Diversity and Evolution of Rosids

Transcription

1 Diversity and Evolution of Rosids... gourds, walnuts, and maples... N 2 fixing clade Cucurbitales previously recognized group of 7 families (some N 2 fixers) palmate leaves, cucurbitoid teeth, imperfect flowers, parietal placentation Cucurbitaceae Datiscaceae Begoniaceae Cucurbitaceae - melons Mainly tropical and subtropical family of 118 genera, 845 species of herbaceous or woody vines with tendrils (modified inflorescences) Cucurbitaceae - melons flowers unisexual and plants usually dioecious, cultivated ones monoecious Male flower Gurania in Panama Cucumis in Wisconsin fusion of perianth (Asteridlike!); stamens are weird, female flower is epigynous Female flower

2 Cucurbitaceae - melons Cucurbitaceae - melons Fruit is a berry with leathery rind = pepo (pumpkin, melon, pickle, gourd) Female flower Echinocystis lobata wild cucumber Note the many small male flowers and few female flowers going into fruit and spiny pepo Cucurbitaceae - melons Sicyos angulata - bur cucumber N 2 fixing clade *Fagales core Amentiferae of Engler & Prantl and subclass Hamamelidae of Cronquist - wind pollinated trees with unisexual flowers in aments/catkins inferior G (2-3) nut - bony 1-seeded Small burred cucumber or pickle-like fruits can be seen on bottom right

3 *Fagales Nothofagaceae - southern beeches - are sister to all others *Fagaceae - beeches North Temperate family of 7 genera, 670 species (1/2 are oaks) simple leaves and nut enclosed by subtending bracts Fagus - beech Castanea - chestnut Quercus - oak *Fagaceae - beeches Fagus (beech) is characteristic of mesic forests in north temperate deciduous forests easy to recognize with gray bark 2 pistillate flowers (2 nuts) surrounded by one set of bracts *Fagaceae - oaks Quercus, the oaks, have bracts below female flower that coalesce into a woody cup of the acorn fruit (nut) hybridizing group and taxonomically challenging Fagus sylvatica - Europe Fagus grandifolia - American beech Fagus grandifolia - N. America

4 *Fagaceae - oaks White oaks - rounded leaf lobes, thinner walled xylem of summer wood, fruit matures in 1 yr *Fagaceae - oaks White oak - Alleghenian species typical of more mesic woodlands in Wisconsin Red oaks - bristle tipped leaf lobes, thicker xylem, fruit matures in 2 yrs white oak red oak Quercus alba - white oak *Fagaceae - oaks Bur oak - Ozarkian element species of xeric oak woodlands and oak savannas *Fagaceae - oaks Red oak - more mesic member of the red oak group; black oak, hill s oak are more xeric tolerant Quercus macrocarpa - bur oak Quercus rubra - red oak

5 *Fagaceae - chestnuts Castanea, the chestnuts, have 2 female flowers per spiny involucre *Fagaceae - chestnuts American chestnuts Massachusetts in late 1800s prior to 1904 chestnut blight Japanese chestnut in Connecticut - resistant Castanea dentata - American chestnut Castanea dentata - American chestnut original distribution *Juglandaceae - walnuts Well known tree family containing walnuts, hickories, and pecans 10 genera and 50 species are divided into two subfamilies *Juglandaceae - walnuts Leaves pinnately compound, alternate Leaves often aromatic from resinous peltate glands; allelopathic Engelhardia Juglans Juglans cinera Butternut, white walnut Carya ovata shagbark hickory

6 *Juglandaceae - walnuts *Juglandaceae - walnuts Trees are monoecious Wind pollinated features Juglans cinera Butternut, white walnut CA 3-6 CO 0 A 3- G 0 male flowers apetalous and arranged in pendulous catkins or aments on older stems calyx small; each flower bracted Female flower Juglans nigra - Black walnut Male inflorescence Juglans regia English walnut *Juglandaceae - walnuts Juglans cinera Butternut, white walnut CA 4 CO 0 A 0 G (2) female flowers apetalous and in a small group on this year s new growth *Juglandaceae - walnuts fruit a nut - single ovule fused to ovary wall surrounded often by persistant involucral bracts which can become fleshy; thus sometimes mistakenly called a drupe calyx small, persistant, often fused to involucral bracts; 2 stigma feathery Carya cordiformis Bitternut hickory Juglans nigra Black walnut Juglans cinera Butternut, white walnut Juglans nigra Black walnut

7 *Juglandaceae - walnuts black walnut: one of the most prized of all lumber trees for fine furniture *Juglandaceae - hickories shagbark hickory: common tree of more mesic to xeric forests over much of North America - oak/hickory forests Juglans nigra - black walnut Carya ovata - shagbark hickory *Betulaceae - birches North Temperate family of 6 genera and 110 species of shrubs to trees - birches and alders Female inflorescence *Betulaceae - birches both female and male (drooping) inflorescences are in aments/catkins flowers possess no perianth fruit a small nut or 1 seeded samara, subtended by 3-lobed bract Male inflorescence Betula papyrifera - paper birch

8 *Betulaceae - birches *Betulaceae - birches Ostrya virginiana - eastern hop hornbeam, ironwood Alnus, the alders Betula papyrifera - paper birch Betula allegheniensis Yellow birch Corylus americana Hazelnut, filbert Myricaceae - sweet gale Small family 3 genera that fix atmospheric nitrogen Casuarinaceae small family of 100 species - the she oaks of Australia Dioecious shrubs or subshrubs with sweet aromatic smell Casuarina - evergreen with equisetoid leaves Myrica gale - sweet gale Comptonia peregrina - sweet fern

9 *Sapindales long recognized group of 9 families woody, compound leaves nectar disk 1-2 seeded fruit *Sapindales chemically distinct (lemon smells) preferential herbivory by hemipteran Calophya Sapindaceae Acer platanoides Bitter triterpenoids Calophya on Schinus (Anacardiaceae) Rutaceae Geijera multiflorum *Anacardiaceae - sumacs Woody, worldwide family (70/985) with alternate, compound leaves and pungent, often nasty volatiles or black exudates (phenolics) Rhus glabra - smooth sumac *Anacardiaceae - sumacs Semecarpu s CA 5 CO 5 A 5, 10 G (2-3) flowers are small, congested, variously unisexual or perfect but with disk Rhus glabra - smooth sumac Magnifera - mango

10 *Anacardiaceae - sumacs *Anacardiaceae - sumacs Semecarpu s CA 5 CO 5 A 5, 10 G (2-3) one-seeded drupes (mango, pistachio, cashew) Rhus glabra - smooth sumac Magnifera - mango Rhus hirta - staghorn sumac *Anacardiaceae - sumacs *Anacardiaceae - sumacs Toxicodendron vernix - poison sumac Multi-stemmed shrub in wetlands Toxicodendron radicans - poison ivy: variable in habit Toxicodendron includes our 3 poisonous species

11 *Anacardiaceae - sumacs One of the most poisonous members of this family is the source of Chinese or Japanese lacquer. What is the species? *Sapindaceae - maples Largely tropical woody family of 735 genera and 1600 species and includes previously recognized smaller temperate families (maples - Aceraceae, buckeyes - Hippocastanaceae) most have opposite, compound leaves 1-2 seeded drupes or samaras Sapindus -soapberry *Sapindaceae - maples The family includes 2 of the most important or dominant tree species in many of our forest types - sugar maple and red maple *Sapindaceae - maples CA 4-5 CO 0 or 4-5 A 8, 10 G maple flowers (2) typically unisexual by abortion. Perianth 4-5 merous, but petals lacking in sugar and silver maples and boxelder nectariferous disk is often present in the whorl associated with stamens Male flower Acer saccharum - sugar maple Acer rubrum - red maple Acer platanoides - Norway maple Introduced ornamental

12 *Sapindaceae - maples CA 4-5 CO 0 or 4-5 A 8, 10 G (2) superior pistil composed of 2 carpels and 2 extended styles note reduced and probably non-functional stamens *Sapindaceae - maples Female flower Acer platanoides - Norway maple fruit is a schizocarp - each carpel separates into a one seeded mericarp fruit is also a samara - 2 winged achenes *Sapindaceae - maples *Sapindaceae - maples Acer saccharum/nigrum Sugar/black maple One of the most dominant mesic forest tree species throughout Wisconsin is the sugar maple; leaves smoothed lobed; flowers without petals Acer rubrum - Red maple Another dominant hydric-xeric forest tree species throughout Wisconsin and eastern North America

13 *Sapindaceae - maples *Sapindaceae - maples only dioecious species of maple and only one with compound leaves Acer negundo - boxelder initially male only, as they age they switch to female Acer saccharinum - silver maple Silver maple is characteristic of wet conditions, fast growing, and with whitish underside to leaves; like sugar maple has no petals *Sapindaceae - maples horsechestnuts are now included in Sapindaceae along with the maples. leaves are palmately compound and opposite. Simaroubaceae - tree of heaven The tree-of-heaven is originally from Asia, widely planted, and somewhat naturalized. Like most members of the family, the tree is strongly (pungently) odored. Aesculus hippocastanum - horsechestnut Aesculus glabra - Ohio buckeye Ailanthus altissima - tree of heaven

14 Rutaceae - citrus Largely alternate, compound leaved family (except oranges and relatives) Family is well known for its volatile terpenoid compounds that the leaves & flowers emit Rutaceae - citrus Native clonal and spiny armed shrub with pinnately compound leaves; flowers reduced Potentially invasive shrub in drier habitats Zanthoxylum americanum Prickly-ash Citrus sinensis Ptelea trifoliata (hop tree, wafer-ash) - medicinal plnat Meliaceae - mahogany Mahogany - Swietenia brasiliensis - important lumber tree in Neotropics