, very long, up to 30 cm. high, 5-7 mm. wide; on the ground; India.... C. gollani

149 CLAV ARIA 141 L Clavaria acuta Fr. Syst. M)'c. 1: ; Corner, MOllogr. Glauaria & Allied Get!. p. 222, Text- Fig. 75; Plate 2, 1950; Thind & Dev, J. indian Bot. Soc. 35: T ext-fig. 45. Synonyms: GialJariajalcala Fr., Syst. M;'c. 1 : (fide Donk). C. jragilis Fr. sensu R ea (non vera = G. uermiculans). G. filipcs B. ct R av., Grev. 2: (non sensu Coker = Clavulinopsis jilipes) Fructifications up to 6 cm. tall, solita ry, scattered, erect, slender, smallsized, radial, trunk present, simple, clavate, neshy, brittle, smooth, glabrous; head cm. long and 0.5- l.8 mm. wide, white, elongated, bent or allantoid, cylindrical, usua lly slightly broader at the top, apex acute in young fruit bodies, becoming obtuse or blunt in mature ones; trunk cm. long and =r= ~~~--_I 1: -== B Texl- Fig. 45. Giallana aclita Fr. f\. C lavate simple fructificalions with a sharply demarcated trunk, X I. B. Basidia wilh a wide loop-like clamp at the base, x C. Basidiospores with densely granular conlents, X D. Secondarily Septale hyphae, X 500. o

150 142 THE CLAVARIACEAE OF INDIA 0.5-I mm. wide, distinctly demarcated, "vhite, narrmv, smooth but usually with very fine narrow hyphae loosened out from its surface and appearing as a fine irregular pubescence which is more pronounced at the base; nuluerous rhizomorphic mycelial threads given out from the base of the fructifications; flesh white; smell and taste inparticular. Hymenium spread all over the head, trunk sterile, not thickening, up to 60 I" thick. Basidia X ", hyaline, clavate with a long tapered base, provided with a wide loop-like clamp at the base; sterigmata mostly 4, sometimes 2, long, straight, 4-12 I" long. Basidiospores X ", hyaline, broadly ellipsoid to oval, papillate, papilla small but distinct and up to 0.8 I" long, smooth, aguttate, filled with dense granular contents. Hyphae monomitic, 2-22 I" wide, hyphal cells up to 414 I" long, or even more, hyaline, thin-walled, branched, inflated, septate, septa at long intervals, also secondarily septate, secondary septa sparse, clamps absent. HABITAT: On soil.... LOCALITY: Mussoorie (The Municipal Garden, alt. 5,500 ft., August 24, 1955, Thind & Dev 67). DISTRIBUTION:/ fndia (Mussoorie),Japan, S. Australia (Victoria), Europe, U.S.A. _.~.~ -----~~ --- This collection undoubtedly belongs to Clavaria acuta Fr. Its fructifications were observed as solitary and scattered. Densely-fasciculate or fruit bodies gregarious in small groups, as reported [or C. acuta were not observed. Also the basidia are mostly 4-spored in contrast to the mostly 2-spored basidia reported f()r this species. Spore size and shape fall well within the range for the species \,vhich is so variable. As stated by Corner (lac. cit. p. 222, 1950) C. acuta shows affinities with C. gibbsiae Ramsb. and C. tenu1fes B. ct Br. and it differs fundamentally from C. vermicularis Fr. in the loop-like clamp at the base of the basidium and in the broad multiguttulate ( ~~ granular-guttulate contents as also observed in the Mussoorie fungus n. 67) spore. It shows the superficial nature of the macroscopic resemblances of Clavarias. Donk has made C. acuta the lee to-type of Holocoryne Bon. (Clavaria sect. Holococyne Fr.) and thus, according to Corner it confers the subgencric name Holoc01Jme on this group of Clavaria. The fructifications of C. acuta arc acute when young but become obtuse or blunt when mature or as the hymenium develops over the apex. 2. Clavaria amoenoides Corner, Thind & Anand Proc. 44th Indian Sci. Congr. Part III. Abst. p. 219, 1957; Trans. Brit. Myc. Soc. 39:

151 CLAVARIA 143 Text- Fig. 46. Fructifications up to 12 X 0.6 em., simple, solitary, gregarious or caespitose in clusters up to 2 em. broad, erect, medium-sized, radial, fleshy, firm, smooth, glabrous, very pale orange-yellow; trunk up to 3.3 X 0.4 em., narrower than tbe ferlile head, paler col1colorous; fertile head cylindric, sometimes twisted and longitudinally grooved, solid, obtuse, the apex concolorous; flesh concolorous, unchanging; taste and smell inparticular. Hymenium amphigenous, absent from the trunk, thickening up to 105 (1.. Basidia fj. broad, clavate, without clamps; sterigmata 2, 3 or 4, {.I. long, usuall y straight. Basidiospores 6-7 X 3-4 (.I., smooth, aguttate. subhyaline, obovoid to broadly ellipsoid, Hyphae monomitic, up to 25 (1. wide, mostly with short cells, (1. long and often with oblique ('nds, some of the branches narrolv and uninflated with dislant septa, wilhout clamps, thin-walled, hyaline, parallel, compact, secondary septa apparently absent. HAB1TAT: On soil in pine-oak forest. A Text- Fig Clolloria amo61loides Corner, Thind & Anand. A. Cacspitose fructifications, X l. B. Basidia, X 880. C. Basidiosporcs, X 880. D. Short-celled.inflated hyphae, X 380. D

152 144 T H E C L AV A R I ACE A E OF I NDIA PLAT E V Fig. 19. F ig. 20. Fig. 21. Fig. 22. CI(lvariadelpJtus mims (Pat.) Corner'. Clmllliino (;illtrea (Fr.) cbroet. f. sublilaj'6e/1s Bourd. e t Ga lz. Clavulina cristata (Fr.) Schroet. var. (;urta J ungh. Clavuli,la IItllssooriellsis Corner, T hind & Dev.

153 CLAVAR I A 145 PLATE VI Fig. 23. Fig. 24. } ig.25. Fig. 26. Clo1Jan'ajumosa Fr. C/auaria indica Corner, Thind & Dev. ClnlJaria vtrmuuillris Fr. var. gracilis Bourd. ct Gab.. C/avaria vci'miev.!aris Fl'. r. jasciala Bourd. et Galz. 26

154 146 THE CLAVARIACEAE OF I!'lDIA LOCALITY: Mussoorie (The Park, alt. 6,500 ft., September 11, 1953, Thind & Anand 45). DISTRIBUTION: India (M ussoorie). Such a simple, yellow Clavaria suggests Clavulinopsis amoena (Zoll. et Mor.) Corner (1950, p. 352), but the spores, the short sterigmata, and the total absence of clamps show that it is a true Clavaria s. str. Indeed, the preserved specimens are practically indistinguishable from Clavaria Jumosa Fr. (Corner, loc. cit. p. 235, 1950) and C. vermicularis Fr. C. amoenoides, in fact, must put one on guard against identification without colour notes and, alternately, without microscopic study. 3. Clavaria fumosa Fr. SYJt. Myc. 1: ; Bres., Ie. A:[yc. t. 1101; v. Ov., Ie. Fung. Mal. t ; Corner, Monogr. Clavaria & Allied Gen. p l-q_50 j Thind & Anand, J. Indian Bot. Soc. 35: 328, , Text-Fig. 47; Plate VI. Fructifications up to 12.5 cm. tall and up to 10.5 cm. broad, solitary, densely caespitose, erect, _largc~sizcd, radial, without a trunk, simple, fleshy, brittle, smooth,. glabrous, light milk-toffee-coloured, base whitish, a large number of clubs arise from a common base, individual clubs up to 3 mm. wide; clubs long, cylindrical, tapering at the top and unbranched, sometimes longitudinally grooved, ligulate and hollow; apices coneolorous and blunt; flesh pale concolorous, not changing on bruising; taste and smell inparticular. Hymenium spread all over except the whitish base, compound, up to 56 ft broad. Basidia fj. broad, clavate; sterigmata 3-4, small, stout, slightly incurved, fj. long. Basidiospores 7-8 X I", hyaline, usually broadly ellipsoid, some slightly allantoid, papillate, smooth, aguttate, filled with granular contents. Hyphae monomitic, 5-17 ft wide, hypha 1 cells small, 4-68 ft long, mostly 8-13 ft long, hyaline, thin-walled, inflated, some very narrow and uninflated, damps absent, septate, septa at short intervals, also secondarily septate. Hyphae arc short-celled and closely apposed so as to give the appearance of a pseudoparenchyma. The individual hyphal nature is, however, easily revealed by separating them with dissecting needles because the hyphae are very easily separated from one another. HABITAT: LOCALITY: & Anand 58). On soil under oak forest. Mussoorie (The Park, alt. 6,500 ft., August 31, 1953, Thind

155 C LAV A RIA 147 DJSTR1B UTIO~ : India (Mussoorie), Europe (common), N. America (common), Siberia, J ava. T h is species is easily recognized by simple, densely cacspitose, lightcoloured and large-sized fructifications (up to 12.5 em.) lacking a trunk, aguttate spores fi lled "vith granular contents and small-celled inflated hyphae with secondary septa but without clamps. The collection of this fung us in India by Trund & Anand is rather of interest in view of the following remarks of Corner (MolZogr. Clcwaria & Allied Gell. p. 236, 1950), " Van Overeem's record from J ava is the only one from the tropics, yet there seems no doubt from his description and figure. Petch does not mention it [or Ceylon and I have not seen it in M alaya. Nor has it been fou nd in China or J apan, though t he record from Siberia suggests that it surely occurs." T ext- Fig. 47. Claoaria fu71iosa Fr. A. Basidia, X 880. B. Bas idiospores, X 880. C. Infla led short-celled hyphae with secondary septa, X 380.

156 148 THE CLAVARIACEAE OF INDIA C. fumosa appears to be remarkably constant in its characteristics so that all mycologists are agreed on its determination. 4. Clavaria gollani P. Renn. Hedw. 39: ; Sacc., Syll. Fung. 16: 208; Corner, Afonogr. Clavaria & Allied Gen. p (listed as a dubious species). Fructifications up to 30 cm. high, 5-7 mm. wide, apex c. 1 em. wide, gregarious, simple, cylindric, very long, strict, hollo\v, pallid, smooth, glabrous, apex obtuse, base slightly attenuated, sub discoid and pruinose. Spores X 3.5 {L, hyaline, or slightly fuscous, subovoid. HABITAT: On the ground. LOCALITY: Saharanpur (July 24,1899, Gollan 36). DISTRIBUTION: ' India (Saharanpur). Corner (1950) listed it as a dubious species. According to him, this is said to be near Clavariadelphusfistulosus (Fr.) Corner, but the spores (doubtfully correct) are very different. He stated that it may be an exceptionally large.~ o Clavulinopsis spiralis (J ungh.) Corner. 5. Clavaria indica Corner, Thind & Dev Proc. 45th Indian Sci. Congr. Part III. Abst. p ; Trans. Brit. A{yc. Soc. 41: Text-Fig. 48; Plate VI. Fructifications em. X mm., caespitose clusters up to 1 cm. wide, gregarious, solitary, caespitose (up to 6 clubs in a cluster), erect, small sized, trunk present, simple, fleshy, brittle, smooth, glabrous, sooty or smoky brown; trunk brown, lighter coloured than the club above, I -6 X mm., sterile; clubs elongate-cylindrical, broader in the middle, radial to flattened and sulcate, never branched, solid; apices blunt or obtuse, fertile; flesh light brown, unchanging; smell and taste inparticular. Hymenium spread all over except the trunk, slightly thickening, up to 120 {L thick. Cystidia hypha-like, sparse, narrow, straight, to bent, simple, hyaline, thin walled, projecting up to 14 {L beyond the hymenial surface, ij. wide. Basidia X ij., clavato-elongate, without a clamp at the base; sterigmata 4, straight to slightly incurved, 1-6 ij. long. Basidiospores X ij., subhyaline, short, ellipsoid, papillate, papilla minute, smooth, aguttate.

157 CLAVA RI A 149 Hyphae monomitic, 2-13!J. w"ide, cells up to 270!J. (or even more) long, hyallne, thin walled, branched, inflated, septate, septa at short to long intervals, sometimes constricted at the septa, sometimes glidjng over one another at the septa, not clamped, not secondarily septate. A B Text- Fig. 48. Clilvaria ijldica Corner, Tlund & Dcv. A. Very narrow cystidia, X B. Basidio>percs, x H ABITAT: L OCALITY : & Dev 233). DISTRIBUTION : On humicolous soil under oak forest. Mussoorie (The Park, alt. 7,000 ft., August 26, 1954, Thind India (Mussoorie). This fungus (n. 233) is characterized by the sooty colour of the fruit bodies and the presence of hypha-like narrow cystidia (cystidioles) and it grows under oak forest in caespitose clusters. It approaches Clavaria pu1purea Fr. which, however, has ver y wide (up to 30 /1. wid e) and much septate hyphae, la rge flask-shaped cystidia, bigger spores and a truly purple colour and seems always to grow under conifers. C. nebulosoides Ka uffm., which is also very much allied, is wood-brown to fawn coloured, also grov.'s under conifers and perhaps is not caespitose. T he cystidia of C. nebu.losoides are also wider than those of C. mussooriellsis. Since there are already some dark coloured species of Clavaria named after the colour of their fruit bodies (such as C. atrobadia, C. all'oumbrina, etc.) it was thought advisable to name the Mussoorie dark coloured species as indica after the namc of its coun try. 6. Clavaria jacquemontii Lev. Fungi, in VOJ'age datis 0' lllcie /Ior Victor J (II;queT/l(l1ll pendalllles QlIllees J , 4, : 179, 2 figs., 1844; Champignous exotiqucs., Sci. Nat., III Ser., 2 : : Sacc., Syll. Fung. 6 : ; Corner, Monogr. Clavaria & Allied Cell. p (listed as a dubious species).

158 150 THE CLAVARIACEAE OF INDIA Fructifications 6--8 em. high, white, cacspitose; trunk very short, much branched; branches crowded, dichotomous, fastigiate, compressed. Rest of the description is lacking. HABITAT: LOCALITY: DISTRIBUTION: On the ground. Kashmir (leg. Jacquemont). India (Kashmir). This species is listcd as dubious by Corner who stated that perhaps it is Scytinopogon or Clavulina. 7. Clavaria vermicularis Fe Syst. Myc. 1.: ; KonL et :Maubl., Ie. St1. Fung., t. 493; Bres" Ie. ]\.1jc. 22, t Cut C.fragilis); v. Ov., Ie. Fung. }.1al. 4, 1923 (ut C. vermiculata Mich.); Curner, A,lonogr. Clavaria & Allied'Gen. p. 251, Text-Fig. 93, ; Ahmad, Pakistan BioI. Sot. Monogr. 1: ; Thind & Raswan, ]. Indian Bot. Soc. 37: Text-Fig. 49. Synonyms: Clavaria fragilis Fr., Syst. M)'e. 1: (teste Cotto et WakeC, Bourd. et Q_alz., KOfir. et ~1aubl., Coker, Donk) :. c_ylindrica S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. 1: C. salida S. F. Gray, ibid C. alba Pers., Myc. Eur. 1: (teste auett. cit.); (non C. alba Pers., ibid.> p. 161 = ClalJulina crislala var, coralloides). C. ebunzea Pers., Myc. Eur. 1: (teste auett. eit.). C. pijtilii/orma Pers., A{Jlc. Eur. 1: (teste auctt. cit.). C. vermiculata Pers., Myc. Eur. 1: (teste auett. eit.). C. corynoides Pk., Refit. N. r. St. Mus. 31: (teste Coker). C. J'irnplex Karst., Hallsv. 2: (teste Ito et Imai). C.!{raci/ior Britzm., Hym. Siidb 7: 15, f ; ibid. 9; 22, f. 84; Her. ffymen. p C. muelleri B., Grev. 20: C. niota QueL, An. Fr. p. 494, t. 3. C (non PeTS.). C. vermiculata Mich. ap. v. Ov., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buil. Set. 3, 5: ; (non sensu Petch = Clavulinopsis spiralis). Misinterpretation: Clavaria vermicularis sensu v. Ov., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buit. Scr. 3, 5; ; Ie. Fung. Mal ; ( = Clavulinopsis Jpiralif). (c.f. Corner, 1t1onogr. Clararia & Allied Gen. p ). Fructifications up to 13 cm. tall, gregarious, mostly cacspitose, with 2-7 clubs, individual clubs up to 5 mm. wide, sometimes solitary, erect, medium sized, radial or cylindric, trunk present, simple, sometimes forked once, rarely forked twice, fleshy, very brittle, smooth, glabrous, white, becoming pale yellow and llattened when old, turning ochraccous on drying; head 2-12 cm. X 1-5 mm., white, cylindric, often becoming flattened and longitudinally grooved

159 CLAVAR I A ] 51 00, o B g o ~ Text- Fig. 49. Clava ria vttli1icuiaris FL A. Fructifications, I. B. Basidia filled up wilh gllltulate contems, X C. Basidiosporcs, _' D. Short-celled hyphae \II';th secondary septa, ' 500. along the middle when mature, sometimes twisted and flexuous, tapering upward, hollow, apex concolorous, acute in young and obtuse in mature clubs, sometimes flattened ; trunk cm. X 1-3 mm., white, concolorous, small, indistinct, cylindric, sterile, hollow, sometimes solid, hyphae of the stem often loosened out so as to give a hairy appearance as observed under low power of the microscope ; flesh concolorous, unchanging; taste and smell inparticula r. H)menium spread all over except the sterile trunk, not thickening, up to 50 1-'- broad; subhylneniurn hyphae slender, very fin e, interwoven, not inflating, '- wide.

160 152 THE CLAVARIACEAE OF INDIA Basidia X f', davato-elongate, without damps, multiguttulate; sterigmata 4, long, straight to slightly incurved, 4-8 f' long. Basidiospores X 3-4 fl, hyaline, broadly ellipsoid, subglobose to globose, papillate, papilla conspicuous, up to 1 f' long, smooth, aguttate. Hyphae monomitic, 2-16 f' wide, sometimes up to 32 f' wide, hyphal cells mostly short, longitudinal, closely packed so as to give a pscudoparenchymatous appearance, mostly f' long, but reaching maximum length of 240 f' in several cases and up to 340 f' in rarc cases, inflated, thin walled, hyaline, rarely branched, septate, without clamps, frequently secondarily septate, more or less constricted at the primary septa. HABITAT: Usually on humicolous soil amid fallen leaves or on altogether bare carth when their size is much smaller. LOCALITY: Mussoorie (The Park, alt. 7,000 ft., September 7, 1956, Thind & Raswan 277; The Park, alt. 7,000 ft., September 7, 1956, Thind & Raswan 278; Brewery Road, August 11,1956, Thind & Raswan 279). DISTRIBUTION: In_dia cmussoorie), vvest Pakistan (Murree and Swat Hills), China, Japan, Bonin lsi., Ceylon, Java, Australia (Queensland, N.S.W., Victoria), S. Africa, Europe, temperate N. America; generally common in temperate regions and edible. The Mussoorie collections characterized by the white, very brittle, simple, often caespitose clubs usually with indistinct and small stems undoubtedly belong to C. vermicularis Fr. The species is very common in the Mussoorie hills and shows luxuriant growth under the oak forest on humicolous soil. Those growing on bare carth and somcvvhat exposed places remain stunted in their growth. The clubs usually turn yellowish with age. VOir. gracilis Bourd. et Galz. H.)'m. Fr, 1: ; Corner, Monogr. Clavaria & Allied Gen. p j Thind & Anand, J. Indian Bot. Soc. 35: Text-Fig. 50; Plate VI. Synonym: Clavaria gracilis Sow. ex Pat., Tab. An" t. 33 (non Fr.). Fructifications up to 7.5 cm. tall, individual clubs up to 2 mm. broad, caespitose clusters up to 1 em. broad or slightly morc, solitary, gregarious, caespitosc) erect, medium-sized, radial, trunk present, mostly simple, sometimes sparsely branched, fleshy-brittle, smooth, glabrous, milk-white; trunk white, transluscent or glassy, cylindrical, distinct by its transluscent appearance, about one-fourth of the total length of the clubs; clubs mostly simple and cylindrical, sometimes slightly branched, flattened and grooved, branching dichotomous,

161 C LAV A RI A 153 usua ll y only once, or 1-3 times ncar the top ; apices acute or subacute and conco1orous; Oesh concolorous; taste and smell inparticular. H ymenium spread all over except the trunk, up to 60 fj. thick. Basidia f1. broad, clavate; sterigmata 4, sometimes 2, straight or slightly incurved, (..L long. Basidiospores X 3.5 (J., broadly ellipsoid or ovoid, papilla te, hyaline, smooth, aguttate, occasionally onc g uttule filling half of the spore cavity observed. Hyphae monomitic, 2-12 f1. broad, narrow ones I..L broad while inoaled ones p. broad, hyphal cells fj. long, hyaline, branched, thin-walled, par all el, mostly inoated, a few narrow hyphae uninflated, septate, septa a t shor t intervals, at longer intervals in narrow hyphae, clamps absent, secondary septa absent. H A BITAT : On soil in oak fotl'st. LOCALITY : Mussoorie (alt. 6,000 ft., AuguSL 1953, Thind & Anand 59). Drs'fiUBUTION : India (Mussoorie), Malaya (Singapore), France (frequent), U.S.A. This collection, n. 59, undoubtedly belongs to C. vermiculal'is Fr. and is very similar to its varicty gracilis Bourd. et Gal7.,; the latter is determined by solitary, gregarious, caespitosc (usually less cacspitose) fructifications with a distinct and characteristically transtusccnt or glassy trunk ; and broadly ellipsoid to ovoid, small spores. A B Text- Fig. 50. ClolJoria umnicularu Fr. var. gracilis Bourd. e l Galz. A. Basidia, X 880. B. Basidiospol'cs, >:

162 154 THE CLAVARIACEAE OF INDIA var, sphaerospora Bourel. et Galz. Hym. Fr. 1: 110 (ut forma). 1927; Teng. Sillensia 7: 254 (ut C. vennicularis). 1936; Corner, Monogr. Clavaria & Allied Gen. p ; Ahmad, Pakistan Biol. Soc. Monogr. 1: HABITAT: LOCALITY: On the ground. Murree Hills (Patriata). DISTRIBUTION: West Pakistan (Murree Hills), China (Kiangu, Chekiang, Yunnan), Japan, Bonin lsi., S. Australia (Victoria), Europe, U.S.A. No description was given for this specics by Ahmad who rcported it on the ground from Patriata (Murrce Hills).... f. fasciata Bourd. et Galz. '_ Hym.. Fr. 1; j Corner, Monogr. Cl lljaria & Allied Gen. p ; Thjnd & Anand, ]. Indian Bot. Soc. 35: Text-Fig. 51; Plate VI. Fructifications up to 5 em. tall, caespitose clusters up to 1.5 cm. broad, individual clubs up to 4 mm. broad, gregarious, cacspitosc, erect, slender, medium-sized, radial, trunk present, sparsely branched, rarely simple, firmfleshy, smooth, glabrous, milk-white; trunk indistinct, narrower than the club above, lighter coloured, cylindrical, about one-fourth of the total length of the clubs; clubs cylindrical, grooved, sometimes fused together, simple but mostly branching only once near the top into unequal dichotomous branches, antlerlike protuberances given out rardy; apices coneolorous and blunt; flesh concolorous; taste and smell inparticular. Hymenium spread all over except the trunk, up to 52 I'- broad. Basidia I'- broad, clavate; sterigmata 4, rarely 2, I'- long. Basidiospores X '-, pale yellowish, obovate, rarely globose or subglol:ose, papillate, smooth, aguttate. Hyphae mor:omitic, I'- broad, hyphal cells I'- long or even longer, hyaline, Farallel, thin-walled, branched, mostly inflated, some hyphae narrow and uninfiatcd, septate, septa mostly at short intervals, at longer intervals in narrow hyphae, clamps absent, secondary septa absent. HABIT AT : On soil in oak forest. LOCALITY: Mussooric (Chakrata Toll, alt. 5,500 ft., August 16, 1953, Thind & Anand 60). DISTRIBUTION: India (Mussooric), France (uncommon).

163 CLAVA RIA 155 A B Text-Fig. 51. Clavaria vermicularis Fr. f. Jasciata Bourd. et Galz. A. Basidia, X 880. B. Basidiospores, X SSD Forma fascial" Bourd. et Galz. of C. vermicularis Fr. is easily recognized and dif!erentiatcd from the var. gracilis Bourd. et Galz. of the same species J>y_its regularly cacspitose fructifications with indistinct trunk. 8. Clavaria zollingeri Lev. Ann. Sci. Jllat. Ser. 3, 5: ; emend. v. Ov., Bull. lard. Bot. Buit. Ser. 3, 5: ; Ie. Fung..lvIal. 4, f ; Corner, Monogr. Clavaria & Allied Gen. p Text-Figs. 10,95-98, Plate I. 1950; Thind & Raswan,]. Indian Bot. Soc. 37 (I), Text-Fig. 52. Synonyms: Clavaria amethystina ZoIL, Geneesk. Arch. Neerl. Ind. 1: ; (non Fr., 1821 = Glavulina amethystina).? C. lilacina Jungh. ex Lev., Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. 3~ 2: ? C. arhorescens B.~ Fl. N. Zeal. 2: G. lavendula Pk., Bull. N. r. St. Mus. 139: 47. t9to; Burt., Ann.- Mo. Bot. Gdn. 9: 47, t. 9. f ; Donk~ Rev. Nietkrl. Homohas. 2: 23, ; Wehm, Pap. Mich. A" Sci. Art.'. Lett. 20, G. ~maniana P. Henn., Monsunia 1: (teste v. Ov.); Fawcett, Proe. Roy, Soc. Viet. 51: 8, t. 4, [. 2,1939, C. birolor Mass., Kew Bull p C. rosalana Petch, Ann. R. Bot. Gdn. Per. 7: C. violacea Fetch, ibid. p. 290; ibid. 9: ; (fide Petch, v. Ov.). Misinterpretation: Clavaria amethystina Fr. s.ensu Coker, Glavaria U.S. & Canada p. 90, t. 24, 25,28, ; sensu Cott. et WakeL, Yr. Brit. A:(yc. Soc. 6: ; sensu Ito et Imai,. Yr. Sapporo Nat. Hist. Soc. 15: ;? sensu QueI., Bres., Rea, vel pr. p.

164 156 THE CLAVAR IA CEAE OF I NDIA Fructifications up to 9.3 cm. tall and up to 5.7 cm. broad, solitary, erect, medium sized, radial, trunk present, copiously branched, fleshy, brittle, smooth, glabrous, light to pale violet, on drying turning brown; trunk lighter coloured, 1.5 cm. X 8 mm., slightly flattened, sterile, small; branching dichotomous, up to 5-timcs divided, regular, equal to unequal, in alternating planes, branches lax, axils rounded; primary branches IIp to 6 mm. wide, slightly flattened; ultimate branchlcts very short to long, up to 1.8 cm. long, radial; apices B '.'. ~.., ','1 A ~c?oco l}oo c ~ D Text-Fig. 52. C!auaria zollingeri Lev. A. Fructificarion, x 1. B. Basidia with guttulategranular contents, X C. Basidiosporcs, X D. Hyphae with secondary septa, X 500.

165 RAMARIOPSIS 157 blunt, fertile, concolorous; flesh lighter coloured, unchanging; smell and taste inparticular. Hymenium spread all over except the sterile trunk, thickening, up to 70 I-' thick; subhymenium up to 20 I-' thick, cells narrow, 2-4 I-' wide, gradually inflating, up to 12 fl wide. Basidia X ', davato-elongate, multiguttulate; sterigmata 4, straight to slightly incurved, fl long. Basidiospores X [L, hyaline, globose to subglobose, papillate, papilla small, up to 0.8 fl long, smooth, aguttate. Hyphae monomitic, 3-18 f.l wide, hyphal cells up to 90 fl long, brown in a mass, hyaline individually, slightly thick-walled, branched, branches sparse to rarc, septate, septa at' s"kort intervals, not clamped, frequently secondarily septate, more or less constricted at the primary septa. HABITAT: On soil under oak forest. LOCALITY: Mussoorie (Brewery Road, alt. 5,500 ft., August 11, 1956, Thind & Ras_wan-280). ~----~ ---UIS;RlBUTION: India (Mussoorie), Ceylon, Malaya, Java, Bonin Isl., S. Australia (Victoria), Europe (France, Gt. Britain, Italy), U.S.A., Canada (Nov. Scot.). This fungus undoubtedly belongs to C. zollingeri Lev. However, only one fructification has been observed and collected so far in India, probably indicating its rare occurrence. According to Corner (1950, p. 258). C. zollingeri is a cosmopolitan specics of great variability. It is the only branched species of Clavaria s. str., other than C. fossicola Corner, yet it varies into the almost simple, caespitose state of C. xylarioides Petch. Genus 13. RAMARIOPSIS Donk emend. Corner Rev. Nied. Homob. Aplryll. 2: B (ut subgenus); Corner, Monogr. Clavaria & Allied Gen. p Fructifications branched, rarely simple, variously coloured, waxy-fleshy, brittle or rather tough; stem generally distinct and rather slender, often white villous; branches radial, polychotomous or dichotomous, cylindric. Terrestrial, rarely lignicolous; 10 spp., mostly N. temp., 2 in S. Austral., 1 in trop. Amer. Spores white, ellipsoid or subglobose, finely verruculose or echinulate (spines c. 0.5 [L long or less), I-guttate. Basidia clavate, small to medium size; sterigmata 4, occasionally 2, straight or slightly curved.

166 158 THE CLAVARIACEAE OF INDIA Cystidia none. Hymenium thickening or not; subhymenial hyphae narrow. Hyphae monomitie, inflating, clamped, not secondarily septate, with thin or slightly thickened walls, generally rather narrow 4-10 [J. wide (up to 20 [J. in R. asterospora), with or without narrow interweaving hyphae. Type species: R. kunzei (Fr.) Donk. As stated by Corner (lac. cit., p. 637, 1950), this genus is Clavulinopsis with very finely echinulate small spores. Its species are, with one exception of R. asperulospora (Atk.) Corner, branched. They connect, therefore, with the branched species of Glavulinopsis and appear as a distinct, monophyletic group. The spines on the spores of Rarnarioj)sis are much smaller, more numerous, and more regular than the relatively stout processes on the spores of Glavulinopsis subgen. Acularia. Care must be taken to'<listinguish Scytinopogon, which has angular, as well as echinulate, spores and llattened branching. Only two species of Ramariopsis have been recorded so far from India and one variety from S. E. Tibet. A key to differentiate them is given below. KEY TO SPECIES Spores subglobose or less than 6 l.l. long Fruit bodies branched Wholly white or pallid 2-12 em. high, long, usually with many branches, apices acute or blunt..... R. kunzei 3-6 em. high an.d broad, short, squat, compact, branches few, compressed or clavate, often deformed, blunt.... R. kunzei var. diformis Ochraceous, much hranched, 4-7 (~m. high... R. asterella 1. Ramariopsis asterella (Atk.) Corner Monogr. Clauaria & Allied Gen. p asinym: CIWJaria asterella Atk., Ann. Myc. 6: ; Burt, Ann. i.uo. Bot. Gdn. 9, t. 7, f ; Coker, Clavaria U.S. & Canada, p. l05~ t ; Banerjee & Ganguli, Proc. Ind. Sci. Congo Assoc. Part. III 32: HABITAT: LOCALITY: DISTRIBUTION: On humus among leaf-mould in bamboo-clamps. West Bengal (Sodepur, leg. Banerjee & Ganguli). India (Sodepur), U.S.A. (North Carolina). Banerjee and Ganguli reported this fungus as Glavaria asterella Atk. from Sodepur (West Bengal) in According to them, this fungus grows gregariously and is common in Bengal and its fructifications arc yellow to orange coloured. '

167 Rj\MARIOPSiS 159 Corner (1950) did not make any mention of the Bengal collection. Coker suggested that R. astetella is a colour form of R. kunzei. 2. Ramariopsis kunzei (Fr.) Donk. Rev. Nied. Romob. Aplz_yll. 2: ; Corner, Monogr. Clavaria & Allied Gen, p. 640, Text-Figs ; Thind & Dev,]. Indian Bot, Soc. 36; Basinym: Synonyms: Text-Fig. 53. Clavaria kunz.ei Fr., Syst. lljyc, 1: Clavaria chionea Pers., ~)'(. Bur, 1: (teste Bourd. ct Galz., Cotto et V\Takef., Coker, Donk). C. subeorticalis Schw., Tr. AIlI. Phil. Soc. 2, 4: ; (teste Coker).? C. setosa Balb. et Nocc., Fl. Tia. 2: 345, t. 22, f. 2; Sacco I\1ich. 1: C. velutina E. ct. E., N. Am. Fung. SeT. 2, No ; (teste Coker).? C. arborea Atk., Ann. Myc. 6: i Burt, Ann. ;tio. Bot. Gdn. 9: 30, L 6, f C. c:!pcrula Atk., Ann. A{ye. 6: j (teste Coker). 55 j (teste Coker).,_;::r mperulans Atk., ibid.~? C. lentqfragilis Atk., ibid., 57 j Coker, Clavaria u.s. & Canada, p. 102, t ; Burt, Ann. Mo. Bot. Cdn. 9: 37, t. 7, f C. elongata Britz., Rev. Hym. p ; if.ylu. Tab. 472, f. 50. C.. subcaejpitosa Pk., Bull. N. Y. St. Afus, lb7: ; Coker, CEacaria U.S. & Canada, p. 101, ; Coker, J. EliJha Mitchel Sci. Soc, 55: 385, t. 43, Lachnocladium subsimile B. et C., Grev. 1: j (teste Coker). L. subcorticale (Schw.) Burt, Ann. JJo. Bot. Gdn. 9: 66, 1922; (= Clavaria sub corticalis Schw.). Clavulina kunzei (Fr.) Schroet., Krypt. Fl. Schles. Pilze p. 442, 1888; (quoad nomen, haud quoad descript. = Clavuiina cfistula, fide Donk). Ramaria kul1zei (Fr.) Que!., FI. A:{yc. p. 464, 1888.? Clavaria dealba/a B., Hook.]. Bot. p ? C. cervina B. et C" J. Li1m. Soc. Bot. 10: ? C. pallido, ibid., 338; ( ~=' C, cervina, teste Burt).? Lachnocladium cervinum (B. et C.) Pat., J. de Bot, 3: ; Burt, Arm. Alo. Bot. Gdn. 6: 273, t. 5, f. 9, Text-Fig ; Overholts, Sci-Surv. P.R. and Virgo hi. 8: ; Martin, Lloydia 4 : ; ( = Clavaria cervina B. et C.).? L. pallidwn (B. et C.) Pat., J. de Bot. 3: ; Burt, Ann. lvfo. Bot. Gdn. 6: ; (= Clavariapallida B. et C.).? L. dealbatu1n (B.) eke" Grev. 20: ; Burt, Ann. kid. Bot. Gdn. 7: 72, t. II, f ; ( = Clauaria dealbata B. j non v. d. Bijl. = Scytinopogon angulis~ porus). Pseudonym: Clavari<l mbtilis sensu Hies., lc. Af)'c., t. 1099; (non Fr. = Clavulirwpsis subtilis). Fructifications em. tall gregarious usually caespitose with 2-8 fructifications in a cluster, caespitosc clusters up to 4.5 em. broad, sonletinles

168 160 T HE C LAVARIACEAE OF INDIA B T ext-fig. 53. Ramariopsis klltl::ei (Fr.) Donk. A. Cacspilose c1ll~ter of fructifications, X 1. B. Basidia of n. 118 with 2 sterigmata, " C. Basidia or with 4 sterigma ta, X D. EcllinuJate basidiosporcs with one large ~tta, X J 150. E. Hyphae orn. 118 witbout clamps, X 500. F. H yphae orn Wilh clamps, X 500.

169 RAMARIOPSIS 161 solitary, erect, small-sized, radial, trunk present, profusely branched, fleshy, brittle, smooth, delicately hairy on the trunk and base of lower branches, white, sometimes white with light orange tints on the branches; trunk white, X cm., radial, delicately hairy; hairs hyaline, hypha-like, simple, rarely branched, septate, slightly thick-walled, narrow, up to 225 X 3 [L, clamped, sometimes not clamped; branches radial, dichotomous, 3-5 times branched, unequal, in alternating planes, sometimes fused together; primary branches up to 2 rum. wide; ultimate branchlcts very minute to long, up to 7 mm. long, rarely up to 2.5 cm. long, when a branch does not show any terminal bifurcation; apices acute to subacute, sterile, hairy (probably due to divergent hyphae or the lax beginnings of the hymenium); flesh white, fibrous; taste bitter; smell inparticular. Hymcnium spread all over except the sterile apices and the sterile trunk, thickening, up to 120 I-' thick. ' Basidia X ', clavate; sterigmata 2--4, straight, up to 6.5 [L long. Basidiospores X 2.6;-4 [L, hyaline to subhyaline, globose to subglobose, or obovate due to papilla, papilla up to 0.8 I-' long, echinulate, spines prominent, sparse, up t6~ 0.4 I-' long and sharp-pointed, uniguttate, gutta filling two-thirds to three-fourth of the spore cavity. Hyphae monomitic, 2-14 I-' wide, hyphal cells up to 220!L long or even more, inflated, narrow ones uninflatcd, interwoven, hyaline, thin-walled, branched, branches sometimes small and antler-like, septate, septa at short intervals, at longer intervals in narro\v hyphae, clamped, sometimes not clamped, entire to wavy and giving a beaded appearance. HABITAT: On soil or on humicolous soil under oak forest. LOCALITY: Mussoorie (The Park, alt. 7,000 ft., September 8, 1954, Thind & Dev 118; Dhabi Khad, alt. 5,500 ft. September 3, 1954, Thind & Dev 119). DISTRIBUTION: India (Mussoorie),Japan, Europe, N. America, Jamaica, Cuba, Brazil, Queensland,? Natal. These two collections undoubtedly belong to R. kun:;.ei (Fr.) Dank. The basidia of are mostly 2-spored and its hyphae (and even the hairs) are always without clamps, while the basidia of n. 119 arc mostly 4-spored and its hyphae are clamped. The absence of clamps in n. 118 is remarkable and may be correlated with its predominantly 2-spored basidia, thereby indicating the haploid state of its fruit body. This appears to be the first report of the absence of clamps in the genus Rarnariopsis Donk emend. R. kunzei, a wide spread and common is extremely variable as the list of synonyms implies and its limits are imperfectly known. The spores,

170 162 THE CLAVARIACEAE OF INDIA however, are remarkably uniform and show extremely slight variation. The Mussoorie fungus shows quite usual type of spores. vat, deformis Corner ijonogr. Clavaria & Allied Gen. p ; Balfour-Browne, Bull. Brit. }I,Ius. (Nat. His'.) Bot. 1: Synonym: Clavaria kromhholzii Fr., Epicr. 1838, 572, pro p. Krombh., t. 54, f (non f = Clavulina rugosa var. alcyonaria); Eres., Ie. A~}'c. t. 1097; Donk, Rev. Nied. Homob. Aphyll. 2: ; Lundell et Nannf., Sv. Svamp. 1-2, p Hymenium thickening, strong, containing thick-walled abortive basidia with 0~4 sterigmata, their walls up to 3 fl thick. Basidiospores 5~5.5 X 4S-5 fl, white, subglobose, echinulate with spines 0.5 fl long. '- Hyphae up to 12 fl wide, clamped. HABITAT: In dry grass. LOCALITY: S. E. Tibet (Kongbo, Pangkar, 4,000 m., September 7, 1947, LudlowSl; Slicrriff 15691). _ D,STRIBUTION: Europe apart from S. E. Tibet. The description of the fruit bodies from S. E. Tibet is not recorded. The field note ' light brown' refers probably to the dried up fruit bodies (Statement of Corner in Bull. Brit. Mus. 1: ). 14. Genus CLAVULINOPSIS van Ov. Bull. Jard. Bot. Buit., Scr. 3, 5: ; Corner, J.Honogr. Clavaria & Allied G,n. p Synonym: Cornicularia Bon" Handb. j\1),k. p (non Hoff Ill. 1789). Clavaria pro p. (c.f. Corner lac. cit. p. 342, 1950). Fructifications simple or branched, clavarioid, variously coloured, often white, ycllo\v, orange, or red, rarely brown, grey, or purple; stem sterile, morc or less distinct; branching radial, alternating; fkshy-\vaxy to rather tough, never so brittle as in Clavaria) gc1atinous in a few species. Terrestrial, solitary, gregarious or caespitose, exceptionally lignicolous (or amentieolous, C. pusilla); about 61 spp.; throughout the world. Spores white, or tinged yellow from the oil-drop, smooth or, in a few species, coarsely echinulate, globose, pip-shaped or ellipsoid, usually I-guttate, sometimes multiguttulate. Basidia clavate, not becoming secondarily septate; sterigmata mostly 4, occasionally 2~3, rarely 4~6 (C. hastula). Cystidia absent (except C. luticola).

171 CLAVULINOPSIS 163 Hymenium generally thickening, absent from the stem, eventually covering the apex of the fruit-body; subhymenial hyphae short-celled, generally inflating. Hyphae monomitic, clamped, mostly inflating, not secondarily septate, often with narrow interweaving hyphae among the inflated longitudinal hyphae, the walls thin or very slightly thickened. Type-species: C. miniata (B.) Corner. As defined now by Corner (1950, p. 343), Clavulinopsis differs from Clavaria in the hyphal construction of the fructification. It has the usual construction for a basidiomycetc, so that it becomesthe, largest and most representative group of white spored Clavarias. Its nearest :i11y is Ramariopsis with minutely echinulate spores; possihly the subgenus Acularia of Clavulillopsis, including C. he/vola (Fr.) Corner and C. asterospora (Pat.) Corner, bridges the gap. Lentaria is typically lignicolous with narrowly ellipsoid aguttate spores and thickwalled hyphae. Nevertheless, there are anomalous species of uncertain position which Corner has placed in Clalmlinopsis for the sake of convenience. Macroscopically species of Clavulinopsis can be distinguished from those of Clava ria by the less brittle texture, the hyphae not being secondarily septate. It seems, also, that most of the yellow or orange Clavarias belong to Clavulinopsis. All the Indian species reported so far, are mostly orange or yellow, a few being whitish or dirty white. Six species and three varieties of Clavulinopsis arc reported so far from India. KEY TO SPECIES Spores smooth, subglobose to broadly ellipsoid Fruit bodies white, cream, or pale yellow Spores 4-7 X 3-5 fl; caespitose up to 6 cm. tall; branches many, dichotomous... C. dichotoma Spores X Il. subglobose or obovoid; up to 4 em. tail, simple or sparingly branched, tough; white to dull yellow; u.s.a.,? Australia.... C. biformis Spores obovoid to subglobose, X fl; up to 9 em. tall, profusely branched; dirty white; India... C. biformis vat. elongata Fruit bodies yellow, ochraceous, orange, red Sparsely branched, up to 8 em. tau, yellow, egg-yellow or ochraceous, smeuing of new meal; bifurcate tips crescentic; spores 4-7 ]J. broad, globose; temperate.. C. cornicu[ata Simple, without cystidia Spores globose or subglobose Hymenium generally deeper coloured than the stem Tropical Spores ; em. high, light yellow, orange, or apricot; Asia.. C. amoena Temperate Caespitose, up to 14 cm. high, fusiform, hollow, bright yellow; spores 5-9 X 4.S--S.S!J., strongly apiculate; N. Temp.... C fusiformis

172 164 THE C LAVARIA CEAE OF I N DIA PLATE VlI 17 '" 28 Fig Fig. 28. Fig CI(WlIli710pris alcicoruis (ZoIL ct }v[or.) Corner. ClavlIlinopsis dicholoma (God.) Corner. ClavlllinopsisfusifQrmis (Fr.) Corner.

173 CLAVULINOPSIS 165 Spores ellipsoid (distinctly longer than broad), X lj., with a strong apiculus; chrome yellow to orange, sometimes red at the base; N. Temp. C. pulchra Spores X fl, with a strong apiculus 1-2!l; red to deep red or deep orange red; India... C. pulchra var. coccinea Fruit bodies pink, red, or orange red Much branched, pale pinkish, flesh-colour or pinkish ochraceous, or yellowish buff, tips often reddish, or concolorous; hyphae secondarily septate, often wavy to beaded; spores X 5 fl-; subglobose to globose, pip-shaped; Trap.. Asia.... C. alcicornis Simple or sparingly branched, up to 10 cm. high, pale pink, orange-red, scarlet, or blood red, often flattened and misshapen; hymeniurn colourless, the flesh intensely coloured; spores globose, 4-8 f1. in diameter; Trop. Asia, Australia... C. miniata Up to 7.5 cm. high, deep rqse~red, carmine red, or blood red, not orange red or pink; fil'sh concolorous; hymenium white; spores 6-7 X 5-6!-t, subglobooe...,... C. miniata vat. sanguinea I have expanded to some extent the diagnostic features of the species in the above key to cover differences or 'variation in the Indian types as well as the varieties elongala and coccinea which are recorded as yet only from India. 1. Clavulinopsis alcicornis (Zollo et Mor.) Corner Monogr. Clavari(l.-'& Allied Gen. p. 351, Text-Fig. 146 g, Plate ; Thind & Anar:;} J~--hidian Bot. Soc. 35: Text~Fig. 54; Plate VII Basinym: Clavaria alcicomis ZoU. et Mot., Nat. Geneesk Arch. Ned. Ind. 1: ; scm.u v. Ov., Bull. Jan!. Bot. Suit. Ser. 3, 5: ; Ie. Fung. JUal. 4-, 1923 (C. alcicornis Lev. = Clavulina liveillii). Fructifications up to 5 cm. tall and up to 3.5 eu1. broad, solitary, caespitose, erect, small-sized, radial, trunk usually present, much branched, fleshy, glabrous, yellowish buff coloured; trunk up to 1 cm. long and up to 4 mm. broad, radial, sometimes lacking; branching dichotomous, 3~5 times branched, branches lax, unequal, in alternating planes, internodes long; primary branches up to 4 mm. broad, ultimate branch lets O.2~3.9 cm. long, usually in pairs like a pair of tongs but also found solitary; apices acute, concolorous; flesh lighter coloured; taste and smell inparticular. Hymcnium spread all over, up to 88 )J. broad. Basidia 7~9 )J. broad, clavate; sterigmata 4, slightly incurved, 3.5~8.8 f' long. Basidiospores 5.3~6.9 )J. in diameter, hyaline to subhyaline, globose, papillate, papilla 1~1.5 )J. long, smooth, uniguttate, gutta almost filling up the spore cavity. Hyphae monomitic, (1., or morc, in diameter, hyaline to subhyaline, brown in a mass, thin-walled or slightly thick-walled, septate, secondary septa observed in several cases, secondary septa profusely developed or sparse, not

174 166 THE CLAVAR I ACEAE OF I ND IA inflated but swollen and beaded at places, often irregular in outline varying from merely wavy to deeply constricted so as to give a beaded appearance, swouen in the region of beads as well as in the portion with wavy margin, clamped, clamps present on every primary septum. HABITAT: On soil in oak forest. LOCALITY: Mussoorie (Dhobi Kbad, alt. 5,500 ft., August 18, 1953, Thind & Anand 51 ). DISTRIBUTION: India (Mussoorie),Java (common), M alaya (uncommon). B Text-Fi~. 54. ClavulillOpsis a{cicornis (Zoll. ct Mor.) Corner. A. liasidiospores, X Secondarily septate and clamped hyphae, X 380.

175 CLAVULINOPSIS 167 This species shows close resemblance to C. cornicillata (Fr.) Corner but is easily differentiated by the more numerous branches, colour, slightly pipshaped spores, tropical habit, and the secondarily septate hyphae often with wavy to beadcd appearance. It may be easily confused with pale piilk or flesh coloured specimens of Clavaria zollingeri Lev. but its branches arc not so brittle. Corner (loc. cit. p. 352, 1950) stated that the original description of C. alcicornis gave the colour as beautiful rose towards the ends of the branches. He also stated that van Ovcrcem did not examine an authentic specimen when identifying his Javanese fungus, but his interpretation of C. alcieornis can be accepted. 2. Clavulinopsis amoena (Zoll. et Mor.) Corner Monogr. Clavaria & Allied Gen. p. 352, -:;;Ccxt-Figs. 8, 147, 148, Plates B, Basinym: Clataria amoena et Mor., Nat: Gtneesk. Ar(h. Neerl. Ind. 1: Synonyms:? Clavaria clara B. et C., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 10: ; Burt, Ann. Ala. Bot. Gdn. 9: 56, t. 10, f ? C. laeticolor B. et C., ibid.; Burt, ibid. p. 57, t. 10, f. 92; Banerjee, Bull. Bot. Soc. Benggt t: ; Sacc._, Syll. Fung. 6: 725. C.~~antiaca P. Renn, et Nym" k!onsunia 1: ; v. Ov., Bull. Jard. Bot Buit. Scr. 3, 5: ; Ie. FurtJ!., Mal : Fetch, Ann. R. Bot. Gard. P". 9: C. strigosa P. Renn. et Nym.,.\Jons. 1: ; (non Pers. cc;=. Clavariadelphus jistulosus). C. subargillacea Ito et Imai, T1'. SapJ;oro }I/at. Hist. Soc, 15; C. pallidorosea Fawcett, Pmc. Ro)'. Soc. Viet. 51: 271, t. 20, f l\1isidentifications: Clavaria auranlia eke. et 1-!ass., sensu Clel., Toadst. S. Austral. 2: (non vera = Clauulinopsis archeri). C.Jusiformis Fr., sensu v. Ov. Petch, Clel., et. Fa'Mcett. C. inaegualis Fr., sensu Clel., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. \V. 41: C. laeta B. et Br., sensu Lloyd, Myc.. Ar-ofes 66: (non vera = Clavul l!opsis miniata). HABITAT: LOCALITY: On ground among fallen leaves. Calcu tta. D,STRIBUTION: India (Calcutta), Tropical Asia (Ceylon, Malaya, Java, Bonin Is1.), and Australia (? W. Indies). No description was given for this fungus by Banerjee, who recorded it as rare and named it as Clavaria laeticolor B. ct C. 3. Clavulinopsis biformis (Atk.l Corner val'. elongata Thind & Anand J. Indian Bot. Soc. 35:

176 l68 THE CLAVARIACEAE OF INDIA Text- Fig. 55. Fructifications up to 9 em. tall and up to 3 cm. broad, solitary, gregarious, sometimes c(1cspitosc, erect, medium-sized, radial, trunk present or absent, profusely branched, firm-f1esby, pubescent below, smooth and glabrous above, dirty white; trunk when present up to 3.5 em. long, pubescent, cylindrical, like the primary branches and of the same width; branching profuse, starting right from the base or i'om above, dichotomous, branches unequal, in alternating plane's, oftcn fused together, primary branches up to 3 rom. broad, ultimate branchlcts in unequal pairs and up to 1 cm. long; apices concolorous and acute to rounded; flesh concolorous; taste and smell inparticular. Hymcnium spread au over except the basal pubescent portion, thickening strongly but is largely staile except on the young branches, up to 103 ~ B Text- Fig..'l5. Clo lllllillopsis biformis (Atk.) Comer var. elollgala Thind & Anand. A. Fructification, X I. B. Uniguttulate basidiospores, X 880.

177 CLAVVLINOPSIS 169 Basidia X ', small, clavate; sterigmata 4, slightly incurved, 3-5 I-' long. Basidiospores X I", subhyaline to hyaline, small, obovoid to subglobose, papillate, smooth, uniguttate, guttule small, filling about one-fourth of the spore cavity. Hyphae monomitic, I-' broad while narrow uninflated hyphae, I-' broad, hyphal cells of inhated hyphae up to 146 I-' long, those of narrow uninhated hyphae up to 361 I-' long, hyaline, thin-walled, branched, mostly inflated but narrow ones uninftated, septate, septa at short intervals in the inllated hyphae and at longer intervals in the narrow ones, clamped, damps comnlou, H-connections present. HABITAT: On hurnous soil in oak forest. LOCALITY: Mussooric (Chahata. Toll, alt. 5,500 ft., September 2, 1953, Thind & Anand 48). D,STRIBUTION: India (Mussoorie). The hymenium of this fungus thickens strongly but is largely sterile except on the y_))ht(g branches. It resembles C. bi/ormis (Atk.) Corner in all respects _e-xce-pf-that its fructifications arc up to 9 em. tall in contrast to 4 em. as the maximum height recorded so far for this species. Therefore, it was made the variety elongata by Thind & Anand (1956). 4. Clavulinopsis corniculata (Fr.) Corner Monogr. Clavar;a & Allied Gen. p. 362, Text-Figs. 146 F, Plate ; Thind & Anand, J. Indian Bot. Soc. 35: ; Ahmad, Pakistan Riol. Soc. M01Wgr. 1: Text-Fig. 56. Basinym: Clavaria corniculata Fr., SYsl. A1ye. 1; ; Conr. et ~1aubL, lc. Set. Fung., t. 489; Bres., Ie. A{vc., t. 1096; Coker, GZavaria US. & Canada, t. 9, 21, 83 (ut C. muscoides) i Fawcett, Proc. RoJ'. Soc. Vict. 51: 5, t. 1, f. 1, ; Sacco Syll. Fung. 6: 694; Murrill, A-fycologia 16: (as Calocera corniculata). Synonyms: Clavaria pratensis Fr' J Syst. A~)'c. 1: C. vitellina Pers., Myc. Eur. 1: l C. he/vola Fr. var, dijpar Pers., ibid., 181. C.fasligiata Fr., kjiirr. p , C. muscoides Fr., ibid, C. similis Pk., Rept. N. Y. St. i\1"us. 43: (non C. similis Baud. et Pat = Clavulinopsis helvola. C. jll;ckii Sacc., SylL Fung. 9: (non. C. jjeckii Sacco et. D. Sacc., 1905 =-c= Ramario/)sis vestitipes). C.je/lea Pk., Rept. N. r. St. Mus. 51: C. caloceri/ormis Oud., Beih. Bot. Centralbl, 11: Comicula1ia bonorden, Handh. Myk. p. l66, 1851 (non Cornicularia Hoffm., li98). 12

178 170 TliE CLAVA R IACEAE OF I NDIA A = c Text- F ig. 56. ClaulIlilWI)sis comi(lliaia (Fr.) Corner. A. Fructificatjons, X 1. B. BasidiospOI"<!$, X 880. C. Hyphae with clamps and }I-connections, X 3BO.

179 CLAVULINOPSIS 171 Ramaria comiculata S. F. Gray,.iVat. Arr. 1: R. pralmsis S. F. Gray, ibid. R. comiculata (Fr.) QueI., Fl. Myc. p J 888. R../astigiata (Fr.) Que1., ibid. Fructifications up to 7 em. tall, the whole caespitose cluster up to 3 em. broad) individual fructifications up to 0.5 cm. broad, gregarious, caespitose, erect, medium-sized, radial, trunk usually present, sometimes absent, sparsely branched, fleshy, smooth, glabrous, dull ochraceous; trunk radial or flattened and grooved, narrower than the fructifications above, concolorous, up to 5 cm. long and up to 0.3 cm. broad; branching sparse, 1-4 times, dichotomous, starting from the base when trunk is absent, branches unequal, divergent, or divaricate with wide lunate axils, in alternating planes, primary bntnches often flattened and grooved, upper ~nes usually cylindrical, internodes long, ultimate branchlets in pairs, slightly incurved, 1-10 mm. long; apices concolomus and acute; flesh lighter coloured; taste slightly bitter; smell inparticular; numerous rhizomorphic mycelial strands given out fronl the base of fructifications, several separate mycelial hyphae also given out from the base and the e- are septate, abundantly clamped, slightly darker and slightly.. 1]).ickened: - Hymenium spread all over including the trunk, thickening, up to 79 " broad. Basidia 6-8 " broad, clavate; sterigmata mostly 4, slightly incurved, 4-10 "long. Basidiospores 4-7 I" in diameter, subhyaline, globose, papillate, papilla \-l.2 ]J. long, smooth, uniguttate, guttule from small to large nlling one-half or more of the spore cavity. Hyphae monomitic, I" broad, hyphal cells very long, hyaline, branched, thin-walled, mostly slender, narrow and uninflated, septate, septa at long intervals, clamped, H-connections present but sparse. HABIT AT : On soil in oak forest. LOCALITY: Mussoorie (Chakrata Toll, alt. 5,500 ft., August 30, 1953, Thind & Anand 49). DISTRIBUTION: India (Mussoorie), West Pakistan (IvIurree Hills),]apan, S. Australia, Europe, N. America (Canada, Northern States of U.S,A.). This species is easily recognized by its yellow fructifications with sparse branches, divaricate with wide lunate axils, and globose, 4-7!-l wide, uni... guttate spores. This common species is wide-spread throughout the north temperate regions and is remarkably constant in its colour and microscopic characters. However, it is variable in the development of its fructification. Forma simplex Donk has not been observed in India as yet.

180 172 THE CLAVARIACEAE OF INDIA The microscopic structure of the fructification of C. corniculata is identical with that of C. amaena (Zoll. et Mar.) Corner which, however, is simple and possesses different colour. A giant form of Calocera comiculata reported by Murril, 1924, from R. R. Stewart's collection from Sonamarg, Kashmir (India), is recorded as Clavaria corniculata Sehaeff. by Butler & Bisby (1931) in their list of Indian fungi. No description or illustration \vas given for this fungus. I have mentioned above these references under the Basinym for C. corniculata (Fr.) Corner. 5. Clavulinopsis dichotoma (God.) Corner Monogr. Clavaria & Allied Gen. p ; Thind & Dev. ]. Indian But. Soc. 36: Basinym: Text-Fig. 57; Plate VII. Clavaria diclwtoma God., Gill. Champ. 766; Bourd. Fr. 3_~J-Z-~ f920; Bourd. et Gab., Hym. Fr et Maire, Bull. Soc. M)'c. Fructifications up to 9 em. tall, caespitose clusters up to 3 em. \vide, individual fruit bodies up to 2.2 em. wide, gregarious, scattered, usually cacspitose, of 2-6 fruit bodies, sometimes solitary, erect, medium-sized, radial to flattened, sparsely branched, trunk present, fleshy, smooth, glabrous, white, sometimes with a yellow tinge in the upper part; trunk up to 2 ern. X 3 mm., radial to flattened, white tomentosc at the base; branches sparse, lax, 2-4 times, dichotomous, unequal, in alternating planes, elongate (i.e. internodes long) usually divaricate; primary branches flattened, grooved (with one longitudinal groove along the mid-line), up to 3 mm. wide, divaricate; ultimate branchlcts in unequal pairs, usually divaricate, up to 1.5 em. long; apices subacute to blunt, sterile; flesh-white; taste and smell inpartieular. Hymcnium spread all over except the toment()se base of the trunk, thickening, up to 86 fl thick. Basidia X 5-8 fl, clavate, clamped at the base; sterigmata 4, sometimes 2, slightly incurved, long, slender, 5-10 fl long. Basidiospores fl in diameter, hyaline, globose, papillate, papilla prominent and fine, up to 1.3 J.L long, smooth, thin~walled, uniguttate, guttule large and filling almost whole of the spore cavity. Hyphae monomitie, fl wide, hyphal cells up to 223 fl (or more) long, hyaline, thin-walled, branched, uninflated, convoluted, slightly to prominently and deeply wavy so as to impart a beaded appearance to the hyphae, septate, septa at long intervals, damped, clamps common but not at all septate, H-connections prrsent. HABITAT: On humicolous soil in oak forest.

181 CLAVUL1 NOPSJS 173 B A Text-Fig. 57. ClalJlIlillO/Is7.r dirhr;lqnltl (God.) Comer. A..Ba~idia clamped a t the base, X B. Basidiospores, ;< C. Highly wavy to beaded and clamped hyphae, X 500. c LOCALITY: & Dev 179). DISTR1BUTfON : Mussoorie (The Park, alt. 7,000 ft., August 8, 1954, Thind India (Mussoorie), France, England (uncommon). This fungus belongs to C. dicholoma (God.) Corner and is recognized by the white, caespilose, dichotomously branched fi'uit bodies, globose, uniguttatc spores, and clamped hyphae. The beaded or highly wavy feature of the hyphae is very conspjcuous in the ;\Iussoorie collection. 6. Clavu1inopsis fusiiormis (Fr.) Corner MOllogr. Clavari(1 & Allied Gell. p. 367, Text-Figs. 9, 146(i). 1950; Thind and Anand, J. l,ldiall B ol. Soc. 35: Text-Fig. 58; PLate VIr. Basinym: Clavaria fusi/orlllis Fr., Syst. Myc. 1 : j Coker, Clavaria U.S. & COl/ada, p. 54, t. 11, 12, 82 (as Clavaria fusiformis Sowerby). 1923; KOnr. et Maub1., 1e. Sel. Fung. t. 494; Lloyd, l'o1)'c. Note 63 : ; Sacco Syll. FUI/g. J 6 : 208.

182 174 THE CLAVARIACEAE OF INDIA Synonyms: Clavaria compressa Schw., Yr. Am. Phil. Soc. 2, 4, p (fide Coker) ; (non E., non Schroet.); Banerjee, Bull. Bal. Soc. BengalI: ; Sar:c., Syll. Fung. 6,709. C. platyclada Pk., Bull. Torrey Bot. C/. 23: ? C. cochleariformis Pers., Myc. Eur. 1: Misidentifications: Clavaria fusifarmis sensu v. Ov., Bull. lard. Bot. Buit. Ser. 3, 5, p ; Ie. Fung. Mal ; sensu Petch, Ann. R. Bot. Gdns. Per. 9: ; sensu elei., Toadst-S. Austral. 2: ; to be referred to Clavulinopsis amoena (Corner, Monogr. Clavaria & Allied Gen. p ). Fructifications up to 6.5 cm. tall, cacspitose clusters up to 3.5 cm. broad, individual clubs up to 0.4 cm. broad, solitary, caespitosc, erect, mediumsized, radial, trunk present, simple, fleshy, smooth, glabrolls, orange at the top, fading to yellow lower down, and finally white in the region of trunk; trunk cylindrical, not grooved, one-third of the length of the clubs, clearly demarcated by its white colour; young dubs cylindrical, mature clubs becoming grooved and often flattened, a sing:jc groove running along the middle of the club, mature clubs slightly hollow within; apices acute, concolorous; flesh paler concolorous; taste and smell inparticular. H ymenium spread all over except the trunk, thickening, up to 95 fl thick. Basidia 5-11 fl broad, clavate with a long tapered base, often becoming thick-wall!<i-and persisting in the hymenium, subhyaline, filled with large globules; sterigmata mostly 2, large, stout and straight, IL long. Basidiospores X p., subhyaline, obovate, papillate, papilla u',;uatly ('Tcentric, <,;ffiooth, aguttate, a <,;ingle larg~, gre.enish-yellow guttule observed in some cases, papilla 1-2 IL long. Hyphae monomitic, narrow uninflated hyphae fl broad and with cells up to 95 IL long, broader inflated hyphae 7-16 IL broad and with cells up to 52 [J. long, often much shorter, hyaline, thin-walled, usually parallel, sparsely branched, usually inflated, some narrow hyphae uninflated, septate, septa at short intervals, some hyphae especially the narrow ones secondarily septate, clamps absent. HABITAT: LOCALITY: &~~~). On soil in oak forest, or on humus. Mussooric (The Park, alt. 7,000 ft., August 25, 1953, Thind DISTRIBUTION: India (Mussoorie, Calcutta), Japan, Europe (common), U.S.A. (common), Canada. Except for the absence of clamps and the presence of predominantly 2-spored basidia, this Mussoorie fungus (n. 47) closely resembles Glavulinoj,sis fusiformis (Fr.) Corner. This collection is the only one lacking clamps reported so far among more than a hundred species of the genus Glavulinopsis. The absence of clamps in this Mussooric fungus may be connected with the predominantly 2-sporcd (? haploid) state of its fructifications.

183 CLAVULlNOPSIS 175 Text- Fig. 58. ClaJItJlillopsis fusffonnis (Fr.) Corner. A. Long tapered and thick walled basidia, X 880. B. Basidiospores, 880. B The presence of predominantly 2-spored basidia and the absence of clamps would indicate that this fungus belongs to the genus Clavulina Schroet. However, as in Clavulinopsis, the basidia in this fungus possess long-tapered base and the straight sterigmata and often become thick-walled and persist in the hymcruum. Clavulina on the other band, has a subcylindric basidium, eventually becoming septate, and curved sterigmata. C. fusiformis is closely allied to C. amoena (ZolL et Mar.) Corner which, however, has less developed apiculus to the spores. C. fusiformis possesses a much stronger apicujus (1-2!.I. long) to the spore, which suggests tha t its alliance is perhaps, rather with C. puldlra (Pk.) Corner. Lloyd, 1920, made a mention of Clavaria fusiformis Sowerby from a collection from India b y Cave but did not give any description for it. Banerjee ( 1947) recorded Clavaria compressa Schw. [rom Calcutta as rare but di.d not give any description [or it. As mentioned above, both of these fungi arc recognized as basinym and synonym for Clauulinopsis fusiformis (Fr.) Corner by Comer (1950). 7. Clavulinopsis miniata (E.) Corner var. sanguinea Corner.Mollogr. Clavaria & Allied Cell. p. 38 1, Plate 7. ]950.

184 176 THE CLAVARIACEAE OF INDIA Synonyms: Clavaria militina B._, Berkeley, Decades qf Fungi Decas 39, 40, No. 400; In Hooker's London ]. BOI. 4, p ; Sacc., Syll. Fung. 6: 727. C. cardinalis Boud. et Pat., J. de Bot. 2: 34l, t. 8, L ; Boud., Ie. Jl;_.(yc. 1. t. 174.; Josserand, Bull. Soc. -"{yc. ~Fr. 53: ? C. fusiformis var. antillarum Pat., Doass. Enum. Champ. Guad. p C. sanguineo-acuta v. Ov., Bull. Jan!. Bot. Buit. Ser. 3, 5: ; Ie. Fung, Mal Fructifications 3 inches high, 2-3 lines thick, gregarious, erect, small sized, clavate, simple or slightly divided, hollow, brittle, dry, opaque, smooth, bright scarlet, undulated and rugose) sometimes a little incrassatcd at the base, extremely acute at the apex, inodorous. HABITAT: On rotten timber in wet woods. LOCALITY: Khasi Hills (Assam) (Kala Pani, alt. 5,000 ft., June 27, 1850, collection of Hooker). '-,-. DISTRIBUTION: India (Assam), Java, Malaya, Australia. Berkeley recorded this fungus as Clavaria militina B., from a collection of Hooker from Kh"si hills. This very curious species has somewhat the habit of Caloc.~~ rt~ dry, opaque, brittle substance at once removes it from that ~genus~ 8. Clavulinopsis pulchra (Pk.) Corner Monogr. Clavaria & Allied Gen. p. 384, Text~Fig. 146 (d): Plate Basinym: Clavariapulchra Pk., Rept.,N, Y. St. Nfus. 28: 53, t. 1, C ; Coker, Clavaria U.S. & Canada 1923; Donk, Rev. Niederl. Homobas. p : Wehm., Pap. Mich. Ae. Sci. Arts. Lett. 20: ; Moll., Fung. Faeroes p. 112, f (ut C. rula Fr.); Banerjee, Bull. Bot. Soc. Bengal 1: ; Sacc., Syll. Frmg. 6: 725. Synonyms: Clavaria jlersimilis Cott., Yr. Brit. M)'c. Soc. 3: (teste Coker, Donk, Josserand). C. inaequalis var. aurantia Bres., Ie. Myc.~ t C. inaequalis sensu Schroet. (? sensu Quel., 1888; sensu Karst., 1889). HABITAT: LOCALITV: DISTRIBUTIO": distributed), China. On earth among decaying leaves. Calcutta. India (Calcutta), Europe (common), U.S.A. (widely No description was given for this fungus by Banerjee who recorded it as rare and referred it to Clavaria JiUlchra Pk. J. Indian Bot. Soc. 36: var. coccinea Thind & Dev

185 CLAVULINOPSIS 177 Text- Fig. 59. Fructifications crn. tall, caespitose clusters up to 1.5 cm. broad, individual clubs mm. wide or flattened to 5 mm., gregarious, solitary, caespitose, caespitosc clusters with 2-12 frui l bodies, erect, medium sized, trunk present, simple, rarely once or twice forked, fleshy, smooth, glabrous, red to deep red, sometimes paler coloured and yellow to orange, (apices dark viol et to black?); trunk 4-15 X mm., up to 3 mm. ",.ide in the case of old flatten ed fruit bodies; clubs cylindrical, radial, becoming longitudinally furrowed or channeled with age, crect, often twisted, hollow to solid, rarely l - 2 times branched or forked; apices subacute to blunt or obtuse, fertije; flesh lighter concolorous, unchanging; smell and taste inpartieular. H ymenium spread all over except the trunk, not thickening, up to 64 {L wide. Basidia X 4-6 {L, clavate', filled with red granular contents; sterigmata 4, straight, {Llong. Basidiospores X {L, hyaline, broadly ellipsoid, papillate, papilla prominent, eccentric, up to 1.5 fl. long, smooth, aguttate, or unigutrujate. Hyphae monomilic, 2-10 p. wide, hyphal cells usually fl. long, sometimes up to J 60 {L long, h yaline, thin-walled, branched, slightly inflated, septate, septa at short to long intervals, sometimes broader hyphae constricted at septa, clamped, clamps common. HABlTAT: On humicolous soil 10 oak fol est. A Text- Fig. 59. Cl(Jvu/inopJis pulchrll (I'k.) Comer var. coccillea l1lind & Dev (A-B, n. 50 ; C-D, n. 180). A. CaespilosC fructifications, X I. E. Unigullulate basidiospores, X 880. C. Fructifications, X ~. D. Easidiospores, X

186 178 THE CLAVARIACEAE OF INDIA LOCALITY; Mussoorie (Chakrata Toll, alt. 5,500 ft., August 20, 1953, Thind & Anand 50; Chakrata Toll, all 5,500 ft., Thind & Dev 180). DISTRIBUTION; India (Mussoorie). These Mussoorie collections (n. 50 & n. 180) have hroadly ellipsoid spores with a very prominent apiculus and this is the spore character of Clavulinopsis pulchra (Pk.) Corner. C. pulchra, however, possesses predominantly yellow to deep yellow fructifications but the colour of the Mussoorie collections is predominantly red to deep red. Therefore, these were made a new variety (of C. pulchra) coccinea in contrast to the forma coccineo-basalis already reported for this species, which is more or less intensely scarlet at the base only. Var. coccinea is very close to C. aurantio-cinnabarina (Schw.) Corner, the spore of which, however, is subglobose with a relatively small apiculus. The previously reported C. aurantio-cinnabarina (Schw.) Corner from the Mussoorie hills by Thind & Anand, 1956 (J. indian Bot. Soc. 35: 176) which possesses deep orange red fruit bodies and broadly ellipsoid spores with prominent apiculus (1-2 fj. long) also belongs to this vmoiety coccinea. 15. Genus AMYLARJA Corner Balf()ur~Browne, Bull. Brit. Allls. (Nat. Hisi.) Bot. 1: Fructific~tio-rur Varioid, erect, with flattened branches, subcoriaceous.. -Teire;t;ial on sailor on decaying wood. Spores white, amyloid, broadly ellipsoid, wall somewhat thickened, unigu ttate. Cystidia none. Hyphae subdimitic, some clamped at septa and hardly inflated, thinwalled, branched, others thick-walled, nonseptatc, sparsely branched, longitudinal or intertwined, but many of the intercalary cells in the deeper hyphae moderately elongated. Single species, A. himalayensis Corner. Amylada himalayensis Corner Balfour-Browne, Bull. Brit. It.Jus. (Nat, Hist.) Bot. 1: Text-Fig. 60. Fructifications up to 10 cm. tall, caespitose, often lax, 3-6 times branched, white or subtawny, on drying ochracfolls -~ alutaceous, brown toward apices, wholly divided in one plane, lower down multichotomous, axils fan-shaped, 5-13 mm. broad, dichotomous at the top, branch!ets obtuse, at length attenuated, filiform or ligulate, 1 mm. broad; stipe up to 30 X 3-5 mm.; sometimes partly resupinate, up to 6 em. broad, 1 mm. thick, fertile.

187 AMYLARIA 179 Hymenium amphigenolls, or on th e lower side of oblique branches, up to 200 f.l thick; subhymenium lax, intertwined. Basidia X 7-8 (-L, clavate or 5ubventricose, projecting out, at base 2-3 f.l broad; sterigmata (2-) 4, 5-7 (-L long. Basidiosporcs X (-L, hyaline, subglobose, or broadly ellipsoid, densely and delicately echinulate or covered with spines (-L long, papillate, papilla 1 (-L long, amyloid wall brown, crested with dark blue spines. Hyphae clamped at septa, 2-8 (-10)!J. broad, often subfasciculate; deeper hyphae 2-4 (-5) f.l broad, wall up to 1!J. thick, or intercalary cells of the hyphae clamped at septa, up to 7!J. broad and thick walled, narrowed in the hynlt'nium throughout. A B Text- Fig. 60. Amy/arin /iimalayensis Corncl'. A. Branch of a fructification, X I. B. Densely and delicately echinula te basidiospol'es (after Balfour-Browne, 1955).