Phylogeny of Eudicots (or Tricolpates) Eudicots (or Tricolpates)

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1 Phylogeny of Eudicots (or Tricolpates) Basal eudicots Ranunculales Proteales Buxales Eudicots (or Tricolpates) Rosids Caryophyllales Asterids After Jansen et al., 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104:

2 Phylogeny of Rosids Rosids Saxifragales Vitaceae Eurosids I Eurosids II Eurosids I: Zygophyllales Celastrales Malpighiales Oxalidales Fabales Rosales Cucurbitales Fagales Eurosids II: Brassicales Malvales Sapindales Myrtales Geraniales After Jansen et al., 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104:

3 Fagaceae (Beech or Oak family) Quercus sp.

4 Fagaceae (Beech or Oak family) There are 450 spp. of Quercus (Oak), note the tremendous leaf variation.

5 Fagaceae (Beech or Oak family) Textbook DVD DLN Fagus grandifolia Quercus sp. Flowers are unisexual, males flowers are in a dangling catkin (Inflorescence consisting of a dense, elongated mass of inconspicuous, usually wind-pollinated flowers)

6 Fagaceae (Beech or Oak family) Castanea sativa; staminate inflorescences Textbook DVD DLN Tepals usually 6, reduced and inconspicuous; Stamens 4-numerous Quercus sp.; Staminate (male) flower

7 Fagaceae (Beech or Oak family) Carpellate inflorescence Carpellate inflorescence Quercus sp.; Castanea mollissima; Textbook DVD DLN Note that both staminate and carpellate (female) inflorescence are on the same individual; plants are monoecious.

8 Fagaceae (Beech or Oak family) Quercus sp.; Carpellate flowers usually in group of 1-3 and associated with a scaly cupule. Carpels 3-12, connate. Cupule: any cup-shaped structure, such as the scaly to spiny cup associated with the nut of members of Fagaceae. Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Quercus palustris;

9 Fagaceae (Beech or Oak family) Quercus virginiana; Textbook DVD WSJ Fruit a nut, closely associated with a spiny to scaly cupule. Quercus sp.;

10 Fagaceae (Beech or Oak family) Textbook DVD DLN Fagus sylvatica Castanea pumila Textbook DVD JRA Fagus grandifolia Textbook DVD KRR

11 Fagaceae - 9 genera/900 species. Fagaceae (Beech or Oak family) Trees or shrubs, mostly northern hemisphere, temperate region Leaves simple, alternate; often lobed, entire or serrate, deciduous or evergreen. Flowers inconspicuous, unisexual; plants monoecious; Tepals usually 6, reduced. Male flowers in dangling catkins; Stamens 4-numerous, subtended by a bract; Females flowers in groups of 1-3; Carpels 3(-12), connate; surrounded by an scaly or spiny cupule of many overlapping bracts Fruit a nut (fairly large, indehiscent, dry fruit with a thick bony wall surrounding a single seed), closely associated with a scaly or spiny cupule

12 Betulaceae (Birch family) Betula papyrifera (paper birch) Textbook DVD WSJ

13 Betulaceae (Birch family) Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Betula pendula; Note that both staminate and carpellate flowers are in catkins; Plants are monoecious.

14 Betulaceae (Birch family) Alnus sp. (alder) Again, note that both staminate and carpellate flowers are in Catkins; Plants are monoecious. Photo: Yaowu Yuan

15 Betulaceae (Birch family) Carpinus caroliniana Note the doubly serrate leaf margin. Textbook DVD JRA

16 Betulaceae (Birch family) Alnus rubra Textbook DVD CSC Corylus cornuta Textbook DVD WSJ Fruit an achene, nut, or 2-winged samara, associated with variously fused and developed bract-bracteole complex. Ostrya virginiana Textbook DVD KRR

17 Betulaceae (Birch family) Betulaceae - 6 genera/157 species. Trees or shrubs, mostly northern hemisphere, temperate region. Leaves simple, alternate, deciduous, with doubly serrate margins. Flowers inconspicuous, unisexual; plants monoecious; Both staminate and carpellate flowers are in catkins (except Corylus); Tepals 1-4, sometimes lacking and always very reduced. Stamens 4; carpels 2, connate. Fruit: dry, single-seeded indehiscent fruitachene nut (Corylus) 2-winged samara (Alnus and Betula)

18 Salicaceae (Willow family) Your textbook expanded Salicaceae dramatically to include most of Flacourtiaceae, a mostly tropical family with much more diverse morphology. Salicaceae (Salix and Populus) as covered here (and in FPNW) is monophyletic and is either nested within Flacourtiaceae or sister to Flacourtiaceae. Textbook DVD KRR Salix babylonica

19 Salicaceae (Willow family) Textbook DVD WSJ Textbook DVD DLN Salix caroliniana Populus deltoides Note the hairy seeds (wind dispersal) - cottonwood

20 Salicaceae (Willow family) Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Salix interior Note that staminate and carpellate inflorescence are in different individuals; Plant are dioecious.

21 Salicaceae (Willow family) Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Populus deltoides; Staminate inflorescence Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Populus alba; carpellate inflorescence

22 Salicaceae (Willow family) Salix interior Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Note that perianth absent, each flower is subtended by a hairy bract

23 Salicaceae - 2 genera/435 species. Salicaceae (Willow family) Trees or shrubs, often found along river banks, due to their mode of vegetative reproduction. Leaves simple, alternate, deciduous, with salicoid teeth (gland at tip of vein along serrated leaf margin). Flowers inconspicuous, unisexual; plants dioecious; Both staminate and carpellate flowers are in catkins; Perianth lacking, flowers are subtended by a hairy bract; Stamens 2-4; carpels 2-4, connate, with many ovules; Fruit: capsule - dry, dehiscent, many-carpeled fruit; seeds are typically with woolly hairs

24 Wind pollination syndrome Textbook DVD WSJ Textbook DVD DLN Photo: Yaowu Yuan What do they share in common in terms of floral presentation?

25 Wind pollination syndrome Flowers appear before leaves are out; tend to flower early in the year. Often unisexual flowers; Flowers often aggregated in catkins; Individual flowers small and inconspicuous; Big stamens (large anthers) produce lots of pollen; Stigmas large and plumose or roughened (papillate) to catch pollen; Ratio of pollen to ovules VERY HIGH (up to 6,000 to 1);