Eudicots (Tricolpates)

Transcription

1 Caryophyllids Basal eudicots Eudicots (Tricolpates) Rosids Asterids Caryophyllids Simmondsiaceae Nyctaginaceae Petiveriaceae Phytolaccaceae Aizoaceae Cactaceae Portulacaceae Amaranthaceae Caryophyllaceae Polygonacee Plumbaginaceae Droseraceae Nepenthaceae P-type plastids Curved embryo Perisperm Free central placentation Betalain

2 Polygonaceae 43 genera; 1100 species Fagopyrum esculentum Rheum rhabarbarum Polygonaceae 43 genera; 1100 species Habit: herbaceous to woody (ours mainly herbaceous) Stem: nodes with sheathing stipule (ocrea) Leaves: simple, alternate

3 Polygonaceae Symmetry: radial Perianth parts: 6 tepals (sometimes 5) Stamens: 6-9 (sometimes 5) Pistils: 1, compound (2-3 carpels) Ovary position: superior Fruit type: nutlet or achene Caryophyllids Simmondsiaceae Nyctaginaceae Petiveriaceae Phytolaccaceae Aizoaceae Cactaceae Portulacaceae Amaranthaceae Caryophyllaceae Polygonacee Plumbaginaceae Droseraceae Nepenthaceae P-type plastids Curved embryo Perisperm Free central placentation Betalain

4 Carnivorous plants Caryophyllineae Betalain pigments Free central placentation Beta vulgaris (Amaranthaceae)

5 Caryophyllineae Perisperm = derived from sporophyte tissue (not from double fertilization) Curved embryo Hermann et al., 2007 P-type plastid = organelles in sieve elements store protein instead of starch Caryophyllaceae 70 genera; 2200 species Dianthus caryophyllus

6 Caryophyllaceae 70 genera; 2200 species Habit: herbaceous Stem: swollen nodes Leaves: simple, opposite Caryophyllaceae Symmetry: radial Perianth parts: 5 sepals, 5 petals (often clawed or bilobed) Stamens: 10 Pistils: 1, compound (2-5 carpels) Ovary position: superior Fruit type: capsule

7 Portulacaceae 19 genera; 450 species Habit: herbaceous, often succulent Leaves: simple, alternate or opposite often fleshy Portulacaceae Symmetry: radial Perianth parts: 2 sepals, 5 petals (sometimes many) Stamens: 5 (sometimes many) Pistils: 1, compound (2-3 carpels) Ovary position: superior Fruit type: capsule

8 Portulacaceae Applequist and Wallace, 2001 Portulacaceae is not monophyletic Cactaceae is derived within it Biodiversity the variety of organisms considered at all levels, from species through genera, families, and still higher taxonomic levels and including the variety of ecosystems, which comprise both the communities of organisms within particular habitats and the physical conditions under which they live. - E.O. Wilson Number of species Narrow endemic Scarce Common Cosmopolitan

9 Defining rarity Endemism: to be unique to a specific geographic location. paleoendemic Amborella trichopoda Defining rarity Endemism: to be unique to a specific geographic location. neoendemic Stephanomeria malheurensis Stephanomeria exigua

10 Defining rarity Large geographic range Small geographic range Locally abundant everywhere Locally abundant in exact sites Locally abundant regionally Locally abundant, but very restricted Sparse, but everywhere Sparse, but widespread in exact sites Sparse, but in several habitats locally Sparse, and very restricted Hackelia venusta Natural factors in rarity Sequoia sempervirens

11 Natural factors in rarity Claytonia megarhiza Lomatium cuspidatum Natural factors in rarity Lupinus oreganus Icaricia icarioides fenderi

12 Natural factors in rarity Human impacts Habitat destruction Non-native spp. Pollution Overharvest Disease Trifolium thompsonii Sidalcea oregana Source: Wilcove et al. (1998) BioScience 48: (data from U.S. Federal Register, 1055 plant species).

13 Invasive plants Invasive non-native species are those that can or have spread into native wilderness or managed ecosystems, develop self-sustaining populations, and become dominant or disruptive to those systems. Fallopia japonica Invasive plants: impacts Competition for resources Hedera helix Rubus armeniacus

14 Invasive plants: impacts Changing ecosystems Cytisus scoparius Spartina alterniflora Bromus tectorum Invasive plants: introduction and establishment Woody Plant Introductions Accidental 1% Erosion Control 3% North American n=235 Agriculture 14% Landscape Horticulture 82% Area Stages of invasion Establishment Expansion Saturation Time Rule of 10s (Williamson, 1992) 10% of introduced species will become adventive 10% of adventive species will become established 10% of the established species will become invasive