Heirloom and Hard Cider Apples for Commercial Growers. Ian A. Merwin

Transcription

1 Heirloom and Hard Cider Apples for Commercial Growers Ian A. Merwin

2 Growing High-Demand Cultivars? HoneyCrisp paradigm: Scarcity + Demand = High prices and customer enthusiasm May need high value cultivars to remain profitable New apple varieties are not available to everyone Club variety contracts for a few selected growers What market strategies or apple varieties will enable other growers to succeed in the future?

3 Positive Trends for Apple Growers Great interest in local and organic fruit Increasing on-farm retail sales agritourism Farm Wineries and Cideries increasing rapidly Increased numbers of CSAs and Farmers Markets Food security and energy costs favor local growers Supermarket system generates consumer interest in food and produce that s really different Heirloom and cider apples fit these market niches!

4 A market strategy based on rare and heirloom fruit varieties, sold locally and regionally Black Diamond Farm Trumansburg, NY

5 Black Diamond Farm: A little history Small (64 acres, 8 acres of fruit), family operated Initially grew only scab-resistant apples First heirloom and cider apples planted in 1994 Jonagold, Sansa, Gingergold, HoneyCrisp in 1998 Joined Ithaca Farmers Market in 1998, GreenStar Cooperative Market in 2000, small CSA since 2002 Market to metropolitan areas through distributor Grow 200+ apple, plum, peach, and cherry varieties, no more than 200 trees of any cultivar, high density

6 Strategy for Fruit Quality Everything is field packed directly into bushel boxes, culls droped in the field, fruit is only handled once Spot-pick most varieties usually 3 to 4 times Only tree ripe fruit goes to market. No MCP use. Nothing is stored longer than 8 weeks, except fruit for hard cider that is sweated before pressing No ground-applied N fertilizer after the third leaf Irrigate, prune, and thin aggressively for size Flavor and texture more important than appearance

7 A Different Market Strategy Every cultivar is limited in time and quantity Sell out each variety before customers get bored! Four price categories: Rare & Antique, Maincrop, Lunchbox, and Utility Database with each customer s fruit and variety preferences them when favorites are picked Precut slices and tastings of every variety we sell Customers pack mixed bags at market within each price category (fruit graded for free ) and culls are sold as utility, or brought home for cider making

8 CSA bagged Fruit of the Week and Farmers Market Booth on Halloween

9 Price Board at Ithaca Farmers Market com

10 GoldRush Liberty Sansa Crimson Crisp

11 Northfield Beauty Chestnut Crab St. Edmund s Pippin Holstein Cox Egremont Russet Cox Orange Pippin

12 Karmijn de Sonnaville Pink Pearl Bramley s Seedling Margil (Reinette Musquee) Esopus Spitzenburg Zabergau Reinette

13 Orleans Reinette Blue Pearmain Hudson s Golden Gem Tompkins King Keepsake Roxbury Russet

14 Ashmead s Kernal Calville Blanc Golden Russet Albemarle (Newtown) Pippin GoldRush Black Oxford

15 Growing (Hard) Cider Apples:! Four Categories" SWEETS: tannins < 0.2%, titratable acid < 0.45%" SHARPS: tannins <0.2%, titratable acid > 0.45%" BITTERSWEETS: tannins >0.2%, titr. acid <0.45%" BITTERSHARPS: tannins >0.2%, titr. acid >0.45% "

16 Potential problems! with hard cider varieties" Some are very late blooming full bloom on Macs when late cider varieties are at half inch green!" Potential for fire blight but copper OK during bloom because fruit finish is usually not an issue " Can be difficult to thin (both timing and thinners)" Growth habits are different blind wood, upright, sectorial bearing, set in tight clusters, heat stress "

17 What makes it worthwhile?" Demand and prices are very high ($20 to 50 per bushel), likely to stay that way for many years" Number of (hard) cideries has doubled in past five years, mostly on east and west coasts" National association of cider makers recently formed (Chicago CiderCon) could enable regulatory reforms and facilitate marketing" Many good dual purpose heirloom apples too"

18 BITTERSWEETS for hard cider:! My shortlist after 20 yrs Somerset and Hereford Redstreak, Tremletts (Geneva) Bitter, Harry Masters Jersey, Dabinett, Brown Snout, Chisel Jersey, Fillbarrel, Porters Perfection, Binet Rouge "

19 A few BITTERSHARPS Porter s Perfection and Kingston Black that can make high quality hard ciders without blending

20 Recommended English Cider Varieties "

21 Try some berry crops like Table and Wine Grapes

22 Peaches, Asian and European type plums Sweet and Tart Cherries (the Hungarian types )

23 Plant something new (or old) every year, and take out varieties that are no longer in high demand from your customers

24 More to read online in: NEW YORK FRUIT QUARTERLY VOLUME 16. NUMBER 4. WINTER 2008