Phylogeny of Asterids. Asterids
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- Brandon Bennett
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1 Phylogeny of Asterids Asterids Cornales Ericales Lamiids Campanulids Cornales Ericales Lamiids: Garryales Gentianales Lamiales Solanales Campanulids: Aquifoliales Apiales Dipsacales Asterales After APG, 2003; Judd and Olmstead, 2004, and Soltis et al., 2005
2 Apiaceae (= Umbelliferae, Carrot family) Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Daucus carota; carrot Textbook DVD KRR
3 Apiaceae (= Umbelliferae, Carrot family) veggies_celery_406.jpg Apium graveolens; Celery Pastinaca sativa; Parsnip /commons/7/71/petroselinum_crispum.jpg Petroselinum crispum; Parsley
4 Apiaceae (= Umbelliferae, Carrot family) Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Osmorhiza longistyla; Textbook DVD KRR Trachymene coerulea; Zizia aurea; Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Daucus carota; Textbook DVD KRR & DLN
5 Apiaceae (= Umbelliferae, Carrot family) From the previous slide, you many have already seen that all plants in Apiaceae have a very similar inflorescence Umbel Umbel: many flowers emerging from one point (at the tip of peduncle), often subtended by bracts, forming a flat- or round- topped platform; An umbel can be simple or compound; Pseudanthium ( false flower ) - many small flowers together making up a structure that functions as one flower to attract pollinators. Daucus carota; Textbook DVD KMN Each individual flower is polypetalous; Recalling all core Asterids should be gamopetalous, can you explain this obvious conflict?
6 Apiaceae (= Umbelliferae, Carrot family) Textbook DVD KMN Daucus carota; Textbook DVD WSJ Photo: Valerie Soza Note the inferior ovary, stylopodium, and the schizocarp fruit splitting along the gynophore (= slender projection of receptacle) at maturity. Stylopodium: a disklike expansion or enlargement at the base of the style in the Apiaceae. Chaerophyllum tainturieri;
7 Apiaceae (= Umbelliferae, Carrot family) Textbook DVD KRR Heracleum lanatum; Note the sheathing leaf base Textbook DVD KRR Anethum graveolens; Note the hollow stem
8 Apiaceae (= Umbelliferae, Carrot family) Apiaceae genera/3500 species, including carrots, parsley, parsnip, etc.. Herbs with hollow stems. Leaves alternate, simple or compound, with sheathing leaf bases. Inflorescence an umbel. Flowers actinomorphic, small. perianths 5 parted; corolla polypetalous (exception of core Asterids); Stamens 5; Carpels 2, connate, split apart along the gynophore at maturity; base of the style swollen, forming a nectary disk on top of the ovary; Ovary inferior Fruit a schizocarp.
9 Adoxaceae (Elderberry family) Textbook DVD MJD Sambucus canadensis; elderberry
10 N. hemisphere woody plant families with opposite leaves A MAD CAP HORSE = Oleaceae (Ash family) Maple family (Aceraceae, included in Sapindaceae now) Adoxaceae (Elderberry family) Dogwood family (Cornaceae) Caprifoliaceae (honeysuckle family) Horse chestnut family (Hipposcastanaceae, included in Sapindaceae now)
11 Adoxaceae (Elderberry family) Viburnum sargentii; Textbook DVD MJD Note the peripheral sterile flowers; You may think this is Hydrangea at the first glance they do look very similar, but Hydrangea usually with floral parts 4, and corolla are polypetalous!
12 Adoxaceae (Elderberry family) Sambucus canadensis; Textbook DVD WSJ Viburnum lentago; Textbook DVD MJD Plants in Adoxaceae have quite universal flower morpholgy. Note the 5 petals are connate (fused) with usually short corolla tube and well developed corolla lobes. Stamens 5.
13 Adoxaceae (Elderberry family) Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Note the inferior ovary and the short style with capitate stigma Viburnum carlesii;
14 Adoxaceae (Elderberry family) Adoxaceae - 5 genera/245 species, including Viburnum and elderberry. Viburnum has 220 spp., many of which are popular horticultural plants; Sambucus (elderberry) has 20 spp. The other three genera have 5 spp. together. Viburnum and Sambucus are woody, the other 3 genera (5 spp.) are herbaceous. Leaves opposite, simple, trifoliate, or pinnately compound. Flowers actinomorphic, inflorescence often umbellate. Fruit a drupe. Petals (4-) 5, connate, with usually short corolla tube and well developed lobes. Stamens 5; Carpels 3-5, connate, styles short, stigma capitate; Ovary inferior
15 Caprifoliaceae (Honeysuckle family) Textbook DVD WSJ Caprifoliaceae is another one of the A Mad Cap Horese family. The traditionally recognized Caprifoliaceae (including Viburnum and Sambucus) are all woody. But the family we teach here also includes the formerly Valerianaceae and Dipsacaceae, which are herbaceous. Lonicera sempervirens; honeysuckle
16 Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Caprifoliaceae (Honeysuckle family) Textbook DVD MJD Lonicera x purpusii; note the woody habit and opposite leaves Lonicera cf. sempervirens; note the inferior ovary, and elongated style with capitate stigma
17 Caprifoliaceae (Honeysuckle family) Photo: Yaowu Yuan Textbook DVD MJD Flowers are zygomorphic, petals usually 5, connate, often with 2 upper lobes and 3 lower lobes (2+3), or a 4 upper lobes and a single lower one (4+1).
18 Caprifoliaceae (Honeysuckle family) Caprifoliaceae - 36 genera/810 species Woody, but the more derived ones (i.e. formerly Valerianaceae and Dipsacaceae) are herbaceous. Leaves opposite, simple, sometimes pinnately divided or compound. Flowers zygomorphic. Petals usually 5, connate, often with 2 upper lobes and 3 lower lobes (2+3), or a 4 upper lobes and a single lower one (4+1). Stamens (1-) 4 or 5. Carpels 2-5, connate, styles elongate, stigma capitate; Ovary inferior Fruit a drupe, capsule, berry, or achene.
19 Asteraceae (= Compositae, Aster family) With 1535 genera and 23, 000 species, Asteraceae is one of the two largest families (the other one is Orchidaceae). Despite of the large number of species and great diversity, this family is easily recognized and morphological synapomorphies are numerous. Textbook DVD KRR Helianthus annuus; sunflower
20 Asteraceae (= Compositae, Aster family) Note the actinomorphic disk flowers (corolla lobes 5) and the zygomorphic ray flowers (upper lip 2 lobes and lower lip 3 lobes, but the upper lip is often lacking, so you often see a single lip with more or less 3 lobes in ray flowers). Also note the highly modified sepals, forming a pappus composed of many bristles in the present flowers. Also note the inferior ovary Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Symphyotrichum shortii;
21 Asteraceae (= Compositae, Aster family) Textbook DVDWSJ Berlandiera subaculis; Textbook DVD KRR Helianthus annuus; Heads have central disk flowers and marginal ray flowers are radiate.
22 Asteraceae (= Compositae, Aster family) Vernonia missurica; Heads have only disk flowers discoid. Textbook DVD KRR
23 Asteraceae (= Compositae, Aster family) A big group of Asteraceae plants have the third type of corolla zygomorphic, elongated, tongue-like, ending in 5 small teeth. These flowers are called ligulate flowers. Heads have only ligulate flowers are ligulate. Tragopogon pratensis; Textbook DVD KRR & DLN
24 Asteraceae (= Compositae, Aster family) Textbook DVD KRR Centaurea macrocephala; Textbook DVD WSJ Cirsium nuttallii; Textbook DVD KRR Cynara cardunculus; Note the involucre of bracts.
25 Asteraceae (= Compositae, Aster family) By now, you should have developed the skills to describe a family in an accurate and concise way. So, summarize the characteristics of Asteraceae yourself. Also, there is a very interesting mechanism of pollen (floral) presentation in Asteraceae and its relative families, including a 317 family, Campanulaceae. Do some further reading if you are curious about it.
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