Objective 1: Identification of Nursery and Greenhouse Plants Attractive to Pollinators

Transcription

1 Protecting Pollintors with Economiclly Fesile nd Environmentlly Sound Ornmentl Horticulture USDA-NIFA-SCRI-CAP University of Cliforni, Dvis Progress Report, July to Septemer 2017 Ojective 1: Identifiction of Nursery nd Greenhouse Plnts Attrctive to Pollintors Hypothesis: Plnt species nd cultivrs produced in greenhouses nd nurseries vry in their ttrctiveness nd nutritionl vlue to pollintors. Work t UC Dvis ddresses this ojective. We re smpling individul plnts in n estlished grden (Hägen-Dzs Honey Bee Hven) nd common ornmentl plnts in replicted field plot. Both loctions re in Dvis, CA (Fig.1); the field plot is out 1.25 miles southest of the Honey Bee Hven s indicted y the rrow (Fig. 1). Honey ee hives re locted s shown on the mp. The riprin hitt surrounding Puth Creek (seen crossing the lower third of the mp in Fig. 1) is eing restored to nturl stte nd supports diverse ee popultion. Figure 1. Loction of Dvis, CA. Figure 1. Loction of smpling sites within Dvis, CA. Estlished grden smpling Methods The Hägen-Dzs Honey Bee Hven is hlf-cre grden estlished in 2009 s site for outrech, teching, nd reserch out ee pollintors (Fig. 2). It is mnged y the UC Dvis Deprtment of Entomology nd Nemtology nd is locted 2 miles west of the min cmpus in Dvis, CA. The grden contins more thn 200 plnt species. Two groups of 15

2 plnts ech tht loom either during winter nd spring or summer nd fll were selected for ee oservtions (Appendix 1). Smpling in yer 1 egn July 19, 2017 nd ended August 30, Smpling will egin in mid-ferury in susequent yers. The strt plnt on ech smpling dte ws rndomly selected nd plnts were then smpled in sequence. Ech plnt ws oserved for two minutes nd ees were identified in flight; ll ees contcting the plnt reproductive orgns for t lest 1.5 seconds were counted s honey ees, umle ees, crpenter ees, or other ees. Dt on wind speed, light, nd percent loom ws lso collected. Bee owls were lso plced weekly ut those results re not yet ville. Figure 2. Typicl loom nd flower density in the estlished Honey Bee Hven grden.

3 Results Astercee Crssulcee Esclloncee Lmicee Mlvcee Ongrcee Honey ees Other ees Figure 3. Men numer of ees per smpling event y plnt fmily. Columns within ee group with different letters re significntly different. ANOVA honey ees: df=7,91; F=4.8922; p= ANOVA other ees: df=7,91; F=2.3692; p= Mens seprtion ws done using Tukey s HSD. No differences were detected within the other ees group with this test. The genus Leucophyllum ws omitted from the nlysis due to low numer of flowers Honey ees Flt Tuulr Other ees Figure 4. Men numer of ees per smpling event y flower shpe. Columns within ee group with different letters re significntly different. ANOVA honey ees: df=1,91; F=2.2064; p= ANOVA other ees: df=1,91; F=6.4701; p= Dt for other ees ws log10 trnsformed to meet the ssumptions of ANOVA; rw dt is presented. Mens seprtion ws done using Tukey s HSD. The genus Leucophyllum ws omitted from the nlysis due to low numer of flowers.

4 Plnt genus Men honey ees SE Mens seprtion Perovski Eriogonum Gillrdi c Hylotelephium c Lntn cd Teucrium cd Spherlce cd Esclloni cd Echince cd Slvi cd Lvndul d Epiloium d Bidens d Solidgo 0 0 d Tle 1. Men numer of honey ees per smpling event y plnt genus. ANOVA: df=13,91; F= ; p= Mens seprtion ws done using Tukey s HSD. The genus Leucophyllum ws omitted from the nlysis due to low numer of flowers. Plnt genus Men other ees SE Mens seprtion Gillrdi Solidgo Eriogonum Perovski Bidens Spherlce Teucrium Echince Slvi Esclloni Hylotelephium Lntn Epiloium Lvndul Tle 2. Men numer of other ees per smpling event y plnt genus. ANOVA: df=13,91; F=4.2512; p= Mens seprtion ws done using Tukey s HSD. The genus Leucophyllum ws omitted from the nlysis due to low numer of flowers.

5 Field plot smpling Methods The field plot is locted within UC Dvis Deprtment of Plnt Sciences reserch field spce. The plot is ordered y n pple orchrd, grpevines, lflf, nd niml yrds (Figs. 5 nd ). Previous smpling in the re hs found diversity of ee species. This experiment is eing done using rndomized complete lock design. Five locks of fifteen plnts were estlished in My 2017(Appendix 2). The locks were selected to ccount for poor dringe on the western edge of the field; plnt species loction within the lock ws done rndomly. Smpling in yer 1 egn July 20, 2017 nd ended Septemer 11, Smpling will egin in mid-ferury in susequent yers. The strt plnt on ech smpling dte ws rndomly selected nd plnts were then smpled in sequence. Ech plnt ws oserved for five minutes nd ees were identified in flight; ll ees contcting the plnt reproductive orgns for t lest 1.5 seconds were counted s honey ees, umle ees, crpenter ees, or other ees. Dt on wind speed, light, nd percent loom ws lso collected. Bee owls were lso plced weekly ut those results re not yet ville. Figure 5. Field plot overview looking north. Blocks run north to south.

6 Figure 5. Closer view of plnt rndomiztion in the field plot. Results Astercee Lmicee Scrophulricee Verencee Honey ees Other ees Figure 6. Men numer of ees per smpling event y plnt fmily. Columns within ee group with different letters re significntly different. Honey ees: there ws insufficient dt to perform sttisticl nlysis. Other ees: df=3,170.81; F= ; p= Mens seprtion ws done using Tukey s HSD. Welch ANOVA ws used s dt could not e trnsformed to meet the ssumptions of ANOVA Honey ees Flt Tuulr Other ees Figure 7. Men numer of ees per smpling event y flower shpe. Columns within ee group with different letters re significntly different. Honey ees: df=1,465.69; F= ; p= Welch ANOVA ws used s dt could not e trnsformed to meet the ssumptions of ANOVA. Other ees: df=1,585; F= ; p= Dt for other ees ws log10 trnsformed to meet the ssumptions of ANOVA; rw dt is presented. Mens seprtion ws done using Tukey s HSD.

7 Plnt genus Men honey ees SE Nepet Zinni Slvi Verscum Symphyotrichum Perovski Achille Erigeron Echince 0 0 Lvndul 0 0 Penstemon 0 0 Tgetes 0 0 Teucrium 0 0 Veren 0 0 Tle 3. Men numer of honey ees per smpling event y plnt genus. There ws insufficient dt to perform sttisticl nlysis. Plnt genus Men other ees SE Mens seprtion Symphyotrichum Zinni Nepet c Erigeron c Perovski cd Tgetes cde Slvi de Achille e Echince e Veren e Penstemon cde Verscum e Teucrium e Lvndul e Tle 4. Men numer of other ees per smpling event y plnt genus. Welch ANOVA ws performed s the dt could not e trnsformed to meet the ssumptions of ANOVA: df=13,141.61; F= ; p= Mens seprtion ws done using Tukey s HSD.

8 Honey Bee Hven smpling yer 1 (completed, 2017) Appendix 1 Estlished grden plnt smpling Summer nd fll smpling yer 1 Fmily Genus Species Cultivr Form 1 Bloom time Resource 2 Flower color Flower shpe Flower size Astercee Bidens ferulifoli n/ Her per Sp Su P N Yellow Flt Smll Astercee Echince hyrid Cheyenne Her per Su N Ornge Flt Lrge Spirit Ongrcee Epiloium cnum Ctlin Her per Su F N Ornge Tuulr Lrge Polygoncee Eriogonum fscicultum n/ Shru Sp Su F N White Tuulr Smll Escllonicee Esclloni x exoniensis Compct Shru F W N Pink Tuulr Smll Astercee Gillrdi hyrid Arizon Sun Her per Sp Su F N Yellow Flt Lrge Crssulcee Hylotelephium spectile Autumn Joy Her per Su F N Pink Tuulr Smll Verencee Lntn hyrid Purple Triling Shru Sp Su F P N Purple Tuulr Smll Lmicee Lvndul x intermedi Provence Shru Sp Su N Purple Tuulr Smll Scropulricee Leucophyllum frutescens n/ Shru Su F N Purple Tuulr Lrge Lmicee Perovski triplicifoli n/ Shru Su F N Purple Tuulr Smll Lmicee Slvi greggii Hot Lips Shru Sp Su F N Red Tuulr Lrge Astercee Solidgo clifornic n/ Her per Su F N Yellow Flt Smll Mlvcee Spherlce migu n/ Shru Sp Su P N Ornge Flt Lrge Lmicee Teucrium fruticns n/ Her per F W P Purple Tuulr Lrge 1 Her per = herceous perennil; 2 Refers to primry loom time: W = winter; Sp = spring; Su = summer; F = fll

9 Honey Bee Hven smpling yer 2 (expected, 2018) Winter nd spring smpling yer 2 Fmily Genus Species Cultivr Form 1 Bloom time Resource 2 Flower color Flower shpe Flower size Ericcee Arctostphylos hyrid Howrd Shru W N White Tuulr Smll McMinn Asphodelcee Buline frutescens n/ Her per Sp Su F P N Ornge Flt Smll Myrtcee Cllistemon citrinus n/ Shru W Sp N Red Other Lrge Rhmncee Cenothus mritimus Vlley Violet Shru W P N Purple Tuulr Smll Rhmncee Cenothus hyrid Conch Shru Sp P N Purple Tuulr Smll Escllonicee Esclloni x exoniensis Compct Shru W Sp N Pink Tuulr Smll Ppvercee Eschscholzi clifornic n/ Annul W P Ornge Flt Lrge Fcee Lupinus microcrpus n/ Annul W Sp P N Yellow Tuulr Lrge densiflorus Grossulricee Ries ureum n/ Shru W N Yellow Tuulr Smll Roscee Ros odortus Mutilis Shru Sp Su F P N Pink Flt Lrge Lmicee Rosmrinus officinlis Mozrt Shru F W N Purple Tuulr Smll Lmicee Slvi rndegeei n/ Shru W N Purple Tuulr Smll Lmicee Slvi greggii Hot Lips Shru Sp Su F N Red Tuulr Lrge Scropulricee Verscum chixii Sixteen Cndles Her per Sp Su P N Yellow Tuulr Lrge Verencee Veren rigid n/ Her per Sp Su F N Purple Tuulr Smll 1 Her per = herceous perennil; 2 Refers to primry loom time: W = winter; Sp = spring; Su = summer; F = fll

10 Honey Bee Hven smpling yer 2 (expected, 2018) Summer nd fll smpling yer 2 Fmily Genus Species Cultivr Form 1 Bloom time Resource 2 Flower color Flower shpe Flower size Lmicee Clminth nepetoides n/ Her per Su F N White Tuulr Smll Ericee Echince hyrid Cheyenne Her per Su N Ornge Flt Lrge Spirit Escllonicee Epiloium cnum Ctlin Her per Su F N Ornge Tuulr Lrge Polygoncee Eriogonum fscicultum n/ Shru Sp Su F N White Flt Smll Astercee Gillrdi hyrid Arizon Sun Her per Sp Su F N Yellow Flt Lrge Ongrcee Gur lindheimeri Whirling Her per Sp Su F N White Flt Lrge Butterflies Astercee Helinthus nuus n/ Annul Sp Su F P N Yellow Flt Lrge Crssulcee Hylotelephium spectile Autumn Joy Her per Su F N Pink Tuulr Smll Verencee Lntn hyrid Triling Shru Sp Su F P N Purple Tuulr Smll Purple Lmicee Lvndul x intermedi Provence Shru Sp Su N Purple Tuulr Smll Scrophulricee Leucophyllum frutescens n/ Shru Su F N Purple Tuulr Lrge Lmicee Perovski triplicifoli n/ Shru Su F N Purple Tuulr Smll Astercee Solidgo clifornic n/ Her per Su F N Yellow Flt Smll Mlvcee Spherlce migu n/ Shru Sp Su P N Ornge Flt Lrge Lmicee Teucrium chmedrys n/ Her per Sp Su F P Purple Tuulr Smll 1 Her per = herceous perennil; 2 Refers to primry loom time: W = winter; Sp = spring; Su = summer; F = fll

11 Field plot smpling yer 1 (completed, 2017) Appendix 2 Field plot plnt smpling Field plot yer 1 Fmily Genus Species Cultivr Form 1 Bloom Resource 2 Flower Flower Flower time color shpe size Source Astercee Achille millefolium Moonshine Her per Sp Su F N Yellow Flt Smll Green Acres Astercee Echince purpure Pow Wow Wild Berry Her per Su P N Pink Flt Lrge Green Acres Astercee Erigeron krvinskinus n/ Her per Sp Su F P N White Flt Smll Friedmn's Lmicee Lvndul hyrid Goodwin Creek Grey Shru Su N Purple Tuulr Smll Green Acres Lmicee Nepet x fsenii Wlker's Low Her per Sp Su F N Purple Tuulr Smll IR4 Scrophulricee Penstemon heterophyllus Ctherine de l Mre Her per Sp P N Purple Tuulr Lrge Cl Flor Lmicee Perovski triplicifoli n/ Shru Sp Su F N Purple Tuulr Smll Friedmn's Lmicee Slvi microphyll Hot Lips Shru Sp Su F N Red Tuulr Lrge Cl Flor Lmicee Slvi x sylvestris My Night Her per Sp Su F N Purple Tuulr Smll Green Acres Astercee Symphyotrichum chilensis TBD Her per F P N Purple Flt Smll Annie's Annuls Astercee Tgetes erect Alumi Flme Annul Sp Su P N Yellow Flt Lrge IR4 Lmicee Teucrium chmedrys n/ Her per Sp Su F N Purple Tuulr Smll Green Acres Scrophulricee Verscum nigrum n/ Her per Sp Su F P N Yellow Tuulr Lrge Annie's Annuls Verncee Veren lilcin De L Min Her per Sp Su F N Purple Tuulr Smll Cl Flor Astercee Zinni elegns Cliforni Gint Annul Su P N Vried Flt Lrge Seed 1 Her per = herceous perennil; 2 Refers to primry loom time: W = winter; Sp = spring; Su = summer; F = fll

12 Field plot smpling yer 2 (expected, 2018) Field plot yer 2 Fmily Genus Species Cultivr Form 1 Bloom Resource 2 Flower Flower Flower time color shpe size Source Astercee Achille millefolium Moonshine Her per Sp Su F N Yellow Flt Smll Green Acres Astercee Echince purpure Pow Wow Wild Berry Her per Su P N Pink Flt Lrge Green Acres Astercee Erigeron krvinskinus n/ Her per Sp Su F P N White Flt Smll Friedmn's Astercee Gur lindheimeri Snow Fountin Her per Sp Su F P White Flt Lrge Green Acres Astercee Hylotelephium spectile Autumn Joy Her per Su F P N Pink Tuulr Smll Green Acres Lmicee Lvndul hyrid Provence Shru Su N Purple Tuulr Smll Green Acres Lmicee Nepet x fsenii Wlker's Low Her per Sp Su F N Purple Tuulr Smll IR4 Scrophulricee Penstemon heterophyllus Ctherine de l Mre Her per Sp P N Purple Tuulr Lrge Cl Flor Lmicee Perovski triplicifoli n/ Shru Sp Su F N Purple Tuulr Smll Friedmn's Lmicee Slvi microphyll Hot Lips Shru Sp Su F N Red Tuulr Lrge Cl Flor Lmicee Slvi x sylvestris My Night Her per Sp Su F N Purple Tuulr Smll Green Acres Astercee Symphyotrichum chilensis TBD Her per F P N Purple Flt Smll Annie's Annuls Lmicee Teucrium chmedrys n/ Her per Sp Su F N Purple Tuulr Lrge Green Acres Scrophulricee Verscum nigrum n/ Her per Sp Su F P N Yellow Tuulr Smll Annie's Annuls Verncee Veren lilcin De L Min Shru Sp Su F N Purple Tuulr Smll Cl Flor 1 Her per = herceous perennil; 2 Refers to primry loom time: W = winter; Sp = spring; Su = summer; F = fll