Appendix A. Reach and Watershed Characteristics.
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1 Appendix A. Reach and Watershed Characteristics. Table A1. Reach characteristics. Site* Exclusion practice Livestock type and density Grazing area (ha) Animal units (AU) Grazing density (AU/ha) Grazing category TC None 30 head of cattle heavy Fenced 2 4 horses reference years SCA None 20 head of cattle rotational CREP 2 4 head of cattle reference years SCB None 15 head of cattle light rotational CREP 4 20 cattle, reference years sheep, 3 horses, 2 turkeys, 13 chickens NF None 60 head of cattle heavy CREP cows, reference years horses, 6 turkeys JC None 40 head of cattle heavy Forested none reference * TC Tom s Creek, SCA Sinking Creek A, SCB Sinking Creek B, NF North Fork of the Roanoke River, JC Johns Creek Values for animal units from National Range and Pasture Handbook (USDA- NRCS, 2003) 80
2 Table A2. General watershed and location information for each reach (USGS, 1982; WBD, 2007). Site* Paired Reaches Stream Order Drainage area (km 2 ) Latitude N Longitude W Elevation (m) Watershed slope (%) TC Grazed Exclusion % diff SCA Grazed Exclusion % diff SCB Grazed Exclusion % diff NF Grazed Exclusion % diff JC Grazed Forested % diff * TC Tom s Creek, SCA Sinking Creek A, SCB Sinking Creek B, NF North Fork of the Roanoke River, JC Johns Creek USGS (1:24,000) quad sheets were used to determine stream order. Blue line stream were considered 1 st order. 81
3 Table A3. Percent of general soil types for each study watershed (STATSGO, 2007) Soil Type TC* SCA SCB NF JC Berks-Weikert-Laidig Carbo-Chilhowie Frederick Frederick-Carbo Timberville Moomaw-Jefferson Alonzville Shottower-Laidig Weikert Wallen-Dekalb- Drypond * TC Tom s Creek, SCA Sinking Creek A, SCB Sinking Creek B, NF North Fork of the Roanoke River, JC Johns Creek 82
4 Table A4. Percent land use for each reach's watershed (RESAC, 2007) 83 Site* Grazed vs. Forest Urban areas/ Natural Open water/ Residential/ Pasture/ Croplands Other Exclusion roads Grass Wetlands Developed Hay TC Grazed Exclusion % diff SCA Grazed Exclusion % diff SCB Grazed Exclusion % diff NF Grazed Exclusion % diff JC Grazed Forested % diff * TC Tom s Creek, SCA Sinking Creek A, SCB Sinking Creek B, NF North Fork of the Roanoke River, JC Johns Creek
5 Table A5. Percent land use for the 30.5-meter stream buffer in each reach's watershed (RESAC, 2007) 84 Site* Land use Forest Urban areas/ roads Natural Grass Open water/ Wetlands Residential/ Developed Pasture/ Hay Croplands TC Grazed Exclusion % diff SCA Grazed Exclusion % diff SCB Grazed Exclusion % diff NF Grazed Exclusion % diff JC Grazed Forested % diff * TC Tom s Creek, SCA Sinking Creek A, SCB Sinking Creek B, NF North Fork of the Roanoke River, JC Johns Creek Other
6 Figure A1 Historical aerial photos for the Tom s Creek site from 1954 (A), 1962 (B), 1971 (C), and 2004 (D) (USDA-NRCS, 2007) N N N 85 A B C D
7 Figure A2 Historical aerial photos for Upper Sinking Creek (A) site from 1988 (A) and 2004 (B) (USDA-NRCS, 2007) N N 86 A B
8 Figure A3 Historical aerial photos for the Lower Sinking Creek (B) site from 1988 (A) and 2004 (B) (USDA-NRCS, 2007) N 87 A B
9 Figure A4 Historical aerial photos for the North Fork of the Roanoke River site from 1954 (A), 1962 (B), 1971 (C), and 2004 (D) (USDA-NRCS, 2007) N N N N 88 A B C D
10 Figure A5 Historical aerial photos for Johns Creek from 1988 (A) and 2004 (B) (USDA-NRCS, 2007) N 89 A B
11 Appendix B. Rapid Geomorphic Assessment Field Data Sheets 90
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22 Appendix C. Survey and Pebble Count Data Analysis Table C1. Meander width, wavelength, entrenchment category, Rosgen stream type (Rosgen, 1998), and Reach Condition Index (USEPA and VDEQ 2006). Site* Grazed Meander Wavelength Entrenchment Rosgen RCI vs. Exclusion width (m) (m) Category stream type TC Grazed slightly C4 2.1 entrenched Exclusion slightly entrenched E4 3.4 % diff SCA Grazed slightly C4 2.9 entrenched Exclusion slightly entrenched C4 4.2 % diff SCB Grazed entrenched F4 2.9 Exclusion slightly entrenched C4 4.2 % diff NF Grazed slightly C4 1.3 entrenched Exclusion slightly entrenched C4 4.2 % diff JC Grazed slightly C4 2.1 entrenched Exclusion slightly entrenched C4 5.8 % diff * TC Tom s Creek, SCA Sinking Creek A, SCB Sinking Creek B, NF North Fork of the Roanoke River, JC Johns Creek 101
23 Summary of Longitudinal Survey data Table C2. Water surface and bed slope, straight line distance, thalweg length, sinuosity, and large woody debris count (LWD) for each study reach. Site* Grazed vs. Water Bed Straight Line Thalweg Sinuosity LWD Exclusion Surface Slope (%) Slope (%) distance (m) length (m) TC Grazed Exclusion % diff SCA Grazed Exclusion % diff SCB Grazed Exclusion % diff NF Grazed Exclusion % diff JC Grazed Exclusion % diff * TC Tom s Creek, SCA Sinking Creek A, SCB Sinking Creek B, NF North Fork of the Roanoke River, JC Johns Creek 102
24 103 Table C3. Length, average, percent, and number of riffles and pools in each study reach. Site* Grazed vs. Exclusion Total length of riffles (m) Total length of pools (m) Average length of riffles (m) Average length of pools (m) Percent riffles (%) Percent pools (%) No. of riffles No. of pools TC Grazed Exclusion % diff SCA Grazed Exclusion % diff SCB Grazed Exclusion % diff NF Grazed Exclusion % diff JC Grazed Forested % diff * TC Tom s Creek, SCA Sinking Creek A, SCB Sinking Creek B, NF North Fork of the Roanoke River, JC Johns Creek
25 Table C4. Average and standard deviation of thalweg depth, average and maximum pool depth, and average bed slope of riffles in each study reach. Site* Grazed vs. Exclusion Average thalweg depth (m) Standard deviation thalweg depth Average pool depth (m) Maximum pool depth (m) Average bed slope of riffles (%) TC Grazed Exclusion % diff SCA Grazed Exclusion % diff SCB Grazed Exclusion % diff NF Grazed Exclusion % diff JC Grazed Exclusion % diff * TC Tom s Creek, SCA Sinking Creek A, SCB Sinking Creek B, NF North Fork of the Roanoke River, JC Johns Creek 104
26 Summary of cross-sectional data for each reach Table C5. Average bankfull cross-section data for two riffles and two pools in each study reach. Site* Grazed vs. Exclusion Crosssection area (m 2 ) Width (m) Mean depth (m) Max depth (m) Wetted perimeter (m) Hyd. radius (m) Widthdepth ratio TC Grazed Exclusion % diff SCA Grazed Exclusion % diff SCB Grazed Exclusion % diff NF Grazed Exclusion % diff JC Grazed Forested % diff * TC Tom s Creek, SCA Sinking Creek A, SCB Sinking Creek B, NF North Fork of the Roanoke River, JC Johns Creek 105
27 Table C6. Average bankfull cross-section data for two riffles in each study reach. Site* Grazed vs. Crosssection Width (m) Mean depth Max depth Wetted perimeter Hyd. radius Width -depth Exclusion area (m 2 ) (m) (m) (m) (m) ratio TC Grazed Exclusion % diff SCA Grazed Exclusion % diff SCB Grazed Exclusion % diff NF Grazed Exclusion % diff JC Grazed Forested % diff * TC Tom s Creek, SCA Sinking Creek A, SCB Sinking Creek B, NF North Fork of the Roanoke River, JC Johns Creek 106
28 Summary of bed substrate particles Table C7. Summary of percent substrate type for riffle and pool cross-sections combined. Site* Grazed vs. Exclusion silt/clay sand gravel cobble boulder bedrock TC Grazed Exclusion % diff SCA Grazed Exclusion % diff SCB Grazed Exclusion % diff NF Grazed Exclusion % diff JC Grazed Forested % diff * TC Tom s Creek, SCA Sinking Creek A, SCB Sinking Creek B, NF North Fork of the Roanoke River, JC Johns Creek 107
29 Table C8. Summary of percent fines (bed substrate diameter below < 2 mm) for the riffle cross-sections and the overall reach. Grazed vs. Site* Exclusion overall % fines riffle % fines TC Grazed Exclusion % diff SCA Grazed Exclusion % diff SCB Grazed Exclusion % diff NF Grazed Exclusion % diff JC Grazed Forested % diff * TC Tom s Creek, SCA Sinking Creek A, SCB Sinking Creek B, NF North Fork of the Roanoke River, JC Johns Creek 108
30 Table C9. Summary of substrate size for riffle and pool cross-sections combined. Site* Grazed vs. Exclusion D 16 (mm) D 50 (mm) D 84 (mm) Geometric Standard Deviation (σ g ) TC Grazed Exclusion % diff SCA Grazed Exclusion % diff SCB Grazed Exclusion % diff NF Grazed Exclusion % diff JC Grazed Forested % diff * TC Tom s Creek, SCA Sinking Creek A, SCB Sinking Creek B, NF North Fork of the Roanoke River, JC Johns Creek 109
31 Table C10. Summary of substrate size for riffle cross-sections. Site* Grazed vs. Exclusion D 16 (mm) D 50 (mm) D 84 (mm) Geometric Standard Deviation (σ g ) TC Grazed Exclusion % diff SCA Grazed Exclusion % diff SCB Grazed Exclusion % diff NF Grazed Exclusion % diff JC Grazed Forested % diff * TC Tom s Creek, SCA Sinking Creek A, SCB Sinking Creek B, NF North Fork of the Roanoke River, JC Johns Creek 110
32 Table C11. Summary of substrate size for pool cross-sections. Site* Grazed vs. Exclusion D 16 (mm) D 50 (mm) D 84 (mm) Geometric Standard Deviation (σ g ) TC Grazed Exclusion % diff SCA Grazed Exclusion % diff SCB Grazed Exclusion % diff NF Grazed Exclusion % diff JC Grazed Forested % diff * TC Tom s Creek, SCA Sinking Creek A, SCB Sinking Creek B, NF North Fork of the Roanoke River, JC Johns Creek 111
33 Appendix D. Soils and Vegetation Data Table D1. Aboveground vegetation identification (USDA-NRCS, 2001). Site* Site Groundcover Species Shrub Species Tree Types Specifications TC1 Grazed Cool season grasses None Hops Hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana), Black Willow (Salix nigra), Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) 112 TC2 Livestock exclusion 2 years Cool season grasses, Pokeberry (Phytolaccaceae), Bar Berry (Berberis julianae), Poison Ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), Dock (Polygonum sp.), Jewel Weed (Impatiens capensis), Smartweed (Polygonum sp.), Wingstem (Verbesina alternifolia), golden rod (Solidago sp.), Common Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis), mint (Mentha sp.) Multi-flora rose (Rosa multiflora), Blackberry (Rubus sp.), Privet (Ligustrum sp.) Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum), Cherry Tree (Prunus sp.), hops hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana), Box Elder (Acer negundo), Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana), Black Willow (Salix nigra), Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), Walnut (Juglans nigra), Catalpa (Catalpa speciosa) SCA1 Grazed Cool season grasses, mint (Mentha sp.), wingstem (Verbesina alternifolia), poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), horse nettle (Solanum carolinense), boneset (Eupatorium cannabinum) SCA2 CREP 2 years Cool season grasses, wingstem (Verbesina alternifolia), horse nettle (Solanum carolinense), catnip mint (Mentha sp.) Box Elder (Acer negundo), multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora), spicebush (Lindera benzoin) Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora), Box elder (Acer negundo) Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), Black Willow (Salix nigra), Red Maple (Acer rubrum) Black Willow (Salix nigra), Red Maple (Acer rubrum) * TC1 grazed Tom s Creek reach, TC2- livestock exclusion Tom s Creek reach, SCA1 grazed Sinking Creek A reach, SCA2 livestock exclusion Sinking Creek A reach
34 113 Table D1, continued. Aboveground vegetation identification continued (USDA-NRCS, 2001). Site* Site Groundcover Species Shrub Species Tree Types Specifications SCB1 Grazed Cool Season Grasses, iron weed (Vernonia baldwinii) SCB2 CREP 4 years Cool Season Grasses, Horse Nettle (Solanum carolinense), Jewel weed (Impatiens capensis), Iron weed (Vernonia baldwinii), Dock (Polygonaceae), Golden rod (solidago sp.), Aster sp., Boneset (Eupatorium cannabinum), Teasel (Dipsacus fullonum), Horsetail (eqsedum), Agrimony (Agrimonia eupatoria), Pokeberry (Phytolaccaceae) Multi-flora rose (Rosa multiflora), wingstem (Verbesina alternifolia), boneset (Eupatorium cannabinum) Red Ocea Dogwood (Cornus sp.), Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica), Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora), Alder Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), Black Walnut (Juglans nigra), Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum), Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana), Black Willow (Salix nigra), Elm (Ulmus americana) Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), Northern Red Oak (Quercus rubra), Tulip Poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum), White Oak (Quercus alba), Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana), Cherry Tree (Prunus sp.), Willow (Salix sp.), Ash (Fraxinus Americana), Walnut (Juglans nigra), Hops Hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana) NF1 Grazed Cool season grasses, Wingstem (Verbesina alternifolia), Catnip mint (Mentha sp.) None Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) * SCB1 grazed Sinking Creek reach, SCB2- livestock exclusion Sinking Creek B reach, NF1 grazed North Fork of the Roanoke River reach
35 Table D1, continued. Aboveground vegetation identification continued (USDA-NRCS, 2001). Site* Site Specifications NF2 CREP 14 years Cool season grasses, Vetch sp., wingstem (Verbesina alternifolia), Jewel weed (Impatiens capensis), catnip mint (Mentha sp.), Autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellate), Horse nettle (Solanum carolinense), Common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia), Ambrosia (Artemisifolia), Smartweed (polygonum sp.), False buckwheat (polygonum sp.), Bittersweet (Solanum dulcamara), Golden rod (solidago sp.) Groundcover Species Shrub Species Tree Types Box elder (Acer negundo), Red osier dogwood (Cornus sp.) Black walnut (Juglans Nigra), Williow (salix sp.), Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), Cherry Tree (Prunus sp.) 114 JC1 Grazed Cool season grasses, Wingstem (Verbesina alternifolia), Boneset (Eupatorium cannabinum), Horse nettle (Solanum carolinense) Rhododendron Elm (Ulmus americana), Red Maple (Acer rubrum), Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana), Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), Black Walnut (Juglans nigra) JC2 Forested Cool season grasses, Poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), Wingstem (Verbesina alternifolia) Multi-flora rose (Rosa multiflora) Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), Northern Red Oak (Quercus rubra), White Oak (Quercus alba), Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana) *NF2 livestock exclusion North Fork of the Roanoke River reach, JC1 grazed Johns Creek reach, JC2- livestock exclusion Johns Creek reach
36 Table D2. Soil bulk densities for each reach. Site* Grazed vs. Exclusion Median (g/cm 3 ) Min (g/cm 3 ) Max (g/cm 3 ) TC Grazed Exclusion % diff SCA Grazed Exclusion % diff SCB Grazed Exclusion % diff NF Grazed Exclusion % diff JC Grazed Exclusion % diff * TC Tom s Creek, SCA Sinking Creek A, SCB Sinking Creek B, NF North Fork of the Roanoke River, JC Johns Creek 115
37 Table D3. Soil texture, type, and median particle size (D 50 ) for streambank soils (MCSS, 1980; Freyman, 2007). Site* Grazed vs. Soil texture Reach soil type (MCSS, 1980; Freyman, 2007) Exclusion TC Grazed sandy Weaver clay loam Exclusion sandy loam Weaver % diff SCA Grazed sandy Pope clay loam Exclusion sandy clay loam Pope % diff SCB Grazed sandy Pope loam Exclusion sandy loam Pope % diff NF Grazed sandy Ross clay loam Exclusion sandy clay loam Ross % diff JC Grazed sandy Pope loam Exclusion sandy loam Pope % diff * TC Tom s Creek, SCA Sinking Creek A, SCB Sinking Creek B, NF North Fork of the Roanoke River, JC Johns Creek 116
38 Table D4. Percent sand, silt, and clay for each reach. Site* Grazed vs. Exclusion Sand (%) Silt (%) Clay (%) Silt and Clay (%) TC Grazed Exclusion % diff SCA Grazed Exclusion % diff SCB Grazed Exclusion % diff NF Grazed Exclusion % diff JC Grazed Forested % diff * TC Tom s Creek, SCA Sinking Creek A, SCB Sinking Creek B, NF North Fork of the Roanoke River, JC Johns Creek 117
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