Six Plant Families of Economic Importance
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1 Six Plant Families of Economic Importance
2 Six Top Agricultural Crop Families Grass family (Poaceae) rice, wheat, corn, etc. Bean family (Fabaceae) soybeans, peas, beans Tomato family (Solanaceae) tomatos, potatoes, peppers, eggplants Mustard family (Brassicaceae) cabbage, mustard, turnips, broccoli Squash family (Cucurbitaceae) watermelon, honeydews, squash, zucchini Carrot family (Apiaceae) carrots, celery, parsnips, cilantro
3 Poaceae (=Gramineae)
4 Poaceae Grass family Named for genus Poa Crops called cereal crops (Greek god of agriculture was Ceres) Monocots Old family name: Graminae (=grains) Of the total food produced by the World's top 30 crops (based on dry matter), about 23.4% comes from wheat, followed by maize (21.5%) and rice (16.5%) (Harlan, 1995).
5 Poaceae ~70% of all farmland dedicated to this group 9,000 species worldwide 35 species domesticated, 5 important today Only 1 from New World which one?
6 Grass vegetative structure Fibrous roots Leaves wrap around stem Produces clones (tillers) from runners (stolons) or from rhizomes
7 Grass reproductive structures Highly modified flower no sepals, no petals Protective leaves (glumes) around flower stem base 2 more protective leaves: lemmas, paleas around flower 1 carpel, 2 stigma lobes, 3 stamens
8 As seed matures, fuses completely to ovary wall=caryopsis (kernel) Ovary wall + seed coat = bran Interior to seed coat is oil-rich layer called aleurone layer Lots of endosperm 1-cotyledon = monocot Grass seeds:
9 Wheat
10 Rice
11 Corn
12 Sorghum, Millet
13 Sugar Cane
14 Oats, Rye
15 Fabaceae (= Leguminosae)
16 Bean family - Fabaceae 2 nd to grasses in economic importance Major crops: soybeans, peanuts, beans, peas, alfalfa, clover, chickpeas, lentils Old family name = Leguminosae because fruit type is legume 1-carpel flowers with many seeds; dehiscent at maturity
17 Fabaceae Papilionoid Flowers, wings like butterfly
18 Legumes
19 Soybeans Soybeans consists of more than 36% protein, 30% carbohydrates, and excellent amounts of dietary fiber, vitamins, and minerals. It also consists of 20% oil, which makes it the most important crop for producing edible oil.
20 Soybean Products
21 Peanuts Arachis hypogea indehiscent legumes, develop underground
22 Garden Beans Phaseolus vulgaris Nineteen varieties of beans: Northern, pinto, large lima, blackeye, garbanzo, baby lima, green split pea, kidney, cranberry bean, small white, pink bean, small red, yellow split pea, lentil, navy, white kidney, black bean, pearl barley and scarlet runner.
23 Carob - Ceratonia siliqua Carat is derived from the word "carob," in reference to the carob seed. One carat is precisely 200 milligrams. The diamond in the engagement ring shown above is 1.09 carats or 218 milligrams.
24 Fabaceae Rhizobium bacteria form symbiotic relationships with roots Produce nodules. Nitrogen in atmosphere fixed by bacteria
25 Solanaceae
26 Tomato Family - Solanaceae Flowers radially symmetrical with 5 united sepals and 5 petals united at base Stamens are usually 5 Superior ovary Leaves are alternate, simple or lobed. Fruit is a berry or 2- chambered capsule capsule berry
27 Tomato Family - Solanaceae Edible Genera: Capsicum bell peper chilies, all kinds paprika Physalis tomatillo strawberry tomato Solanum tomato, roma, cherry, heirloom eggplant potato
28 Tomatos Solanum lycopersicum Domesticated in Central America Nahuatl tribes called them tomatl First record in Europe is 1544 in Italy Not eaten for centuries in Europe because it looked like local toxic cousins Ketchup popularized in early 1900s, salsa in the 1980s
29 Solanum tuberosum Domesticated in mountains of Argentina Good crop for cool, moist, country, Tuber = modified stem, produced underground Biennial crops eyes = axillary buds Native name batatas Scrape away any sprouts or green spots, since they might contain a mildly toxic compound called solanine Potatoes
30 Potatoes & history Irish potato famine 1840s killed 1-6 million people caused by potato fungus Phytophthora Russians used potatoes as fermentation source vodka
31 Eggplant Solanum melongena Native to India Domesticated about 3,000 yrs ago Original plants produced egg-like fruit Modern varieties have thicker, purple skin
32 Peppers 3 main species, each with many varieties: Capsicum annuum Capsicum frutescens Capsicum chinense The name Capsicum could arise from the Latin capsa (box) or the Greek kapto (to bite).
33 Alkaloids of Solanaceae plants: Atropine from belladonna Hyosciamine from Henbane
34 Tobacco - Nicotine 2 main species: Nicotiana rusticum & N. tabacum
35 Brassicaceae (= Cruciferae)
36 Mustard Family - Brassicaceae Leaves are alternate and simple. Flowers in raceme sepals 4 petals 4, separate Stamens 6, inner 4 long, outer 2 short (tetradynamous) Ovary divided by a replum or false partition. Fruit a narrow silique or a short silicle
37 Mustard Family - Brassicaceae silique raceme various silicles
38 Mustard Family - Brassicaceae Crops: cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, turnips, kale, collards, mustard, brussel sprouts, rutabagas
39 Mustard Family - Brassicaceae Edible Genera: Brassica kohlrabi mustard canola oil (rape seed oil) cabbage, head of leaves kale, without a head cauliflower, flower buds brussels sprouts, axillary buds broccoli, flower buds rutabaga turnip chinese cabbage bok choy
40 Brassica oleracea Wild Species Cultivars all selected from different parts
41 Mustard Family - Brassicaceae Other Edible Genera: Armoracia rusticana horseradish, root used to flavor foods Eruca stiva arugula Nasturtium officinale watercress Raphanus sativus radish daikon
42 Cucurbitaceae
43 Squash Family - Cucurbitaceae Leaves palmately veined or lobed. Monoecious - separate male and female flowers (imperfect) Inferior ovary Ovary 3 carpels, single locule with parietal placentation. Fruit is a pepo, a berry with a hard rind.
44 Squash Family - Cucurbitaceae male female
45 Cucumbers, melons, squashes, zucchini, gourds, pumpkins, loofahs Fruit type - pepo 3 carpels Parietal placentation
46 Edible Genera: Squash Family - Cucurbitaceae Citrullus lanatus watermelon Cucumis cantaloupe honey-dew cucumber Cucurbita pumpkin squashes
47 Squash, Pumpkins, and Gourds Cucurbita
48 Apiaceae = Umbelliferae
49 Carrot Family - Apiaceae Carrots, parsnips, celery Herbs: chervil, angelica, dill, caraway, coriander, cumin, fennel, parsely, aniseed, cilantro, rhubarb Old name: Umbelliferae
50 Carrot Family - Apiaceae Compound leaves, petioles sheathing Flowers borne in dense, flattopped umbel. sepals, petals and stamens of an individual flower are each five. ovary inferior made up of 2 carpels, 1 ovule in each. Fruit develops into a schizocarp, splits in 2 aromatic oils in leaves and fruit
51 compound umbels schizocarp
52 Edible Genera: Anethum graveolens dill Apium graveolens celery (petiole, root) Carum carvi caraway, herb and spice with edible leaves a roots. Can be used medicinally as an antispasmodic Coriandrum sativum cilantro coriander Cuminum cyminum cumin Carrot Family - Apiaceae
53 Edible Genera: Daucus carota carrot, cultivar of the wild variety, grows a tap root during its first growing season and then produces flowers and seeds during the next Foeniculum vulgare fennel, with edible petioles Pastinaca sativa parsnip Petroselinum crispum parsley Pimpinella anisum anise Carrot Family - Apiaceae
54 Other Notable Genera: Cicuta maculata Carrot Family - Apiaceae water hemlock, the deadliest plant in North America affecting the central nervous system and causes paralysis of the lungs. A tiny piece is enough to kill a human, contains large amounts of cicutoxin Conium maculatum hemlock, also extremely deadly and is said to be the plant that killed Socrates Heracleum mantegazzianum giant hogweed, causes painful blisters on contact with human skin
55 Carrot Family - Apiaceae
56 End
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