Summer 2014 Bioblitz Series

Transcription

1 Summer 2014 Bioblitz Series Emily Davidson 1 INTRODUCTION In 1996, Susan Rudy of the U.S. National Park service coined the term bioblitz, short for biodiversity blitz, while organizing the first Bioblitz at Kenliworth Aquatic Gardens in Washington, D.C. (Post 2003; Ruch et al. 2010). A bioblitz is a rapid evaluation of the flora and fauna found in a designated area during a given point in time (Ruch et al. 2010). A bioblitz generally lasts 24 hours to document organisms found at different times of day, but is just a snapshot of the organisms found at a particular site, and does not include seasonal variations in communities. Bioblitzes are done to characterize taxonomic diversity, promote citizen involvement and interest in local biodiversity, and to protect species and their habitats (USGS 2009). Due to time and resource constraints, 4-5 hour events were held at 3 different properties owned by the Otsego Land Trust over the summer of The 3 bioblitzes were held at Brookwood Point, Fetterley Forest Conservation Area, and Compton Bridge Conservation Area on 27 June, 12 July, and 30 July respectively (Figure 1). Brookwood Point (Figure 2) is a 22-acre (0.09 km 2 ) parcel located 1.5 miles ( 2.4 km) north of Cooperstown, NY, on the western shore of Otsego Lake. This parcel includes forest, wetland, field, stream, 426 meters of lakeshore habitats, an ornamental garden and homestead. This property was a part of the 40,000 acres ( km 2 ) of land acquired by Judge William Cooper in The most recent owner of Brookwood Point was Bob Cook who established the Cook Foundation to provide care for the estate. In 2011 the Otsego Land Trust merged with the foundation, and attained ownership of Brookwood Point. This property has historically served as a homestead, garden retreat, and an outdoor classroom and venue (Otsego Land Trust 2014). Fetterley Forest Conservation Area (Figure 3) is a 106-acre (0.43 km 2 ) parcel located 2.5 miles (4.02 km) south of Richfield Springs, NY. This property is mostly covered by mature hardwoods, and includes a vernal pool wetland within the forest. Fetterley Forest Conservation Area has been actively managed for decades, with its most recent timber harvest in 2011 (Otsego Land Trust 2014a). Compton Bridge Conservation Area is a 3-acre (0.01 km 2 ) parcel at the confluence of Oaks Creek and the Susquehanna River (Figure 4). It is located about 4 miles (6.4 km) south of Cooperstown, NY. The majority of the parcel is riparian and wetland habitat which experiences frequent temporary flooding. Historically, Compton Bridge Conservation Area has mostly been used for public access to the water, and little record of farming, or industrial use has been found (Otsego Land Trust 2014b), though there is a raised railroad along the eastern property boundary and 2 bridges (rail and vehicular) that cross the river.

2 Figure 1. Map of Otsego County indicating Otsego Land Trust owned properties where bioblitzes occurred.

3 Figure 2. Map of Brookwood Point property boundaries. Figure 3. Map of Fetterley Forest Conservation Area property boundaries.

4 Figure 4. Map of Compton Bridge Conservation Area property boundaries. METHODS Brookwood Point was surveyed on 27 June from 9am-2pm, Fetterley Forest Conservation Area was surveyed on 12 July from 10am-2pm, and Compton Bridge Conservation Area was surveyed on 30 July from 10am-2pm. Biological Field Station staff and interns, professors from SUNY Oneonta, SUNY Oneonta students, Otsego Land Trust employees, and community members participated in the surveys. Biologists having varying areas of expertise were able to cover different taxa fairly well. For instance, each day, an arthropod expert was on site with a microscope. A vascular plant expert and vertebrate expert attended each day as well. At Brookwood Point, a fish parasitologist (parasite expert) and a phycologist (algae expert) were also present. Some taxa were not well represented (i.e., fungi). Due to high flow conditions, and then equipment failure, the extensive fishes survey via electrofishing was not conducted at Compton Bridge Conservation Area. However, a mussel survey was done using SCUBA once the high water subsided.

5 Also at each bioblitz, equipment including terrestrial nets, aquatic nets, collecting trays, kill jars, collection jars and bags, hand lenses, forceps, taxonomic keys, microscopes, Syracuse dishes, electrofishing equipment, tables, chairs, pens, pencils, recording forms, and clipboards were brought upon necessity. For the duration of the bioblitz, participants documented as many taxa as possible in the allotted time. For each specimen found, the scientific name, habitat type, identifier and other pertinent observations were recorded on premade forms. The forms were collected and taxonomic lists were compiled for each property. RESULTS We found 220 taxa at Brookwood Point, 225 taxa at Fetterley Forest Conservation Area, and 203 taxa at Compton Bridge Conservation Area. Figure 5 summarizes the breakdown by broad taxonomic groups graphically. The summary the total number of taxa is also provided in Table 1. Complete taxonomic lists for each site are given in Tables 2-4. All plant taxonomic information is based on Gleason and Cronquist, 1991, and all other taxonomic information was obtained from the Integrated Taxonomic Information System or Number of taxa Brookwood Point Fetterley Forest Compton Bridge Figure 5. Number of taxa found at each property.

6 Table 1. Summary of the number of taxa found at Brookwood Point, Fetterley Forest, and Compton Bridge Conservation Areas during summer 2014 Bioblitz events. Brookwood Point Fetterley Forest Compton Bridge Birds Amphibians Reptiles Mammals Fishes Molluscs Arthropods Parasites Plants Algae Other Total DISCUSSION Interestingly, the total number of taxa identified at each of the three properties was quite consistent. This is despite the fact that the properties vary considerably in size (from just 3 acres to 106 acres) and differed in the diversities of available habitats (with Brookwood Point seeming to offer a richer diversity of habitat types than the other properties). Also, the number of participants varied among the bioblitzes, as did the levels of expertise among them. At each property invasive species were found. An uncommon invasive plant, Amorpha fruticosa (false indigo bush) was found at Brookwood Point. According to the USDA s plant database, there are no other confirmed cases in Otsego County. This plant has the potential to outcompete native species, especially along waterways (Szentesi, 1999). Rosa multiflora (multiflora rose), Arctium minus (burdock), Aegopodium podagaria (bishop goutweed), Berberis vulgaris (barberry), and Celastrius orbiculatus (oriental bittersweet) are considered invasive and were found also on site, though the extent of each was not documented. In Brookwood Creek, a tributary stream at Brookwood Point, it was expected to find the non-native Orconectes rusticus (rusty crayfish) due to their presence in Otsego Lake. However, only Camabarus bartonii, a native crayfish was found. At Fetterley Forest Conservation Area, Cirsium palustre (marsh thistle) was found. This plant can grow in thickets, crowding out native species. At Compton Bridge Conservation Area, five native species of pearly mussels were identified, as well as the exotic zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha). Because pearly mussels exhibit longevity and minimal mobility, and are intolerant to degraded water quality, they are good indicators of good water quality (Vaughn, 2001; Strayer, 1999). Myriophyllum spicatum (Eruasian milfoil), Rosa multiflora (multiflora rose), and Fallopia japonica (Japanese knotweed) were notable invasive

7 species found in localized patches at Compton Bridge Conservation Area. Further investigation of densities and possible impacts would be useful for management purposes. While not quantifiable, these Bioblitz events increased awareness and understanding of local biodiversity for over 50 people, ranging from community members, Otsego Land Trust staff, Biological Field Station staff and interns, SUNY Oneonta Students and professors to Clark Sports Center volunteers who were involved. They also provided a space in which community members could interact, and communicate with working scientists about the importance of local diversity, and the Land Trust s mission. The Otsego Land Trust works to protect lands and waters via acquisition of lands to open to the public, conservation easements and purchase of development rights (PDR) agreements. Conservation easements and PDRs allow private property owners to legally conserve their lands into perpetuity. Their goal for land protection and acquisition is to facilitate meaningful connections to land and water; in hopes that those connections will create a sense of responsibility for protection of these places. Their Oaks Creek Blueway project is a series of public access properties that provide recreational and education opportunities all over the county, and accomplishes that goal (Otsego Land Trust 2013). All three properties surveyed are included in the Oaks Creek Blueway. Our bioblitzes were only 4-5 hours long. It did not allow for us to survey individuals that inhabit each property at night, and other times of day and year. Furthermore, certain taxonomic groups such as fungi, lichens and mosses were underrepresented due to lack of expert knowledge. More surveys conducted at different times of day and year would maximize the biodiversity at each property. Also, having more consistent attendance of experts, and a wider range of expertise would be beneficial to future bioblitzes.

8 Table 2. All taxa observed at Brookwood Point Conservation Area on 27 June 2014 (between 9am and 2pm). ANIMALS Kingdom Phylum Chordata Class Order Family Genus Species Common Name Aves Anseriformes Anatidae Aix sponsa Wood duck Aves Anseriformes Anatidae Mergus merganser americanus Common merganser Aves Charadriiformes Laridae Larus delawarensis Ring-billed gull Aves Columbiformes Columbidae Columba livia Rock pigeon or dove Aves Passeriformes Bombycillidae Bombycilla cedrorum Cedar waxwing Aves Passeriformes Cardinalidae Cardinalis sp. Northern cardinal Aves Passeriformes Corvidae Corvus brachyrchynchos American crow Aves Passeriformes Corvidae Cyanocitta cristata Blue jay Aves Passeriformes Emberizidae Junco hyemalis Dark-eyed junco Aves Passeriformes Emberizidae Melospiza melodia Song sparrow Aves Passeriformes Hirundinidae Tachycineta bicolor Tree wwallow Aves Passeriformes Icteridae Molothrus sp. Brown-headed cowbird Aves Passeriformes Icteridae Quiscalus quiscula Common grackel Aves Passeriformes Mimidae Dumetella carolinensis Gray catbird Aves Passeriformes Parulidae Geothlypis trichas Common yellowthroat Aves Passeriformes Parulidae Setophaga pensylvanica Chestnut-sided warbler Aves Passeriformes Parulidae Setophaga petechia American yellow warbler Aves Passeriformes Turdidae Turdus migratorius Robin Aves Passeriformes Tyrannidae Empidonax minimus Least flycatcher Aves Passeriformes Tyrannidae Sayornis phoebe Eastern phoebe Aves Passeriformes Tyrannidae Tyrannus tyrannus Eastern king bird Aves Passeriformes Vireonidae Vireo olivaceus Red-eyed vireo Aves Piciformes Picidae Sphyrapicus varius Yellow-bellied sapsucker Chordata Amphibia Anura Ranidae Lithobates clamitans Green frog Amphibia Anura Ranidae Rana palustris Pickerel frog Amphibia Caudata Plethodontidae Desmognathus fuscus Northern dusky salamander Amphibia Caudata Plethodontidae Eurycea bislineata Northern two-lined salamander Amphibia Caudata Plethodontidae Plethodon cinereus Red back salamander Reptilia Squamata Colubridae Thamnophis sirtalis Eastern garter snake Chordata Mammalia Artiodactyla Cervidae Odocoileus sp. White-tailed deer Mammalia Rodentia Sciuridae Marmota monax Groundhog or Woodchuck Mammalia Rodentia Sciuridae Sciurus carolinensis Eastern gray squirrel Mammalia Rodentia Sciuridae Tamias striatus Eastern chipmunk Mammalia Rodentia Sciuridae Tamiasciurus hudsonicus American red squirrel Chordata Actinopterygii Cypriniformes Catostomidae Campostomus commersonii White sucker Actinopterygii Cypriniformes Catostomidae Erimyzon oblongus Creek chubsucker Actinopterygii Cypriniformes Cyprnidae Cyprinus carpio Common carp Actinopterygii Cypriniformes Cyprnidae Notemigonus crysoleucas Golden shiner Actinopterygii Cypriniformes Cyprnidae Notropis hudsonius Spottail shiner Actinopterygii Cypriniformes Cyprnidae Notropis atherinoides Emerald shiner Actinopterygii Cypriniformes Cyprnidae Phinichthys atratulus Blacknose dace Actinopterygii Cypriniformes Cyprnidae Semotilus atromaculatus Creek chub Actinopterygii Esociformes Esocidae Esox niger Chain pickerel Actinopterygii Perciformes Centrarchidae Amblopites rupestris Rock bass Actinopterygii Perciformes Centrarchidae Lepomis gibbosus Pumpkinseed Actinopterygii Perciformes Centrarchidae Lepomis macrochirus Bluegill Actinopterygii Perciformes Centrarchidae Lepomis auritus Redbreast sunfish Actinopterygii Perciformes Centrarchidae Micropterus salmoides Largemouth bass Actinopterygii Perciformes Centrarchidae Micropterus dolomieu Smallmouth bass Actinopterygii Perciformes Percidae Etheostoma olmstedi Tessellated darter

9 Table 2 (Cont'd). All taxa observed at Brookwood Point Conservation Area on 27 June 2014 (between 9am and 2pm). Mollusca Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Percidae Perca flavescens Yellow perch Actinopterygii Perciformes Percidae Sander vitreus Walleye Actinopterygii Salmoniformes Salmoniformes Salmonidae coregonus Lake whitefish Actinopterygii Scorpaeniformes Cottidae Cottus cognatus Slimy sculpin Actinopterygii Siluriformes Ictaluridae Ameriurus nebulosus Brown bullhead Bivalvia Unionoida Unionoida Lampsilis radiata Eastern lampmussel Bivalvia Veneroida Dreissenidae Dreissena polymorpha Zebra mussel Gastropoda Physidae Physa Freshwater snail Arthropoda Malacostraca Decapoda Cambaridae Cambarus bartonii Common crayfish Malacostraca Decapoda Cambaridae Orconectes rusticus Rusty Crayfish Entognatha Subclass: Collembola sp. Springtail Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Carabidae sp. Beetle Insecta Coleoptera Cerambycidae sp. Beetle Insecta Coleoptera Curculionidae sp. Beetle Insecta Coleoptera Lampyridae sp. Beetle Insecta Coleoptera Tenebrionidae sp. Beetle Insecta Diptera Callphonidae 2 distinct species Midge Insecta Diptera Chironomidae sp. Midge Insecta Diptera Culicidae sp. Midge Insecta Diptera Muscoid sp. Midge Insecta Diptera Simuliidae Simulium sp. Blackfly Insecta Diptera Syrphidae 2 distinct species Midge Insecta Diptera Tipulidae Hexatoma sp. Midge Insecta Ephemeroptera Baetidae Baetis sp. Mayfly Insecta Ephemeroptera Ephemerellidae Drunella sp. Mayfly Insecta Ephemeroptera Ephemeridae Hexagenia sp. Mayfly Insecta Ephemeroptera Heptageniidae Epeorus sp. Mayfly Insecta Ephemeroptera Heptageniidae Stenacron sp. Mayfly Insecta Ephemeroptera Isonychiidae Isonychia sp. Mayfly Insecta Hemiptera Cercopoidea 5 distinct species Spittlebug Insecta Hymenoptera Apidae Bombus sp. Bumble bee Insecta Hymenoptera Formicidae 2 distinct species Ant Insecta Lepidoptera Erebidae Lymantria dispar North American gypsy moth Insecta Lepidoptera Papilionidae Papilio sp. Eastern tiger swallowtail Insecta Lepidoptera Pieridae Pieris sp. White butterfly Insecta Megaloptera Corydalidae Nigronia serricornis Dobsonfly Insecta Odonata Aeshnidae Boyeria sp. Dragonfly Insecta Odonata Coenagrionidae Coenagrion sp. Damselfly Insecta Odonata Cordulidae Epitheca sp. Dragonfly Insecta Odonata Gomphidae Gomphus sp. Dragonfly Insecta Plecoptera Capniidae Allocapnia sp. Stonefly Insecta Plecoptera Leuctridae sp. Stonefly Insecta Plecoptera Perlidae Acroneuria carolinensis Stonefly Insecta Plecoptera Perlodidae Isoperla sp. Stonefly Insecta Psocoptera sp. booklice, barklice, or barkflies Insecta Trichoptera Glossosomatidae Glossosoma sp. Caddisfly Insecta Trichoptera Hydropsychidae Ceratopsyche sp. Caddisfly Insecta Trichoptera Philopotamidae Wormaldia sp. Caddisfly Insecta Trichoptera Rhyacophilidae Rhyacophila sp. Caddisfly Insecta Trichoptera Uenoidae Neophylax sp. Caddisfly Arthropoda Arachnida Araneae Lycosidae sp. Wolf spider Arachnida Araneae Tetragnathidae Tetragnatha elongata Elongate stilt spider Arachnida Opiliones sp. Daddy longlegs/harvestman

10 Table 2 (Cont'd). All taxa observed at Brookwood Point Conservation Area on 27 June 2014 (between 9am and 2pm). Kingdom Magnoliophyta Division Platyhelminthes Nematoda PLANTS Secernentea Camallanida Camallanidea Camallanus sp. Nematode sp. 1 Nematode Cestoda Proteocephalidea Proteocephalidae Proteocephalus sp. Monogenea Flatworm Trematoda Azygiida Azygiidae Azygia sp Trematode Trematoda sp. 1 Trematode Class Order Family Genus Species Common Name Magnoliopsida Alismatales Araceae Arisaema triphyllum Jack-in-the-pulpit Magnoliopsida Alismatales Araceae Symplocarpus foetidus Eastern skunk cabbage Magnoliopsida Apiaes Apiaceae Aegopodium podagraria Bishop weed or Goutweed Magnoliopsida Asparagales Asparagaceae Convallaria majalis Lily of the valley Magnoliopsida Asparagales Asparagaceae Maianthemum racemosum False Solomon's seal Magnoliopsida Asparagales Xanthorrhoeaceae Hemerocallis fulva Day lily Magnoliopsida Asterales Asteraceae Arctium minus Lesser burdock Magnoliopsida Asterales Asteraceae Bidens sp. Beggerticks Magnoliopsida Asterales Asteraceae Cirsium muticum Swamp thistle or marsh thistle Magnoliopsida Asterales Asteraceae Erigeron annuus Eastern daisy fleabane Magnoliopsida Asterales Asteraceae Euthamia graminifolia Grass-leaved goldenrod Magnoliopsida Asterales Asteraceae Eutrochium maculatum Spotted joe-pye weed\ Magnoliopsida Asterales Asteraceae Hieracium aurantiacum Orange hawkweed Magnoliopsida Asterales Asteraceae Inuleae inula Horse-heal Magnoliopsida Asterales Asteraceae Lapsana communis Nipplewort Magnoliopsida Asterales Asteraceae Solidago sp. Goldenrod Magnoliopsida Asterales Asteraceae Tanacetum parthenium Feverfew Magnoliopsida Brassicales Brassicaceae Cardamine pratensis Cuckoo flower Magnoliopsida Brassicales Brassicaceae Hesperis matronalis Dame's rocket Magnoliopsida Brassicales Brassicaceae Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum Wastercress Magnoliopsida Caryophyllales Caryophyllaceae Stellaria pubera Great chickweed Magnoliopsida Caryophyllales Caryophyllaceae Stellaria media Common chickweed Magnoliopsida Caryophyllales Caryophyllaceae Stellaria griminea Common stitchwort Magnoliopsida Caryophyllales Polygonaceae Persicaria hydropiper Smartweed Magnoliopsida Caryophyllales Polygonaceae Rumex crispus Curly dock Magnoliopsida Celastrales Celastraceae Celastrus orbiculata Oriental bittersweet Magnoliopsida Cornales Cornaceae Cornus alternifolia Green osier or pagoda dogwood Magnoliopsida Dipsacales Valerianaceae Valeriana officinalis Common valerian Magnoliopsida Ericales Balsaminaceae Impatiens capensis Spotted jewelweed Magnoliopsida Ericales Myrsinaceae Lysimachia nummularia Creeping Jenny Magnoliopsida Ericales Myrsinaceae Lysimachia terrestris Swamp candles Magnoliopsida Fabales Fabaceae Amorpha fruiticosa False indigo Magnoliopsida Fabales Fabaceae Amphicarpaea bracteata Hog peanut Magnoliopsida Fabales Fabaceae Robinia pseudoacacia Black locust Magnoliopsida Fabales Fabaceae Securigera varia Crown vetch Magnoliopsida Fabales Fabaceae Trifolium repens White clover Magnoliopsida Fabales Fabaceae Trifolium dubium Hop clover Magnoliopsida Fagales Betulaceae Alnus rugosa Speckled alder Magnoliopsida Fagales Betulaceae Carpinus caroliniana Musclewood Magnoliopsida Fagales Betulaceae Corylus sp. Hazelnut

11 Table 2 (Cont'd). All taxa observed at Brookwood Point Conservation Area on 27 June 2014 (between 9am and 2pm). Magnoliophyta Magnoliopsida Fagales Fagaceae Quercus rubra Red oak Magnoliopsida Fagales Juglandaceae Carya sp. Hickory Magnoliopsida Gentianales Ascleiadaceae Asclepias syriaca Common milkweed Magnoliopsida Gentianales Rubiaceae Galium odoratum Wild baby's breath Magnoliopsida Gentianales Rubiaceae Galium sp. Bedstraw Magnoliopsida Geraniales Geraniaceae Geranium robertainum Herb Robert Magnoliopsida Lamiales Lamiaceae Glechoma hederacea Gill-over-the-ground Magnoliopsida Lamiales Lamiaceae Prunella vulgaris Self-heal Magnoliopsida Lamiales Oleaceae Fraxinus americana White ash Magnoliopsida Lamiales Oleaceae Syringa vulgaris Lilac Magnoliopsida Lamiales Plantaginaceae Digitalis purpurea Common foxglove Magnoliopsida Lamiales Plantaginaceae Plantago major Broadleaf plantain Magnoliopsida Lamiales Plantaginaceae Veronica salicifolia Willow-leaf herb Magnoliopsida Lamiales Plantaginaceae Veronica arvensis Speedwell Magnoliopsida Lamiales Scrophulariaceae Verbascum thapsus Common mullein Magnoliopsida Liliales Liliaceae Lilium parryi Lemon lily Magnoliopsida Liliales Melanthiaceae Veratrum viride False hellebore Magnoliopsida Malpighiales Salicaceae Populus tremuloides Quaking aspen Magnoliopsida Myrtales Onocleaceae Oenothera biennis Evening primrose Magnoliopsida Oxalidales Oxalidaceae Oxalis stricta Yellow woodsorrel Magnoliopsida Pinales Cupressaceae Chamaecyparis thyoides Atlantic whitecedar Magnoliopsida Poales Cyperaceae Carex livida Sedge Magnoliopsida Poales Cyperaceae Carex vulpinoidea Fox sedge Magnoliopsida Poales Cyperaceae Scirpus sp. Bulrush Magnoliopsida Poales Juncaceae Juncus sp. Rush Magnoliopsida Poales Poaceae Anthoxanthum odoratum Sweet vernal grass Magnoliopsida Poales Poaceae Dactylis sp. Orchard grass Magnoliopsida Poales Typhaceae Sparganium americanum Burr-reed Magnoliopsida Polypodiales Onocleaceae Matteuccia struthiopteris Ostrich fern Magnoliopsida Ranuculales Papaveraceae Chelidonium majus Greater celandine Magnoliopsida Ranunculales Berberidaceae Berberis vulgaris Berberry Magnoliopsida Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Ranunculus sp. Buttercup Magnoliopsida Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Ranunculus repens Creeping buttercup Magnoliopsida Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Thalictrum sp. Rue Magnoliopsida Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Thalictrum dioicu Meadow rue Magnoliopsida Rosales Rhamnaceae Rahamunus cathartica Common buckthorn Magnoliopsida Rosales Rosaceae Agrimonia sp. Agrimony Magnoliopsida Rosales Rosaceae Crataegus sp. Hawthorn Magnoliopsida Rosales Rosaceae Filipendula ulmaria Meadowsweet Magnoliopsida Rosales Rosaceae Fragaria virginiana Stawberry Magnoliopsida Rosales Rosaceae Geum canadense White avens Magnoliopsida Rosales Rosaceae Rosa multiflora Multiflora rose Magnoliopsida Rosales Rosaceae Rubus odoratus Purple flowering raspberry Magnoliopsida Rosales Urticaceae Pilea pumila Canadian clearweed Magnoliopsida Sapindales Sapindaceae Acer rubrum Red maple Magnoliopsida Sapindales Sapindaceae Acer saccharum Sugar maple Magnoliopsida Sapindales Sapindaceae Acer saccharinum Silver maple Magnoliopsida Vitales Vitaceae Parthenocissus quinquefolia Virginia creeper Magnoliopsida Vitales Vitaceae Vitis sp. Grapevine Pinophyta Pinopsida Pinales Pinaceae Tusga canadensis Hemlock Tracheophyta Polypodiopsida Polypodiales Onocleaceae Onoclea sensibilis Sensitive fern Equisetopsida Equisetales Equisetaceae Equisetum sp. Horsetail

12 Table 2 (Cont'd). All taxa observed at Brookwood Point Conservation Area on 27 June 2014 (between 9am and 2pm). OTHER Kingdom Division Class Order Family Genus Species Common Name Viridiplantae Protista Diatoms Chromalveolata Chlorophyta Heterokontophyta Bacillariophyceae Cymbellales Cymbellaceae Cymbella sp. Algae Bacillariophyceae Naviculales Naviculaceae Navicula sp. Algae Bacillariophyceae Fragilaria sp. Algae Melosira sp. Algae Zygnemophyceae Desmidales Desmidiaceae Cosmarium sp. Algae Chlorophyceae Sphaeropleales Scenedesmaceae Desmodesmus sp. Algae (spineless form) Nitzia sp. Algae Synedra sp. Algae Ameoba Nanoplankton cells Rotifers

13 Table 3. All taxa observed at Fetterley Forest Conservation Area on 12 July 2014 (between 10am and 2pm). ANIMALS Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Common Name Chordata Chordata Aves Columbiformes Columbidae Zenaida macroura Mourning dove Aves Passeriformes Cardinalidae Prianga olivacea Scarlet tanager Aves Passeriformes Corvidae Corvus brachyrchynchos American crow Aves Passeriformes Corvidae Cyanocitta cristata Blue jay Aves Passeriformes Emberizidae Junco hyemalis Dark-eyed junco Aves Passeriformes Emberizidae Melospiza melodia Song sparrow Aves Passeriformes Emberizidae Piplio erythropthalmus Eastern towhee Aves Passeriformes Fringillidae Carduelis tristis American goldfinch Aves Passeriformes Mimidae Dumetella carolinensis Gray Catbird Aves Passeriformes Paridae Poecile atricapillus Black-capped chickadee Aves Passeriformes Parulidae Geothlypis trichas Common yellowthroat Aves Passeriformes Parulidae Setophaga pensylvanica Chestnut-sided warbler Aves Passeriformes Parulidae Setophaga virens Black-throated green warbler Aves Passeriformes Troglodytidae Troglodytes aedon House wren Aves Passeriformes Turdidae Catharus guttatus Hermit thrush Aves Passeriformes Turdidae Hylocichla mustelina Wood thrush Aves Passeriformes Turdidae Turdus migratorius Robin Aves Passeriformes Tyrannidae Contopus virens Eastern pewee Aves Passeriformes Vireonidae Vireo olivaceus Red-eyed vireo Aves Piciformes Picidae Colaptes auratus Northern flicker Aves Piciformes Picidae Picoides villosus Hairy woodpecker Aves Piciformes Picidae Sphyrapicus varius Yellow-bellied sapsucker Amphibia Anura Bufonidae Anaxyrus americanus American toad Amphibia Anura Hylidae Pseudacris crucifer Spring peeper Amphibia Caudata Plethodontidae Eurycea bislineata Northern two-lined salamander Amphibia Caudata Plethodontidae Plethodon cinereus Red-backed salamander Amphibia Caudata Salamandridae Notophthalmus viridenscens Red eft or Eastern newt Amphibia Caudata Salamandridae Newt Chordata Mammalia Rodentia Sciuridae Marmota monax Groundhog or Woodchuck Mammalia Rodentia Sciuridae Tamias striatus Eastern chipmunk Mammalia Rodentia Sciuridae Tamiasciurus hudsonicus American red squirrel Reptilia Squamata Colubridae Thamnophis Garter snake Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Carabidea Beetle Insecta Coleoptera Cerambycidae Longhorn beetle Insecta Coleoptera Coccienllidae Ladybug Insecta Coleoptera Curculionoidae weevils Insecta Coleoptera Elateridae Click beetle Insecta Coleoptera Haliplidae Peltodytes Beetle Insecta Coleoptera Lampyridae Firefly Insecta Coleoptera Lycidae Net-winged beetle Insecta Coleoptera Scarabaeidae Popillia japonica Japanese beetle Insecta Coleoptera Scarabaeidae Scarab beetle Insecta Coleoptera Staphylinoidea Beetle Insecta Coleoptera Tenebrionoidea (superfamily) Beetle Insecta Coleoptera Vesperidae Beetle Insecta Diptera Asilidae Assassin fly Insecta Diptera Calliphoridae Blow fly Insecta Diptera Chrionomidae nonbiting midge Insecta Diptera Culicidae Aedes sp. Mosquito Insecta Diptera Syrphidae Hoverfly Insecta Diptera Tabanadae True fly Insecta Diptera Tachinidae Tachina fly Insecta Diptera Tipulidae Cranefly Insecta Hemiptera Coreidae Squash bug Insecta Hemiptera Corixidae Water boatman Insecta Hemiptera Gerridae Water glider Insecta Hemiptera Membracidae Treehopper Insecta Hemiptera Notonectidae Notonecta Backswimmer Insecta Hemiptera Pentatomidae Stink bugs Insecta Hemiptera Reduviidae Assassin bug Insecta Hempitera Cicadellidae Hoppers or leaf hopper Insecta Hymenoptera Apidae Bee Insecta Hymenoptera Formicidae Ant Insecta Hymenoptera Halictidae Bee Insecta Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Ichneumon wasp

14 Table 3 (Cont'd). All taxa observed at Fetterley Forest Conservation Area on 12 July 2014 (between 10am and 2pm). Kingdom Magnoliophyta Division Mollusca Annelida Arthropoda Arthropoda PLANTS Insecta Lepidoptera Geometridae Moth Insecta Lepidoptera Hesperiidae Skipper butterfly Insecta Lepidoptera Noctuidae Owlet moth Insecta Lepidoptera Nymphalidae Danaini plexippus Monarch butterfly Insecta Lepidoptera Papilionidae Papilio glaucus Eastern Tiger swallowtail Insecta Lepidoptera Pieridae Butterfly Insecta Mecoptera Panorpidae Scorpion fly Insecta Odonata Coenagrionidae damselfly Insecta Odonata Lestidae Lestes Damselfly Insecta Odonata Libellulidae Dragonfly Insecta Orthoptera Acrididae Grasshopper Insecta Orthoptera Gryllidae Cricket Insecta Orthoptera Tetrigidae Cricket Insecta Orthoptera Tettigoniidae Grasshopper Chilopoda Centipede Arachnida Acari (subclass) Mite Arachnida Araneae Lycosidae Wolf spider Arachnida Araneae Salticidae Jumping spider Arachnida Opiliones Harvestmen Clitellata Hirudinea Leech Gastropoda Gastropoda Class Order Family Genus Species Common Name Magnoliopsida Alismatales Araceae Arisaema triphyllum Jack-in-the-pulpit Magnoliopsida Apiales Apiaceae Aralia nudicaulis Wild sasparilla Magnoliopsida Apiales Apiaceae Cicuta sp. Poison parsnip Magnoliopsida Apiales Apiaceae Daucus carota Queen Anne's lace Magnoliopsida Asparagales Amarylidaceae Allium tricoccum Ramps Magnoliopsida Asparagales Asparagaceae Maianthemum canadense Canadian mayflower Magnoliopsida Asparagales Asparagaceae Smilacina racemosa False Soloman's seal Magnoliopsida Asparagales Orchidaceae Epipactis helliborine Helleborine Magnoliopsida Asterales Asteraceae Ambrosia artemesiafolia Ragweed Magnoliopsida Asterales Asteraceae Arctium minus Burdock Magnoliopsida Asterales Asteraceae Aster acuminatus Whorled wood aster Magnoliopsida Asterales Asteraceae Aster divaricatus White wood aster Magnoliopsida Asterales Asteraceae Aster prananthoides Crooked stem aster Magnoliopsida Asterales Asteraceae Aster vimineus Small white aster Magnoliopsida Asterales Asteraceae Bidens sp. Bur marigold Magnoliopsida Asterales Asteraceae Carduus crispus Welted thistle Magnoliopsida Asterales Asteraceae Centaurea maculosa Spotted knapweed Magnoliopsida Asterales Asteraceae Chrysanthemum leucanthemum Ox-Eye daisy Magnoliopsida Asterales Asteraceae Cirsium palustre Marsh thistle Magnoliopsida Asterales Asteraceae Cirsium altissimum Tall thistle Magnoliopsida Asterales Asteraceae Cirsium vulgare Thistle Magnoliopsida Asterales Asteraceae Erigeron annuus Daisy fleabane Magnoliopsida Asterales Asteraceae Hieracium auranticum Red paint brush Magnoliopsida Asterales Asteraceae Lapsana communis Nipplewort Magnoliopsida Asterales Asteraceae Rudbeckia hirta Black-eyed susan Magnoliopsida Asterales Asteraceae Solidago rugosa Rough-stemmed goldenrod Magnoliopsida Asterales Asteraceae Solidago sp. Goldenrod Magnoliopsida Asterales Asteraceae Tussilago farfara Coltsfoot Magnoliopsida Brassicales Brassicaceae Allaria petiolata Garlic mustard Magnoliopsida Brassicales Brassicaceae Barbarea vulgaris Black mustard Magnoliopsida Brassicales Brassicaceae Hesperis matronalis Dame's rocket Magnoliopsida Caryophyllales Caryophyllaceae Lychnis flos-cuculi Ragged robin Magnoliopsida Caryophyllales Caryophyllaceae Stellaria media Chickweed Magnoliopsida Caryophyllales Polygonaceae Fallopia japonica Japanese bamboo Magnoliopsida Caryophyllales Polygonaceae Rumex crispus Curled dock Snail Slug

15 Table 3 (Cont'd). All taxa observed at Fetterley Forest Conservation Area on 12 July 2014 (between 10am and 2pm). Magnoliophyta Magnoliopsida Cornales Cornaceae Cornus alternifolia Alternate-leaved dogwood Magnoliopsida Cornales Cornaceae Cornus canadensis Bunchberry Magnoliopsida Dipsacales Adoxaceae Viburnum acerifolium Maple leaved viburnum Magnoliopsida Dipsacales Adoxaceae Viburnum lantanoides Hobblebush Magnoliopsida Dipsacales Adoxaceae Viburnum lentago Nannyberry Magnoliopsida Dipsacales Caprifoliaceae Lonicera sp. Honeysuckle Magnoliopsida Dipsacales Valerianaceae Valeriana officinalis Valarian, Garden heliotrope Magnoliopsida Ericales Balsaminaceae Impatiens capensis Impatience Magnoliopsida Ericales Ericaceae Gaultheria procumbens Wintergreen Magnoliopsida Ericales Ericaceae Monotropa uniflora Dutchman's pipe Magnoliopsida Ericales Ericaceae Pyrola rotundifolia Shinleaf, Pyrola Magnoliopsida Ericales Ericaceae Vaccinium sp. Blueberry Magnoliopsida Ericales Myrsinaceae Lysimachia ciliata Fringed loosestrife Magnoliopsida Ericales Myrsinaceae Trientalis borealis Star flower Magnoliopsida Fabales Fabaceae Amphicarpaea bracteata Hog peanut Magnoliopsida Fabales Fabaceae Lotus corniculatus Bird's foot trefoil Magnoliopsida Fabales Fabaceae Trifolium aureum Hop-Clover Magnoliopsida Fabales Fabaceae Trifolium campestre Low hop-clover Magnoliopsida Fabales Fabaceae Trifolium dubium Small hop clover Magnoliopsida Fabales Fabaceae Trifolium hybridum Alsike clover Magnoliopsida Fabales Fabaceae Trifolium pratense Red clover Magnoliopsida Fabales Fabaceae Trifolium repens White clover Magnoliopsida Fabales Fabaceae Vicia cracca Cow vetch Magnoliopsida Fabales Fabaceae Vicia tetrasperma Four seeded vetch Magnoliopsida Fabales Fabaceae Vicia varia Crown vetch Magnoliopsida Fagales Betulaceae Betula papyrifera White birch Magnoliopsida Fagales Betulaceae Betula alleghaniensis Yellow birch Magnoliopsida Fagales Betulaceae Corylus sp. Hazelnut Magnoliopsida Fagales Betulaceae Ostrya cordifolia Musclewood Magnoliopsida Fagales Betulaceae Ostrya virginiana Eastern hophornbeam Magnoliopsida Fagales Fagaceae Fagus grandifolia American beech Magnoliopsida Fagales Fagaceae Quercus rubra Northern red oak Magnoliopsida Fagales Juglandaceae Carya sp. Hickory Magnoliopsida Fagales Juglandaceae Carya ovata Shagbark hickory Magnoliopsida Gentianales Asclepiadaceae Asclepias syriaca Milkweed Magnoliopsida Gentianales Rubiaceae Asperula arvensis Woodruff Magnoliopsida Gentianales Rubiaceae Gallium sp Bedstraw Magnoliopsida Gentianales Rubiaceae Mitchella repens Partridge berry Magnoliopsida Geraniales Geraniaceae Geranium robertainum Herb Robert Magnoliopsida Iridaceae Iridoideae Sisyrinchium angustifolum Blue-Eyed grass Magnoliopsida Lamiales Lamiaceae Clinopodium vulgare Wild basil Magnoliopsida Lamiales Lamiaceae Galeopsis tetrahit Hemp nettle Magnoliopsida Lamiales Lamiaceae Prunella vulgaris Heal-all Magnoliopsida Lamiales Lamiaceae Scutellaria lateriflora Mad-dog skullcap Magnoliopsida Lamiales Oleaceae Fraxinus americana American white ash Magnoliopsida Lamiales Orobranchaceae Melampyrum lineare Cow wheat Magnoliopsida Lamiales Plantaginaceae Plantago lanceolata English plantain Magnoliopsida Lamiales Plantaginaceae Plantago canadense Plaintain Magnoliopsida Lamiales Plantaginaceae Veronica officinalis Speedwell Magnoliopsida Lamiales Scrophulariaceae Verbascum thapsus Mullein Magnoliopsida Lamiales Verbenaceae Verbena hastata Blue vervain Magnoliopsida Lamiales Verbenaceae Verbena urticifolia White verbena Magnoliopsida Liliales Colchicaceae Uvularia sessilifolia Bellwort Magnoliopsida Liliales Lilaceae Clintonia borealis Bluebeads Magnoliopsida Liliales Melantahiaceae Trillium erectum Red trillium Magnoliopsida Malpighiales Hypericaceae Hypericum punctatum Spotted St Johnswort Magnoliopsida Malpighiales Salicaceae Populus deltoides Cottonwood Magnoliopsida Malpighiales Salicaceae Populus grandidentata Big-tooth aspen Magnoliopsida Malpighiales Salicaceae Populus tremuloides Quaking aspen Magnoliopsida Malpighiales Violaceae Viola sp. Violet Magnoliopsida Malvales Malvaceae Malva moschata Musk mallow Magnoliopsida Malvales Malvaceae Tilia americana Basswood Magnoliopsida Myrtales Onagraceae Circaea alpina Dwarf enchanter's nightshade Magnoliopsida Myrtales Onagraceae Circaea lutetiana Enchanter's nightshade Magnoliopsida Myrtales Onagraceae Epilobium coloratum Purple leaved willow herb Magnoliopsida Myrtales Onagraceae Epilobium glandulosum Northern willow herb Magnoliopsida Oxalidales Oxalidaceae Oxalis stricta Yellow wood sorrel Magnoliopsida Poales Cyperaceae Carex sp. Sedge Magnoliopsida Poales Cyperaceae Carex lurida Sedge Magnoliopsida Poales Cyperaceae Carex vulpinoidea Fox sedge Magnoliopsida Poales Juncaceae Juncus sp. Rush Magnoliopsida Poales Poaceae Glyberia sp. Grass Magnoliopsida Poales Poaceae Phleum sp. Timothy grass Magnoliopsida Ranunculales Berberidaceae Caulophyllum thalictrodes Blue cohosh Magnoliopsida Ranunculales Berberidaceae Podophyllum peltatum Mayapple Magnoliopsida Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Actaea pachypoda Doll's eye

16 Table 3 (Cont'd). All taxa observed at Fetterley Forest Conservation Area on 12 July 2014 (between 10am and 2pm). Fungi Basidiomycota Tracheophyta Pinophyta Magnoliophyta Magnoliopsida Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Actaea rubra Baneberry Magnoliopsida Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Aqualigia canadensis Columbine Magnoliopsida Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Clematis sp. Woodbine Magnoliopsida Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Ranunculus acris Common buttercup Magnoliopsida Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Ranunculus hispidus Hispid buttercup Magnoliopsida Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Ranunculus recurvatus Hooked buttercup Magnoliopsida Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Ranunculus repens Creeping buttercup Magnoliopsida Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Taraxicum officinale Dandelion Magnoliopsida Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Thalictrum sp. Rue Magnoliopsida Rosales Rosaceae Agrimonia sp. Agrimony Magnoliopsida Rosales Rosaceae Amelanchier laevis Shadbush Magnoliopsida Rosales Rosaceae Crataegus sp. Hawthorn Magnoliopsida Rosales Rosaceae Fragaria virginiana Strawberry Magnoliopsida Rosales Rosaceae Geum canadense White avens Magnoliopsida Rosales Rosaceae Geum virginianum Rough cinquefoil Magnoliopsida Rosales Rosaceae Prunus serotina Black cherry Magnoliopsida Rosales Rosaceae Prunus virginia Choke cherry Magnoliopsida Rosales Rosaceae Rosa multiflora Multiflora rose Magnoliopsida Rosales Rosaceae Rubus allegheniensis Northern blackberry Magnoliopsida Rosales Rosaceae Rubus idaeus Red raspberry Magnoliopsida Rosales Rosaceae Rubus rubus odoratus Purple flowering raspberry Magnoliopsida Rosales Urticaceae Pilea pumila Canadian clearweed Magnoliopsida Sapindales Aceraceae Acer pensylvanicum Moosewood, Striped Magnoliopsida Sapindales Anarcardiaceae Rhus hirta Staghorn sumac Magnoliopsida Sapindales Sapindaceae Acer rubrum Red maple Magnoliopsida Sapindales Sapindaceae Acer saccharum Sugar maple Magnoliopsida Saxifragales Hamamelidaceae Hamamelis virginiana Witch hazel Magnoliopsida Saxifragales Saxifragaceae Tiarella cordifolia Foam flower Magnoliopsida Solanales Solanaceae Solanum nigra Black nightshade Magnoliopsida Solanales Solanaceae sp. Nightshade Magnoliopsida Vitales Vitaceae Vitus sp. Grape Pinopsida Pinales Pinaceae Larix decidua Tamarack Pinopsida Pinales Pinaceae Picea rubens Red spruce Pinopsida Pinales Pinaceae Pinus strobus Eastern white pine Pinopsida Pinales Pinaceae Tsuga canadensis Eastern hemlock Polypodiopsida Osmundales Osmundaceae Osmundastrum cinnamomea Cinnamon fern Polypodiopsida Polypodiales Dennstaedtiaceae Dennstaedtia punctilobula Hay-scented fern Polypodiopsida Polypodiales Dennstaedtiaceae Pteridium aquilinum Northern bracken fern Polypodiopsida Polypodiales Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris intermedia Intermediate woodfern Polypodiopsida Polypodiales Dryopteridaceae Polystichium acrostichoides Christmas fern Polypodiopsida Polypodiales Onocleaceae Onoclea sensibilis Sensitive fern Polypodiopsida Polypodiales Polypodiaceae Polypodium virginianum Rock polypody Polypodiopsida Polypodiales Pteridaceae Adiantum pedatum Maidenhair fern Polypodiopsida Polypodiales Thelpteridaceae Thelypteris noveboracensis New York fern Polypodiopsida Polypodiales Woodsiaceae Athyrium filix-femina Ladyfern Agaricomycetes Gomphales Gomphaceae Gomphus floccosus Scaly chanterelle Agaricomycetes Polyporales Ganodermataceae Ganoderma applanatum Artist's bracket

17 Table 4. All taxa observed at Compton Bridge Conservation Area on 30 July 2014 (between 10am and 2pm). Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Common Name Chordata Aves Columbiformes Columbidae Zenaida macroura Mourning dove Aves Coraciiformes Cerylidae Megaceryle alcyon Belted kingfisher Aves Falconiformes Accipitridae Buteo jamaicensis Red-tailed hawk Aves Passeriformes Bombycillidae Bombycilla cedrorum Cedar waxwing Aves Passeriformes Corvidae Corvus brachyrchynchos American crow Aves Passeriformes Corvidae Cyanocitta cristata Blue jay Aves Passeriformes Emberizidae Melospiza melodia Song sparrow Aves Passeriformes Mimidae Dumetella carolinensis Gray catbird Aves Passeriformes Parulidae Geothlypis trichas Common yellowthroat Aves Passeriformes Tyrannidae Sayornis phoebe Eastern phoebe Mammalia Lagomorpha Leporidae Sylvilagus floridanus Eastern cottontail Amphibia Anura Bufonidae Anaxyrus americanus American toad Amphibia Anura Ranidae Lithobates clamitans Green frog Actinopterygii Cypriniformes Catostomidae Campostomus commersonii White sucker Actinopterygii Cypriniformes Cyprnidae Phinichthys atratulus Blacknose dace Actinopterygii Perciformes Percidae Etheostoma olmstedi Tessellated darter Bivalvia Unionoida Unionidae Alasmidonta marginata Elktoe Bivalvia Unionoida Unionidae Elliptio complanata Eastern elliptio Bivalvia Unionoida Unionidae Lampsilis radiata Eastern lampmussel Bivalvia Unionoida Unionidae Strophitus undulatus Squawfoot Bivalvia Veneroida Dreissenidae Dreissena polymorpha Zebra mussel Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae Pisidium sp. Pea clam Gastropoda Physidae Physa sp. Freshwater snail Malacostraca Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarus sp. Amphipod Malacostraca Decapoda Cambaridae Orconectes rusticus Rusty crayfish Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Cerambycidae sp. Longhorn beetle Insecta Coleoptera Chrysomelidae sp. Leaf beetle Insecta Coleoptera Cocineellidae sp. Lady bug Insecta Coleoptera Curculionoidae sp. Weevils Insecta Coleoptera Elmidae Optioservus sp. Riffle beetle Insecta Coleoptera Elmidae Stenelmis sp. Beetle Insecta Coleoptera Hydrophilidae sp. Beetle Insecta Coleoptera Psephenidae Psephenus sp. Beetle Insecta Coleoptera Scarabaeidae sp. Scarab beetle Insecta Diptera Athericidae Atherix sp. True fly Insecta Diptera Calliphoridae sp. Blow fly Insecta Diptera Conopidae sp. Thick-headed fly Insecta Diptera Culicidae sp. Moquito Insecta Diptera Sarcophagidae sp. Flesh fly Insecta Diptera Syrphidae sp. Hoverfly Insecta Diptera Tabanidae Chrysops sp. Deer fly Insecta Diptera Tachinidae sp. True fly Insecta Ephemeroptera Baetidae Baetis sp. Mayfly Insecta Ephemeroptera Caenidae Caenis sp. Mayfly Insecta Ephemeroptera Heptageniidae McCaffertium sp. Mayfly Insecta Ephemeroptera Isonychiidae Isonychia sp. Mayfly Insecta Hemiptera Cercopidae sp. Froghopper Insecta Hemiptera Gerridae Gerris sp. Water strider Insecta Hemiptera Miridae sp. Plant bugs Insecta Hemiptera Veliidae Rgagovelia sp. Aquatic bugs Insecta Hymenoptera Apidae sp. Native bee Insecta Hymenoptera Formicidae sp. Ant Insecta Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae sp. Ichneumon wasp Insecta Lepidoptera Nymphalidae sp. Butterfly Insecta Megaloptera Corydalidae Nigronia sp. Dobsonfly Insecta Megaloptera Sailidae Sailis sp. Alderfly Insecta Odonata Calopterygidae Calopteryx sp. Damselfly Insecta Odonata Libellulidae sp. Skimmer Insecta Orthoptera Acrididae sp. Grasshopper Insecta Orthoptera Tettigoniidea sp. Grasshopper Insecta Plecoptera Perlidae Acroneuria sp. Stonefly Insecta Trichoptera Hydropsychidae Cheumatopsyche sp. Caddisfly Insecta Trichoptera Uenoidae Neophyla sp. Caddisfly

18 Table 4 (Cont'd). All taxa observed at Compton Bridge Conservation Area on 30 July 2014 (between 10am and 2pm). Arthopoda Arachnida Araneae Lycosidae sp. Wolf spider Arachnida Araneae Tetragnathidae sp. Long-jawed orb weaver Arachnida Opiliones sp. Harvestmen PLANTS Kingdom Division Magnoliophyta Class Order Family Genus Species Common Name Magnoliopsida Alismatales Alismataceae Sagittaria rigida Arrowhead Magnoliopsida Alismatales Araceae Arisaema triphyllum Jack-in-the-pulpit Magnoliopsida Alismatales Araceae Symplocarpus foetidus Skunk weed Magnoliopsida Apiaes Apiaceae Aegopodium podagraria Bishop weed or Goutweed Magnoliopsida Apiales Apiaceae Angelica atropurpurea Sweet angelica Magnoliopsida Apiales Apiaceae Cicuta maculata Water hemlock Magnoliopsida Apiales Apiaceae Daucus carota Queen Anne's lace Magnoliopsida Apiales Apiaceae Pastinaca sativa Wild parsnip Magnoliopsida Asparagales Alliodeae Allium canadense Wild garlic Magnoliopsida Asparagales Asparagaceae Smilacina racemosa False Soloman's seal Magnoliopsida Asterales Asteraceae Ambrosia artemesiafolia Ragweed Magnoliopsida Asterales Asteraceae Anthemis cotula Mayweed Magnoliopsida Asterales Asteraceae Arctium minus Burdock Magnoliopsida Asterales Asteraceae Aster prananthoides Crooked stem aster Magnoliopsida Asterales Asteraceae Aster vimineus Small white aster Magnoliopsida Asterales Asteraceae Bidens sp. Bur marigold Magnoliopsida Asterales Asteraceae Centaurea maculosa Spotted knapweed Magnoliopsida Asterales Asteraceae Chrysanthemum leucanthemum Ox-Eye daisy Magnoliopsida Asterales Asteraceae Cichorium intybus Chicory Magnoliopsida Asterales Asteraceae Cirsium muticum Swamp thistle Magnoliopsida Asterales Asteraceae Erigeron annuus Daisy fleabane Magnoliopsida Asterales Asteraceae Eutrochium dubium 3-Nerved Joe-Pye weed Magnoliopsida Asterales Asteraceae Eutrochium maculatum Spotted Joe-Pye weed Magnoliopsida Asterales Asteraceae Gnaphalium uliginosum Low cudweed Magnoliopsida Asterales Asteraceae Lapsana communis Nipplewort Magnoliopsida Asterales Asteraceae Rudbeckia laciniata Cut leaved coneflower Magnoliopsida Asterales Asteraceae Solidago graminifolia Flat top goldenrod Magnoliopsida Asterales Asteraceae Solidago sp. Goldenrod Magnoliopsida Asterales Asteraceae Sonchus sp. Sow-thistle Magnoliopsida Asterales Asteraceae Tussilago farfara Coltsfoot Magnoliopsida Brassicales Brassicaceae Allaria petiolata Garlic mustard Magnoliopsida Brassicales Brassicaceae Barbarea vulgaris Black mustard Magnoliopsida Brassicales Brassicaceae Capsella bursa-pastoris Shepherd's purse Magnoliopsida Brassicales Brassicaceae Hesperis matronalis Dame's rocket Magnoliopsida Brassicales Brassicaceae Lepidium campestre Poor man's peppergrass Magnoliopsida Brassicales Brassicaceae Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum Watercress Magnoliopsida Brassicales Brassicaceae Rorippa palustris Yellow cress Magnoliopsida Carophyllales Polygonaceae Polygonum persicaria Lady's thumb Magnoliopsida Carophyllales Polygonaceae Polygonum virginianum Jumpseed Magnoliopsida Caryophyllales Caryophyllaceae Stellaria media Chickweed Magnoliopsida Caryophyllales Polygonaceae Fallopia japonica Japanese bamboo Magnoliopsida Caryophyllales Polygonaceae Rumex crispus Curled dock Magnoliopsida Cornales Cornaceae Cornus alternifolia Alternate leaved dogwood Magnoliopsida Cornales Cornaceae Cornus stolonifera Red osier Magnoliopsida Cucurbitales Cucurbitaceae Echinocystis lobata Wild cucumber Magnoliopsida Dipsacales Adoxaceae Sambucus canadensis Elderberry Magnoliopsida Dipsacales Adoxaceae Viburnum lentago Nannyberry Magnoliopsida Dipsacales Caprifoliaceae Lonicera sp. Honeysuckle Magnoliopsida Ericales Balsaminaceae Impatiens capensis Impatience Magnoliopsida Ericales Myrsinaceae Lysimachia ciliata Fringed loosestrife Magnoliopsida Ericales Myrsinaceae Lysimachia nummularia Moneywort Magnoliopsida Ericales Myrsinaceae Lysimachia terrestris Swamp candles Magnoliopsida Fabales Fabaceae Amphicarpaea bracteata Hog peanut Magnoliopsida Fabales Fabaceae Lotus corniculatus Bird's foot trefoil Magnoliopsida Fabales Fabaceae Melilotus alba Sweet white clover Magnoliopsida Fabales Fabaceae Trifolium campestre Low hop-clover

19 Table 4 (Cont'd). All taxa observed at Compton Bridge Conservation Area on 30 July 2014 (between 10am and 2pm). Magnoliophyta Magnoliopsida Fabales Fabaceae Trifolium dubium Small hop clover Magnoliopsida Fabales Fabaceae Trifolium hybridum Alsike clover Magnoliopsida Fabales Fabaceae Trifolium pratense Red clover Magnoliopsida Fabales Fabaceae Trifolium repens White clover Magnoliopsida Fagales Betulaceae Alnus rugosa Speckled alder Magnoliopsida Fagales Juglandaceae Juglans cinerea Butternut Magnoliopsida Gentianales Asclepiadaceae Asclepias syriaca Milkweed Magnoliopsida Gentianales Rubiaceae Gallium sp Bedstraw Magnoliopsida Iridaceae Irideae Iris pseudacorus Yellow flag Magnoliopsida Lamiales Lamiaceae Clinopodium vulgare Wild basil Magnoliopsida Lamiales Lamiaceae Glechoma hederacea Ground ivy Magnoliopsida Lamiales Lamiaceae Linaria vulgaris Butter and eggs Magnoliopsida Lamiales Lamiaceae Lycopus sp. Bugleweed Magnoliopsida Lamiales Lamiaceae Mentha arvensis Wild mint Magnoliopsida Lamiales Oleaceae Fraxinus americana American white ash Magnoliopsida Lamiales Phrymaceae Mimulus ringens Monkey flower Magnoliopsida Lamiales Plantaginaceae Plantago lanceolata English plantain Magnoliopsida Lamiales Plantaginaceae Plantago canadense Plaintain Magnoliopsida Lamiales Plantaginaceae Veronica anagallis-aquatica Water speedwell Magnoliopsida Lamiales Verbenaceae Verbena hastata Blue vervain Magnoliopsida Liliales Colchicaceae Uvularia sessilifolia Bellwort Magnoliopsida Malpighiales Hypericaceae Hypericum punctatum Spotted St Johnswort Magnoliopsida Malpighiales Salicaceae Populus tremuloides Trembling aspen Magnoliopsida Malpighiales Salicaceae Salix Salix fragilis Willow Magnoliopsida Malpighiales Salicaceae Salix Salix sp. Willow Magnoliopsida Malvales Malvaceae Malva moschata Musk mallow Magnoliopsida Malvales Tiliaceae Tilia americana Basswood Magnoliopsida Myrtales Lythraceae Lythrum salicaria Purple loosestrife Magnoliopsida Myrtales Onagraceae Circaea alpina Dwarf enchanter's nightshade Magnoliopsida Myrtales Onagraceae Circaea lutetiana Enchanter's nightshade Magnoliopsida Myrtales Onagraceae Epilobium coloratum Purple leaved willow herb Magnoliopsida Myrtales Onagraceae Epilobium glandulosum Northern willow herb Magnoliopsida Myrtales Onagraceae Ludwigia palustris Water weed Magnoliopsida Myrtales Onocleaceae Oenothera biennis Evening primrose Magnoliopsida Oxalidales Oxalidaceae Oxalis stricta Yellow wood sorrel Magnoliopsida Poales Cyperaceae Carex sp. Sedge Magnoliopsida Poales Cyperaceae Carex lurida Sedge Magnoliopsida Poales Cyperaceae Scirpus sp. Bulrush Magnoliopsida Poales Juncaceae Juncus sp. Rush Magnoliopsida Poales Typhaceae Sparganium americanum Burreed Magnoliopsida Poales Typhaceae Typha latifolia Cattail Magnoliopsida Proteales Plantaginaceae Platanus occidentalis Sycamore Magnoliopsida Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Anemone canadensis Canada anemone Magnoliopsida Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Ranunculus acris Common buttercup Magnoliopsida Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Ranunculus recurvatus Hooked buttercup Magnoliopsida Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Ranunculus repens Creeping buttercup Magnoliopsida Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Ranunculus sp. Buttercup Magnoliopsida Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Taraxicum officinale Dandelion Magnoliopsida Ranunculales Ranunculaceae Thalictrum sp. Rue Magnoliopsida Rosales Rhamnaceae Rhamnus cathartica Buckthorn Magnoliopsida Rosales Rosaceae Agrimonia sp. Agrimony Magnoliopsida Rosales Rosaceae Amelanchier laevis Shadbush Magnoliopsida Rosales Rosaceae Crataegus sp. Hawthorn Magnoliopsida Rosales Rosaceae Fragaria virginiana Strawberry Magnoliopsida Rosales Rosaceae Geum canadense White avens Magnoliopsida Rosales Rosaceae Malus sp. Apple Magnoliopsida Rosales Rosaceae Potentilla simplex Common cinquefoil Magnoliopsida Rosales Rosaceae Prunus serotina Black cherry Magnoliopsida Rosales Rosaceae Prunus virginia Choke Cherry Magnoliopsida Rosales Rosaceae Rosa multiflora Multiflora rose Magnoliopsida Rosales Rosaceae Rubus allegheniensis Northern blackberry Magnoliopsida Rosales Rosaceae Rubus idaeus Red raspberry Magnoliopsida Rosales Rosaceae Rubus Rubus odoratus Purple flowering raspberry Magnoliopsida Rosales Ulmaceae Ulmus Ulmus americana American elm Magnoliopsida Rosales Ulmaceae Ulmus Ulmus rubra Slippery elm Magnoliopsida Rosales Urticaceae Laportea canadensis Wood nettle