Woody Plants for South Carolina Landscapes

Transcription

1 Chapter 13 Woody Plants for South Carolina Landscapes Ted Stephens, co-owner, Nurseries Caroliniana, N. Augusta, S.C. Learning Objectives Be able to identify and select ground covers, shrubs, and trees that are suitable for South Carolina landscapes. Be familiar with their hardiness, tolerances, and appropriate locations in the landscape. S.C. Nursery and Landscape Association Manual. Reprinted with permission. Woody Plants 339

2 Introduction A wide variety of both native and introduced landscape plants can be cultivated in South Carolina s temperate climate. Landscapes in the Piedmont and Mountains are well-suited for most cold-hardy evergreen and deciduous woody plants, while areas along the coast permit the use of many subtropical species. Although this chapter is not inclusive, it includes commonly available landscape plant materials. Refer to Chapter 14 for a more extensive treatment of herbaceous plants. Evergreen Ground Covers Bugleflower Ajuga reptans This plant has a rosette-type of growth with most varieties up to 6 high. It spreads by stolons similar to strawberries. Not as rampant in growth as some of the other ground covers, such as English Ivy and Big Periwinkle. Best used in shade, but if kept well-watered, it will tolerate more sun. This species produces spikes of blue flowers in early spring. There are a number of named varieties with bronze-purple foliage such as Bronze Beauty, Burgundy Glow, and Jungle Beauty. Catlin s Giant is a large form with bronze foliage to 8 which has proven to be more rot-resistant than other selections. Variegated forms also include Multicolor and Silver Beauty. Space in the landscape on 12 to 18 centers. Cast Iron Plant Aspidistra elatior Not strictly a ground cover, but can be used in densely shaded spots for massing effect and accent. Sometimes used as an indoor plant and will survive under ex- tremely poor growing conditions, hence its common name. Habit of growth is clump-like with leaves 3 to 6 wide and 18 to 24 (30 ) high. Variegata has irregular vertical white stripes. Asahi, meaning Rising Sun in Japanese, has air-brushed white tips and Ginga has narrow leaves with cream-white speckling. Milky Way is a white speckled dwarf form which probably should be relegated to Zones 8b and higher. Many other selections are coming on the market on a periodic basis. Bearberry Cotoneaster Cotoneaster dammeri A prostrate shrub that seldom gets over 1 high for sun or part shade. Stems root as they trail on the ground. Leaves 1 long, flowers tiny and white to pale pink with 1 / 4 red berries. Low Fast and Coral Beauty are faster growing; whereas, Strieb s Findling is very prostrate and the most fire blight-resistant variety that we have found. Holly Fern Cyrtomium falcatum Rochfordianum A large striking evergreen fern for with fronds to 2 1 / 2 long. Leaflets resemble holly leaves, hence its name. It makes an excellent accent plant by virtue of its strong textural statement and can be used singly or in mass. May winter burn below 15 o F, but recovers quickly in the spring when new growth commences. shade Woody Plants 340

3 Garden Pinks Dianthus spp. These plants form mats of 1 to 6 with blue-green, narrow, evergreen leaves. Flowers are about 1 in diameter in white, pink or red with a heavenly, cinnamon fragrance and rise up to 10 above the foliage. Great in full sun on well-drained soil. Some great dependable varieties for South Carolina heat and humidity are Bath s Pink, Firewitch ( Feuerhexe ), Tiny Rubies, and Itsaul White. Dichondra Dichondra repens var. carolinensis A small vine-like, non-climbing plant which usually occurs on somewhat moist ground. Leaves are kidney-shaped and usually under 1 wide. Subject to rust disease, especially in late summer. For sun or shade and can be mowed to 1 / 2 in height. Wintercreeper Euonymus fortunei Vinelike habit of growth; climbs by means of aerial rootlets on a solid surface. Leaves 1 to 2 long and dark green with whitish veins. There are several variations of this species differing in size, shape and color of leaves. Minima has leaves about 1 / 2 long, Kewensis has 1 / 4 long leaves, and Colorata has 2 long leaves that turn reddish-purple in winter. Silver Queen leaves are margined with white. Other varieties have various variegations of golds and greens, such as Emerald Gaiety and Emerald n Gold. For sun or shade. Watch for Euonymus scale on leaves and stems. Blue Fescue Festuca ovina Glauca This tufted, moundlike grass has a height and spread of 8 to 12 with very fine silveryblue blades. Needs full sun and good drainage to perform at its best. Elijah Blue is a selection which is reputed to be more heat tolerant. This plant does not thrive in central and coastal South Carolina. Algerian Ivy Hedera canariensis Will climb by aerial roots that do not damage brick walls, and produces one of the largest ivy leaves up to 6 across and lighter green than both English and Colchis Ivy. Not as cold-hardy as English Ivy but better adapted to growing in sunny locations and for taking our heat and humidity. Aureovariegata is a handsome cream-yellow variegated form that does better in the shade. Colchis or Guignard Ivy Hedera colchica Heart-shaped leaves are large, dark green with a thick leathery texture; they emit a distinct fragrance when crushed. Probably the most cold-tolerant of all ivies and native from the Caucasus to Asiatic Turkey. Have seen this plant perform amazingly well in full sun if given adequate moisture. Dentata Variegata has a creamy-white border and offers a dramatic statement on a red brick wall. Very few variet- ies are listed as compared to English Ivy. Woody Plants 341

4 English Ivy Hedera helix This vine climbs on solid surfaces by means of aerial roots, and also makes an excellent, dense ground cover in the shade. Numerous cultivars are available, exhibiting unusual foliage shapes as well as a plethora of green, gold and white variegations. One of the most impressive planting in the state is under the majestic Live Oaks at Brookgreen Gardens in Georgetown. Editor s Note: English ivy should be used with caution and forethought because of its invasive tendencies. Lenten Rose Helleborus orientalis This is an elegant evergreen herbaceous perennial for special situations. It produces large palmate leaves that may be 1 across. Clusters of 2 flowers start appearing in January and remain as long as 3 months, fading to green from white, mauve or purple. Does well in dry shade under hardwoods. Very strong textural effect. St. John s Wort Hypericum calycinum Small, evergreen, non-branching suckering subshrub to about 1 high that will make a dense mass in full sun to part shade. Two-inch long bluish-green leaves and 2 wide bright yellow flowers characterize this plant. Foliage may discolor during cold winters and need shearing back in early spring. Does not tolerate continuously wet soils. This species seems to thrive better in the Piedmont on heavier soils than in the lighter soils of the Coastal Plain. Evergreen Candytuft Iberis sempervirens Small shrub to about 1 high and narrow leaves to 1 long characterize this small herbaceous evergreen perennial. Covered with white flowers for several weeks beginning in March. Shear back after flowering for best appearance. Best in full sun with good drainage. Numerous cultivars exist with many compact forms. Sargent Juniper Juniperus chinensis Sargentii Steel-blue foliage on plants that will spread up to 8 with a height of 1 to 1 1 / 2. Great ground cover for sunny locations with good drainage. Definitely not for shade. The variety Viridis has darker green foliage. Shore Juniper Juniperus conferta Native to the seashores of Japan where a single plant may cover a quarter of an acre, this plant will form a 2 high mat. Needles are about 1 / 2 long with a light olive green appearance. Drapes well over walls and planters for a cascading effect. One of its best attributes is it s salt-tolerance. Does best in full sun, but it will tolerate some shade without browning out. Blue Pacific Juniper Juniperus conferta Blue Pacific This compact form of the previous plant has a blue-green cast and attains an ultimate height of 8 to 12. Particularly susceptible to wet feet, so give it good drainage. In prolonged droughts, even well-established plants must be kept watered. Compactus is a slightly more compact form but somewhat more Woody Plants 342

5 prone to fungus attack. Silver Mist is a particularly good form with even more blue foliage, but slightly higher in profile. Andorra Juniper Juniperus horizontalis Plumosa Compacta This spreading juniper will reach a height of 18 with a spread of up to 6. It turns a purplish color in winter, giving it a dead or pine straw appearance. This cultivar was much more popular than it is now. Fungus problems can devastate it. Dr. Michael Dirr lists some 65 varieties of this species. Blue Rug Juniper Juniperus horizontalis Wiltoni This is an extremely prostrate-growing plant with a definite blue color that is enhanced by frost. It may eventually mat to a height of 6. Since it has such a low profile, weeds must be more assiduously controlled than with taller varieties. Since Dirr lists 65 cultivars of this species, we will not list all of them. However, some notable selections that are available with a similar profile are Prince of Wales (more green color but purple winter color), Mother Lode (gold foliage form), Bar Harbor (slightly more green than Blue Rug), and Blue Chip (very blue, but slow-growing). Japanese Garden Juniper Juniperus procumbens Nana Not as prostrate as Wiltoni, this plant has a similar color. Its texture gives the appearance of softness. This is the best juniper to create an instant bonsai. Can be used in a rock garden with great effect. Lilyturf or Bordergrass Liriope muscari Grasslike, clump-forming plant with leaves 1 to 1 1 / 2 long and 1 / 3 to 3 / 4 wide. Lavender or white flowers form conspicuous spikes in June and July, followed by black berries. This plant will thrive in practically any situation and is often used to border walks and drives. Forms clumps and does not spread by underground rhizomes. Monroe White is great for flower but the leaves will burn in sun. Majestic has a superior flower head and is good in sun or shade. Variegata has cream-yellow striped leaves and is a Southern favorite, which in many instances is overused. Numerous other cultivars abound and all can be used with good results. Creeping Lilyturf Liriope spicata Similar to the previous species but having shorter and narrower leaves, finer and lower-growing. Makes a more dense cover than the clump-forming L. muscari because it actually runs underground via rhizomes, which may be a problem in some situations. Good in sun or shade, but flowers are very inconspicuous as they are hidden in its foliage. Woody Plants 343

6 Variegated Aztec Grass Ophiopogon jaburan Vittata This plant has true white variegation, which is quite unusual in the plant kingdom. Since it will die to the ground below 18 o F, some think it is cold-tender, but it is a deciduous species. It quickly recovers in the spring. Flowers are whitish and inconsequential. Best for shade where its foliage will last longer in colder months. Mondo or Monkeygrass Ophiopogon japonicus A dense, grasslike plant that spreads by stolons to form a dense mat. Well-adapted to dense shade. Flowers are inconspicuous and hidden down in the foliage, which are followed by rather large aqua-blue berries. Not suitable for mowing other than once every few years in late February to prepare for the new flush of leaves. Nana is a dwarf form that grows only 2 to 3 high and makes an excellent ground cover for small areas. Here again, numerous new cultivars are being introduced all the time, some even more dwarf than Nana. Japanese Spurge Pachysandra terminalis A highly desirable ground cover that spreads rather slowly at first by underground stems. Leaves wedge-shaped to about 2 long in whorls at the end of each flush. Terminal panicles of cream-white flowers occur in spring, but are not very showy. Variegata has cream-white margins. Green Sheen has leaves which look like they have been waxed and is proving to be the most heat tolerant cultivar. Cut Leaf has deeply serrated or divided leaves. This plant should be relegated to the shade in South Carolina, although you may see it growing in full sun further north. Thrift or Moss-pinks Phlox subulata Forms a mat-like growth of small, needlelike leaves. Turns somewhat dull green or brownish in winter. This plant has the ability to thrive on extremely poor soil in hot dry locations. Carpets itself with flowers in February and March in colors ranging from near red to white and blue and variegated. Full sun only. Memorial Rose Rosa wichuraiana A vigorous, prostrate, running rose with evergreen leaves. White flowers in clusters in May. Its vigorous habit of growth makes it valuable for covering banks in full sun. Hiawatha has red flowers. Prostrate Rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis Prostratus This is a trailing herb-shrub with foliage and flowers similar to the bush rosemary and more cold tender, not hardy below 15 o F. For sunny, well-drained locations. Lavender Cotton Santolina chamaecyparissus Silvery-gray leaves to 1 long, cottony, highly aromatic. Needs poor, dry soil. If grown too wet and fertilized heavily, it will fall apart. Small yellow Woody Plants 344

7 mum-like flowers in spring can be quite showy, but should be sheared off when blooming is finished. One of the best plants for gray foliage effect. For full sun only. Green Santolina Santolina rosmarinifolia Similar in all respects to the above except the foliage has a brilliant green color. Flowering is also similar and blooms should be sheared when flowering is complete. Thrives best in sun with well-drained soil. Sweetbox Sarcococca hookerana var. humilis A low growing member of the Boxwood family, this ground cover-like low shrub will grow 1 to 1 1 / 2 and spread by stolons and suckers. Leaves are a glossy, black-green and 1 1 / 2 to 3 long by 1 / 2 wide. Stems are green with little branching. Flowers are whitish and fragrant in mid to late winter. Definitely needs shade and moderate moisture. Superb for shaded planters and as a ground cover under larger shrubs. Hardy to 0 o F. to plant it between stepping stones so that when one walked on them the foliage could be crushed to emit a nice fragrance. Great for planting in rock walls as well. Flowers purplish, white, rose or crimson but not very showy. There are a number of other species of Thyme, some with colored or variegated foliage. Yellow Star Jasmine Trachelospermum asiaticum This evergreen vine makes a great ground cover where ivy may be burnt by too much sun. It tolerates southern heat like a champ and probably should be relegated to landscapes from the Sandhills to the Coast. New growth is an attractive reddish brown. More cold hardy than T. jasminioides. T. asiaticum var. oblanceolatum has longer and narrower leaves and makes an excellent ground cover or vine. When used as a ground cover, this species rarely flowers, but if allowed to climb a trellis or tree it will develop pale yellow, fragrant flowers. This probably means that the form used as a ground cover is the juvenile form and when allowed to climb vertically it will revert to the adult flowering form. Germander Teucrium chamaedrys Small evergreen shrub not much over 1 high. Leaves are about 3 / 4 long. Flowers magenta and not showy. Should be sheared after flowering and could be trimmed into a very low hedge. For sun only. Thyme Thymus serpyllum One of the lowest evergreen creepers, usually under 2 high. Aromatic 1 / 4 leaves. Ideal for poor, hot, dry sites. It was customary in British gardens Big Periwinkle Vinca major Leaves up to 2 long and vigorous shoots that may run up to 6 in one season. Lighter green in color than Vinca minor and more open and loose in growth, which lends itself to planting in large areas where a shade ground cover is needed. Variegata has cream-colored markings on its foliage. All varieties have blue flowers. Woody Plants 345

8 Periwinkle Vinca minor One of the best shade ground covers which will cover with a thickness of about 4 to 6 and is quite easily controlled. Dark green opposite leaves up to 1 long and early spring 1 blue flowers. Great for overplanting spring bulbs where they will grow through, but when they go dormant, there is still a cover. Alba has white flowers, Bowles has slightly larger flowers and leaves, Variegata and Sterling Silver have creamy-white margins that fade to lighter green towards the inside of the leaf. Aureovariegata has golden-yellow variegation. There is even a double, purple-flowered form, Floro Pleno. Evergreen Vines Fiveleaf Akebia Akebia quinata This vine has palmate compound leaves and small purple flowers in April. It is fast-growing and climbs by twining. It is a good choice where a quick cover is needed. Mostly evergreen but can be partially defoliated in a severe winter. Rosea is a pink flowering form, Alba has white flowers and Variegata has an outstanding cream-white-yellow variegation. In more tropical areas, this plant is considered invasive. Adam s Needle, Bear Grass Yucca filamentosa This evergreen native has soft leaves about 1 wide and up to 2 long with curly threads hanging off of the leaf margins for their full length. Flowers mainly from May to June with flower stalks more commonly from 3-6 high with a huge inflorescence of cream-white flowers. Flowers are actually edible. Great for dramatic accent especially where native plants are suitable. Yucca flaccida has somewhat shorter leaves and often confused in the trade with Y. filamentosa. There are several variegated selections: Golden Sword has a yellow center band in its leaf with green margins, Bright Edge has leaves with a narrow gold band, Color Guard has a bright yellow center that does not fade and turns a rose color during the winter. Cross Vine Bignonia capreolata A native vine climbing by means of tendrils producing orange-red trumpet-shaped flowers with a yellow throat in April. Can be used as a thick screen on wire fences. Leaves will take on a purplish hue in winter. Tangerine Beauty has soft, tangerine-colored flowers that repeat through the summer. Atrosanguinea has brick red flowers. Jekyll has orange flowers with a yellow interior and has proven to be more cold-hardy and evergreen than other selections. Armand or Evergreen Clematis Clematis armandii A vigorous evergreen vine producing large clusters of small fragrant white flowers in February to March. I have seen one plant in Atlanta covering a four-story chimney for its entire height. Grown as Woody Plants 346

9 much for its foliage as it is for its flowers. The large compound leaves present themselves in a hanging fashion which gives a dramatic textural statement on a wall or trellis. All clematis climb by twisting petioles. Appleblossom has pink buds which open white on the upper side of the petals and pink beneath with new growth a rich bronze-red. Wintercreeper Euonymus fortunei Clings on solid textured surfaces by means of aerial roots. See p Bush or Tree Ivy X Fatshedera lizei This curious bigeneric cross between Hedera and Fatsia resulted in a vine-like shrub that must be supported, otherwise, it flops over. Foliage is handsome and striking with leaves over 6 across. Plant where foliage is not exposed to sun while still frozen north or west side or shade is best. Can be trained against a wall up to 10 to 12 where it has a great textural effect. Monstrosa Variegata has fine white variegation to its leaves while Aurea-variegata has stunning yellow to gold bordering to each leaf. Climbing Fig Ficus pumila Climbs by means of aerial roots. Juvenile leaves small and heart-shaped, lying flat on a solid surface. As vine ages, it looses its juvenile form with small leaves and becomes shrubby with leaves up to 3 long. May kill back to the ground line below 15 o F. Will give an aged look to new brick wall when allowed to cover. Variegata has striking white margins to its leaves but is more cold tender than the species. Swamp Jessamine Gelsemium rankinii Introduced by Woodlanders Nursery of Aiken, S.C., this species is found mainly in swamps from North Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. It is similar in many respects to G. sempervirens, except that it has two seasons of bloom, October and November in the fall and March and April in the spring. Maybe a few degrees less cold hardy G. sempervirens. Carolina Jessamine Gelsemium sempervirens The South Carolina state flower that has become popular worldwide, it produces extremely fragrant yellow flowers in late February to early April. Climbs by twining. Foliage will bronze in winter. Pride of Augusta is a double-flowering form introduced by Fruitland Nurseries of Augusta back in the mid 1800 s. Woodlanders Pale Yellow has soft yellow flowers, larger than the species, but not as cold hardy. Grows well in sun or shade, but will produce the heaviest flower crop in more sun. Thrives under the poorest of conditions. English Ivy Hedera helix A vine that will climb on solid surfaces by means of aerial roots and also makes an excellent, albeit potentially invasive ground cover in the shade. See p. 328 for more information. Kadsura Vine Kadsura japonica A twining, evergreen vine with thick, oblong leaves to 4. Small, yellow-white flowers in early summer followed by Woody Plants 347

10 scarlet berries in dramatic clusters in the fall. May partially defoliate when temperatures reach single digits. Does best in shade. Chirimen has beautifully variegated leaves with white marbling. Fukurin has bold creamy-yellow margins to its leaves. One of the more easily contained vines which definitely needs to be used more. Gold-flame Honeysuckle Lonicera x heckrottii Somewhat shrub-like, but climbs by twining. Carminered buds open to expose yellow-throated flowers in mid April. Repeats bloom during the summer. Semi-evergreen during winter. Woodbine Lonicera sempervirens Twining native honeysuckle with thin bluish-green foliage makes this one of our best native vines. Not rampant. Great combination with dogwood. Alabama has deep red flowers. Blanche Sandman and Magnifica have orange-red flowers and are great repeat bloomers. Sulphurea and John Clayton both have yellow flowers. Numerous other selections exist. Lady Banks Rose Rosa banksiae Popular evergreen running rose in the Southeast. Vigorous growth can be used to cover small buildings and trees. Thorn- less with evergreen foliage producing 1 to 1 1 / 2 double flowers in early to mid April. Lutea has soft yellow flowers; whereas, Alba has white flowers. No black spot problems on this rose. Cherokee Rose Rosa laevigata This is an introduced species from China that has become naturalized, and somehow, became Georgia s state flower. There is a plethora of great native flowers without having to go to China to find the Georgia state flower. (Although I am a South Carolinian, I am a committee of one voting for Elliottia racemosa.) Single, pure white, 3 to 4, fragrant flowers are borne in profusion in April and early May. Will make an impenetrable barrier. Anemone is a pink selection. Evergreen Potato Vine Solanum jasminoides This twining vine will remain evergreen down to the mid teens and will produce terminal clusters of fragrant white flowers throughout the warmer months. Even when defoliated by cold, it will usually recover quickly the next spring. Aureovariegatum has showy bright yellow margins to its leaves. Yellow Star Jasmine Trachelospermum asiaticum This evergreen vine climbs by twining and produces soft yellow fragrant flowers in April-June. New growth is an attractive reddish brown. More cold hardy than T. jasminioides. T. asiaticum var. oblanceolatum has longer and narrower leaves and makes an excellent ground cover or vine. See also under Evergreen Ground Covers. Woody Plants 348

11 Confederate Jasmine Trachelospermum jasminoides Rapidly growing twining vine which produces a plethora of small, fragrant, white pinwheel-like flowers in April-May. Sun or shade, but will get less cold damage in shade. Best used in the Sandhills and Coastal Plain. However, Madison is a selection found by Jane Symmes of Cedar Lane Farms in Madison, GA at an old home site. It has proven to be one more zone cold-hardy than the species. Deciduous Vines Coral Vine Antigonon leptopus Vigorous vine climbing by means of tendrils with dense, heat-shaped leaves. Begins flowering in June and continues until frost. Flowers are a bright rose-pink. It will probably die to the ground in the Midlands and Piedmont. This plant may grow 30 in one season. There is a white- and red-flowering form of this plant. Trumpet Vine Campsis radicans Climbing by means of aerial roots, this native vine produces bright orange flowers intermittently from July until frost. Trumpet-shaped blooms are 3 long and 2 across. Flava has soft-yellow flowers. We brought a form back from Japan that has white variegated foliage with red flowers. Great plant for attracting humming birds. Hybrid Trumpet Vine Campsis x tagliabuana This covers a group of plants resulting from crosses between Campsis radicans and Campsis grandiflora. Mme. Galen is one of the most popular, having apricot-orange-colored blooms up to 3 across. Climbs by aerial roots. Be cautious because everything in this genus will sucker profusely. Chinese Trumpet Vine Campsis grandiflora This species also climbs by aerial roots but the flowers have a larger corolla than either of the previous selections. The flowers are a more tangerine-orange than C. radicans; hence, somewhat more soft in appearance. Morning Calm is a pastel tangerine color which flowers profusely in huge panicles. It continues to flower well into the fall especially when spent heads are removed. American Bittersweet Celastrus scandens A native vine of rampant, twining growth which can become destructive to shrubs and small trees if left unattended. Grown for the yellow berries which appear on female plants in the fall and open to expose orange-red seed. These will last indefinitely when dried. Fall color of leaves is yellow. Since it is dioecious, one needs a male and female plant for fruit set. Buy only sexed plants. Woody Plants 349

12 Hybrid Clematis Clematis species and hybrids These large-flowered hybrids produce blooms from 2 to 10 in diameter in single and double forms. The color range is fairly wide: white, pinks, reds, purples, variegated. Growth is restrained, hence it can be used with abandon, and effect is very decorative. All clematis climb by means of twisting petioles. Grows best where roots can be shaded and the foliage can be in the sun. It is not at all unusual to see a small garden center in England with 150 or more selections of this plant arranged, of course, in alphabetical order according to variety. Montana Clematis Clematis montana var. rubens A vigorous grower reaching heights of 20 to 30. The 2 to 3 flowers are borne in April and form a canopy of pink. Treat completely different from the previous types as growth is so rampant. Can be trained to grow up in trees and drape out over their branches. Sweet Autumn Clematis Clematis terniflora Produces panicles of 1 fragrant white flowers in late August which are borne in such great abundance that the foliage is completely masked. It may hold some foliage through the winter, but is mostly deciduous. Climbs by means of twisting petioles. Vigorous and easy to grow. Give it plenty of space. The only pests of consequence are blister beetles that can defoliate a plant in a day. Virgin s Bower Clematis virginiana A native vine commonly seen along creek banks and streams, but can be found on higher ground as well. It is not too unlike C. terniflora, producing a plethora of late summer and early autumn small, white flowers which will totally cover the plant. As with all clematis, climbs by twisting petioles. Native Climbing Hydrangea or Wood Vamp Decumaria barbara This hydrangea relative also climbs by aerial roots and has opposite simple leaves. Flowers are in terminal corymbs in May and are not overly conspicuous. Leaves will be deciduous to semi-evergreen producing a pale yellow fall color. Chatooga is a Bill Head selection (Head-Lee Nursery, Inc., Seneca, S.C.) that retains much of its foliage through the winter. Savannah is a cultivar with extremely large leaves, up to 6 across, and shiny foliage found in Aiken County on the Savannah River. Climbing Hydrangea Hydrangea petiolaris ssp. petiolaris This vine climbs by means of aerial roots and will attach itself to most textured surfaces. Lateral branches develop from main stems. Large clusters of white, lacecap-type hydrangea flower heads are produced in May. Particularly good on stone walls and tree trunks. Prefers shade and is very slow to become established and begin flowering. Woody Plants 350

13 Millettia Millettia reticulata This twining wisteria relative produces terminal racemes of deep purple, wisteria-like flowers throughout the summer. It is sometimes referred to as Evergreen Wisteria, but will only be evergreen down to the low 20s. It s becoming quite popular because of its long flowering period. Very vigorous. No fall color. A related species, Millettia taiwanensis, is almost indistinguishable with similar flowers and foliage, but may be a half-zone more cold hardy. Virginia Creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia This ubiquitous native vine is often confused with poison ivy, but is totally harmless. As its species name implies, its leaves consist of 5 leaflets, whereas poison ivy has 3. It has an unusual method of climbing, tendrils with adhesive discs. Flowers are inconsequential and are followed by black berries, but its greatest claim to fame is its brilliant red fall color. Great for covering walls or tree trunks. Variegata has beautifully marbled cream-white foliage. P. henryana is a Chinese species that has bluish-green foliage with silver veining on the surface and burgundy on the undersides. Truly the handsomest species of this genus, but probably only hardy in the Deep South. Boston Ivy Parthenocissus tricuspidata Of course, it s not an ivy, but like the previous species, it climbs by tendrils with adhesive discs. It is planted for its brilliant red fall color. Fenway Park is a selection made from the famous Boston ball park. It has brilliant yellow new growth in the spring, fading to greenish during the summer, and brilliant red fall color. Many other cultivars exist. Climbing Rose Rosa hybrids and cultivars There are many named varieties of these socalled climbing roses, but none are really capable of actually climbing; they must be trained on some sort of support. While all make a spectacular show when in flower, none are very eye-catching during the winter. Don t prune back heavily as one would bush roses because flower buds are produced on old wood. Major pests include Japanese beetles and black spot fungus. Japanese Hydrangea Vine Schizophragma hydrangeoides This hydrangea relative is treated in all respects like Hydrangea anomala and climbs the same way, by aerial roots. It seems to be a far more dependable bloomer in the Deep South than climbing hydrangea, with flowers looking almost identical but with fewer sterile bracts. Varieties include Moonlight with a silvery overcast, Rosea with pink sterile bracts, and Brookside Miniature with leaves one-quarter the size of the species. Japanese Wisteria Wisteria floribunda Depending on the variety, this species will produce flowering racemes from 12 to 36 long. It s available in white, pink, purple, or bluishpurple. This species has a longer flowering period than W. sinensis. Climbs by twining in a clockwise direction. Leaflets are 13 to 19, and fall color is a muted to bright yellow. As any wisteria, it must be contained. Woody Plants 351

14 American Wisteria Wisteria frutescens This Southeast native wisteria inhabits the more moist, fertile woodland areas and will easily grow to 20 to 30, but is still more restrained than the Asian bullies, W. floribunda and W. sinensis. It flowers about 3 weeks after the Asian types by flushing out and flowering on top of its foliage. This late flowering renders it far less susceptible to late frosts than its Asian counterparts. Probably the best cultivar of this species, Amethyst Falls, has South Carolina roots and was discovered by Bill Head of Head-Lee Nursery in Oconee County. This variety has fragrant 4 to 6 lavenderblue racemes and will flower its very first year as well as repeat several time during the growing season. Longwood Purple has deeper bluish-purple hues and Nivea has white flowers. Chinese Wisteria Wisteria sinensis This rampant vine climbs by twining in a counterclockwise (sinistrorse) direction and has naturalized over large areas of the Southeast. Its blue-violet flowers are produced from late March to early April. Leaves usually have 11 or so leaflets. Its early flowering renders it susceptible to late frosts. Augusta s Pride is a recently introduced variety from the original plant brought into America at Fruitland Nurseries in Augusta, Ga., back in the mid 1800s. It is extremely fragrant and will flower from its first year. A major frustration of gardeners is to induce this species to flower. It s not unusual for one to wait 20 years to see flowers. Grafted plants will usually begin flowering at an early age, but then, you have to contend with suckers from the understock, which can cause much consternation. Alba is white, Texas White is white and extremely fragrant. Black Dragon has double, dark- purple flowers. Caroline is light purple and very fragrant. Evergreen Shrubs Less than 4 Ft. Glossy Abelia Abelia x grandiflora Not enough good things can be said about this great landscape plant. It has an extremely long period of bloom: 3 to 4 months from May to September. There are many new cultivars of this plant coming out all the time, but several popular ones are Prostrata, Sherwoodi, Little Richard, and John Creech. New growth is bronze, with plants taking on a purplish caste throughout the colder months. See this plant also under Evergreen Shrubs 4 to 6 Ft. Dwarf Aucuba Aucuba japonica Nana and Variegata Nana This compact selection of this popular shadeloving genus has wonderful textural potential in the shade garden. Both of these varieties are female; to get berry set, plant a male to pollinate them. Huge red berries are produced when the small green insignificant flowers are fertilized. A sure sign of too much sun is black spots from sun burn on foliage. Give good drainage. When temperatures drop below the mid 20s, its foliage droops as if it were wilting, but then they will quickly recover when temperatures rise. Woody Plants 352

15 Kurume Azalea This popular evergreen shrub has a flower range from white to lavender, to pink to rose to bright red. Flowers may be double (hosein-hose) or single. Blooms about mid March to mid April. Plants are dense and twiggy. Some of the more common varieties are Snow, Pink Pearl, Coral Bell, Hinodegiri, Hino Crimson, and Hexe. Per- form best in part shade and plant very shallow or in raised beds for good drainage. Will not tolerate wet feet. A major pest is lacebugs. Satsuki Azalea This group of azaleas is the result of hybridizing between several species, and they are bred for their late flowering potential (May and June). Typically, they are low-growing, much wider than tall, and have small shiny leaves. They are quite handsome even when out of bloom. Some of the more common varieties are the various selections of Gumpo. Wakebisu is a salmon pink but more upright in growth. The Japanese have been breeding these for centuries and slowly more and more selections are migrating here. Harland Boxwood Buxus harlandii This is a great evergreen shrub to use as a low hedge or edging plant. Very dark green tapered leaves with the characteristic notch at the tip. The plant will tend to grow with a vase shape, narrow at the base and broader at the top. Very few pest problems, but prone to leaf-out early in the spring and the new growth will often be burnt by late frosts. Richard is a cultivar with much broader leaves and probably slower in growth and makes a very superior plant for a low border. Dwarf Old English Boxwood Buxus sempervirens Suffruticosa This plant assumes a globular shape with a billowy outline as it ages. Large plants are useful as specimens, and small plants are very popular as very low borders in a formal garden design. Extremely slow-growing; therefore, small plants used in edging should be spaced less than 12 apart. Prefers part shade and may fail if planted in hot, dry locations. Not recommended for the lower parts of the state. Use Harland or Japanese for these situations. Warty Barberry Berberis verruculosa This neat compact plant has small yellow flowers in April followed by violet-black berries. Leaves are 1 long, shiny dark green on top and white underneath, with spiny edges. The foliage will bronze in winter. Very slow growing but an aristocrat among dwarf shrubs. Does best in shade to part sun. Will take full sun in climates with cooler summers. Another useful species is B. triacanthophora or Threespine Barberry, which grow slightly larger than Warty Barberry. Prostrate Plum Yew Cephalotaxus harringtonia Prostrata A low, spreading plant with fernlike foliage that is superior to other low shrubs in many respects. One of them is deer resistance. This variety grows well in part sun to dense shade and is far more cold-hardy than dwarf gardenia for which it is a good substitute. Woody Plants 353

16 Dwarf Hinoki Cypress Chamaecyparis obtusa Nana A slow-growing dwarf conifer with dark green foliage. The compact branches have a fanlike frond look with each layered on the other. This is one of those great focal points in the garden in sun or shade. Rockspray Cotoneaster Cotoneaster horizontalis Pinkish flowers, small, in mid April. Red berries in early fall. Leaves 1 / 2 long, inclined to be semi-evergreen. Branching habit flat and horizontal. Rarely over 3 high. Subject to fire blight, particularly in the Coastal Plain. Best relegated to the Piedmont. Alexander Laurel Danae racemosa A unique member of the lily family, reaching a height of 2 to 4 with leaves, which are actually modified branches, 3 long by 1 / 2 to 1 wide, appearing almost artificial. Stems are green. Flowers are inconspicuous, but the eye-catching fruit are 1 / 4 to 1 / 2 red berries in the fall that persist through the winter. Prefers shade with good drainage. A great massing plant for a deep shade garden. Propagation is by seed or division, but seed take two winters of dormancy before germination. Not readily available due to the slow rate of propagation and very expensive. Winter Daphne Daphne odora This aristocrat of southern shrubs produces terminal clusters of small flowers with a heavenly fragrance at a time of year, late January and February, when one is yearning for spring. Flowers range in color from rosy-purple to white ( Alba ), and leaves with white margins ( Marginata ) to solid green. Noted to be temperamental. A well-established plant may up and die almost overnight. Plant on a slope or in extremely well-drained soil on a mound. Performs best in part shade, but will tolerate full sun in the Piedmont. Dwarf Japanese Euonymus Euonymus japonicus Microphyllus This dwarf cultivar does not flower or fruit and has leaves of only 1 / 2 to 1. Forms a rounded plant of about 2 ft. high. It s ideally as an edging plant, except it is very susceptible to Euonymus scale, which can destroy a plant unless there is a regular spraying schedule. Variegatus is a form with cream-white margins to the leaves which gives an overall attractive graygreen appearance. Fatsia Fatsia japonica This mounding shrub is a good source for a course accent in the shade with its large palmate leaves. Fuzzy clusters of cream-colored pom-pom-like flowers form at the end of each stalk in fall with black fruit ripening through the winter. Needs some shade for best foliage color. Plant it in a protected microclimate to avoid cold damage in severe winters. This is one of the parents to Fatshedera lizei. Woody Plants 354

17 Dwarf Gardenia Gardenia augusta Radicans This spreading shrub to 2 high is great for massing in the shade. Leaves are generally 1 / 2 x 2. It covers itself in small, double-white typical gardenialike flowers in May and June. Plant in a protected area in the Piedmont, but even in the remainder of the state, one needs to plant it so that it does not get direct early morning sun while it is frozen. Variegata Radicans is a more cold tender form. Sunburst Golden St. John s Wort Hypericum frondosum Sunburst This selection of one of our great Southeast natives is considered one of the best of this genus even in Europe. An evergreen shrub to 3 to 4 with an equal spread and blue-green foliage. Great for massing. It flowers in June and July with brilliant yellow flowers up to 2. Part shade to full sun and well-drained soil is best. With over 600 species of Hypericums, it is difficult to decide which ones to include in a manual of this size, but this is probably the best. Other well-known ones are Hypericum prolificum, H. androsaemum, H. patulum, and H. x moseranum. Carissa Holly Ilex cornuta Carissa Low, spreading holly similar to Rotunda, which is broader than high. Its best asset is that it only has a single spine rather than the numerous weapons of Rotunda from which it is a sport. It will grow in sun or shade, but in shade, leaves may become slightly deformed. Will tolerate many soil conditions. Dwarf Horned Holly Ilex cornuta Rotunda This dwarf version of the Chinese horned holly has 3 long leaves with usually 7 thick spines. This female variety has to acquire some age before it begins to fruit, and even then, the fruit tend to be hidden among the leaves. Great for traffic diversion on school campuses. Consider that when this plant is established, it is almost impossible to weed because of is spiny nature. Heller Holly Ilex crenata Helleri This has been a staple in the nursery trade for several decades, but is falling into disfavor because of its propensity to die-off from root and stem rot when it reaches 5 to 7 years of age. Broader than high, this spreading green cushion is an ever popular foundation plant with its fine, dark green leaves. No flowers or fruit. The following plant is a much better substitute. Soft Touch Japanese Holly Ilex crenata Soft Touch This is a superior selection over Helleri. Because of its softness, it s not prone to break up when children and dogs run through it. We have not experienced the dieback problem as with Helleri, for which it will make a good substitute. A superior plant in all respects. Dark green, fine foliage on a plant which is twice as broad as high. Woody Plants 355

18 Schillings or Dwarf Yaupon Holly Ilex vomitoria Schillings This dwarf form of our native Yaupon Holly is a staple in the Southern landscape. It has fine foliage and twiggy growth, but its greatest claim to fame is its toughness. It is a male form which flowers heavily and might serve as a pollinator for other hollies. Coastal Leucothoe Leucothoe axillaris This great Southeastern native has bronze-red new growth and 2 hanging racemes of white lilyof-the-valley-like flowers. The leaves are 2 to 4 long by 1 1 / 2 wide. In my opinion, this is one of the finest landscape plants around with its pendulous growth habit on a 2 to 3 frame. The one drawback is its proneness to get mildew, which can distort the foliage. Many selections are coming on the market, some with variegated foliage. Drooping Leucothoe Leucothoe fontanesiana Very similar to the previous species but with a slightly larger stature, this is another great native and can be used in many of the same situations as L. axillaris. Flowering with white 2-3 racemes in April and May, this plant has all of the grace of a true garden aristocrat. Box Honeysuckle Lonicera nitida This is one of those plants that really can t be over-planted in the landscape. Spreading shrub to 3 high and leaves only 1 / 2 long. Great for massing. Flowers are small, white in April followed by purple berries. In severe winters, it may partially defoliate, but the plant won t be damaged. Not particular as to soil and will tolerate sun or shade. A number of new variegated forms are on the market with white or yellow marginal variegation. Harbor Dwarf Heavenly Bamboo Nandina domestica Harbor Dwarf Densely branched dwarf form that retains the same leaf type as the species. Foliage colors up beautifully in winter if planted in enough sun, with various shades of reds and purples. Since nandinas are self-infertile, this selection rarely fruits when planted alone. However, supply another flowering clone, even a nearby seedling, and bees will cross-pollinate it so that it will produce a handsome crop of berries. Firepower Dwarf Nandina Nandina domestica Firepower The public has discovered this plant, and it is being over-planted worse than Redtip (Photinia x fraseri). Howev- er, its toughness and brilliant winter color will probably keep it around for a long time. Shortened, compound leaves on plants that I have never seen flower, makes this a little aristocratic bump in every public park in the South. Absolutely no pest or disease problems. Woody Plants 356

19 Delavay s Osmanthus Osmanthus delavayi Hillier s Manual of Trees and Shrubs says, One of China s gems; a very beautiful, small-leaved species... This compact Osmanthus will eventually get to 6 or more and even broader, but we will treat it as a Less than 4 Shrub. It has small white, jasmine-like, fragrant flowers in great profusion in late March and April. Leaves are dark green and slightly toothed and only 1 / 2 x 1 long. Dirr says, The more I see this handsome species, the more enamored I become. Variegated False Holly Osmanthus heterophyllus Variegatus Remember, hollies have alternate leaves and Osmanthus have opposite leaves. So don t confuse this plant with a holly. Its hollylike leaves are edged with creamy-white margins. It takes on an upright stature and will probably reach 3 to 4 in 10 years. It does well in sun or shade. With age, it will also begin to flower with typical Tea Olive-like flowers in the fall. Ogon has brilliant gold new growth which matures to a chartreuse color during the remainder of the year. Goshiki, meaning 5 colors in Japanese, has a mottling of bronze, green and yellows on the same leaf. Otto Luyken Laurel Prunus laurocerasus Otto Luyken Dark green 1 x 4 leaves adorn this spreading shrub that reaches 3 to 4 in height and nearly twice as broad. White flowers on 4 racemes in April are really quite showy against its dark foliage. Does well in sun or shade with good drainage. Very susceptible to shot-hole bacterial disease, particularly under overhead irrigation in a nursery setting. In the landscape it is not nearly so troublesome. Mt. Vernon is a low spreading type to 3 with leaves 5 to 6 long. Indian Hawthorne Raphiolepis indica This is one of those very versatile shrubs for full sun commercial sites in the Deep South. Leaves are 1 1 / 2 to 3 long, pointed and with serrated margins. Flowers are pink in April and early May. Growth is thicker than the following species. There seems to be some controversy as to which species a number of named varieties belong. We would only give one or the other on a test since the experts can t even tell them apart. Mugo Pine Pinus mugo Compacta This small, compact, globeshaped shrub has needles in clusters of two, 2 long and crowded. Attractive candle-like new growth in spring. The species varies greatly from seed and some of the plants may reach a height of 8. Use only grafted plants for the dwarfest form. Probably best relegated to the landscapes of the Piedmont and not the Coastal Plain. Yeddo Hawthorne Raphiolepis umbellata White flowers in dense panicles in April. Leaves to 3 long, thick and with a brownish pubescence. Plant is usually low and spreading. Will tolerate considerable shade, but is more susceptible to Entomosporium leaf spot, a fungus disease, in a shady setting. Very tolerant of heat and will thrive under asphalt parking lot conditions. Flowers are in terminal panicles in April and will range from white to deep pink, depending on variety. Strive to plant disease resistant varieties where possible. Numerous cultivars exist. Woody Plants 357

20 Rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis Pale-blue, small flowers in fall, winter and early spring. Leaves are narrow to 1 long and are usually a bluish-green in color. Foliage is highly aromatic and is popular as a culinary herb. Prefers full sun and rather dry soils, and will become rank in moist soil and will need pruning. Very popular to trim in topiary forms for containers and herb gardens. Two popular cultivars are Arp, probably the hardiest, and Tuscan Blue. Ruscus or Butcher s Broom Ruscus aculeatus Wheeler s Form This is another unique member of the lily family similar to Danae racemosa. A Mediterranean region native, this plant is in its natural element in dry shade. The stiff branches and leaves (cladophylls or flattened stems) resemble green plastic. Most plants in this genus are dioecious, needing a male and female plant to set fruit, but this selection is self-fertile. The brilliant red berries are up to 1 / 2 in diameter and will persist for nearly 12 months. Propagation is best by division, but this selection will also come true from seed. Shrubby Germander Teucrium fruticans This somewhat open small shrub will eventually reach 4. Its greatest asset is its silvery-blue leaves and stems which show off to great advantage against a dark background. Does best in full sun with good drainage. Small blue flowers are formed in terminal racemes throughout the summer. Deciduous Shrubs Less than 4 ft. Crimson Pygmy Barberry Berberis thunbergii Crimson Pygmy This is one of the most popular dwarf deciduous shrubs that will reach only 1 to 2 or slightly taller with a somewhat greater spread. Leaves are an intensely reddish-purple all summer, and it must be grown in full sun for best color. Indifferent to soil. Its flowers and fruit are insignificant. Bagatelle is a similar form with slightly glossier foliage. Golden foliage types include Aurea and Aurea Nana. Purple Beautyberry Callicarpa dichotoma Dirr says, The most graceful and refined of the genus. A beautiful plant of 3 with pendulous branches bearing lavender-pink flowers in summer on current season s wood, followed by lilac-purple fruit in August- November. I consider the flowers quite attractive although some consider them inconspicuous. This shrub should be cut back to the ground each spring to induce new growth and heavier fruiting. Improved selections include Issai and Early Amethyst. Blue-Mist Shrub Caryopteris x clandonensis Bright blue flowers in terminal racemes in July. If sheared back after flowering, you will get a repeat performance in late fall. Nothing could be better than cool blue flowers in the heat of a Deep South summer. Plants are best pruned back heavily in spring to maintain a more well-kempt look, and it Woody Plants 358

21 also induces better flower production. Plant in full sun with good drainage. Some good selections are Longwood Blue, Arthur Simmonds, First Choice, and Dark Knight. Worchester Gold is a good form with bright yellow foliage and contrasting blue flowers. Common Bluebeard Caryopteris incana This species is larger in all respects than the previous plant. The summertime flowers are a bright blue and fragrant. They occur in rounded cymes at every leaf axil, literally encircling the stems. Prune back heavily each spring to keep plants compact. Sun and well-drained soil. Dwarf Flowering Quince Chaenomeles speciosa Flowers white to salmon to orange to red in February and March. Great for late winter interest and can be followed by quince-like fruit. Foliage is a shiny green early but will usually become rather shopworn by late summer. Fall color is insignificant. Give full sun, but tough as nails. Texas Scarlet is a good orange-red. Jet Trail is pure white. Slender Deutzia Deutzia gracilis White flowers in terminal racemes in April adorn this graceful compact shrub with arching branches. Nikko is a low ground cover type which will spread and peg down as it goes, making it a good soilstabilizer. Attractive deep burgundy fall foliage color. Dwarf Fothergilla Fothergilla gardenii A priceless native bearing honey-scented, 1 creamywhite rounded terminal spikes in April. Fall color may be yellow to orange to red, sometimes all on the same leaf. It will form clumps from suckers. Specimens have been reported to 10, but this is rare. Plant in part shade to full sun in welldrained soil. Mountain or Smooth Hydrangea Hydrangea arborescens In the wild, this species has dainty lacecap-type flower heads, and these types are rarely planted by homeowners. The more popular varieties are Grandiflora and Annabelle, which have large mophead-like flower clusters in terminal arrangements. Plants will tend to sucker and should be cut back severely at the end of each winter because they will flower on current season s growth. One of the finest native flowering shrubs. It will grow in shade and full sun (only if kept properly watered). Bigleaf or Florists Hydrangea Hydrangea macrophylla Books are written on the varieties of this species alone with new cultivars coming out almost daily. This plant is being put in this size group even though there are many varieties that will exceed this size. Flower heads can be rounded mopheads with mostly sterile florets, while lacecap types (Hydrangea macrophylla var. normalis) have small true flowers in the center of a flattened cyme surrounded by sterile florets. Flower color is mainly determined by available aluminum or, as a general rule, the more acidic the soil, the more blue to purple, Woody Plants 359

22 and the more alkaline the soil, the more purple to pink. Relegate pruning to removing old flower heads. If cut back severely in winter, flower production will be reduced the following spring. If major rejuvenation is needed, prune back heavily, immediately after flowering in midsummer. This way the plant can recover enough to set flower buds for the following spring. We won t delve into varieties here because the numbers are encyclopedic. Winter Jasmine Jasminum nudiflorum Small yellow blossoms begin to appear in late January and continue through February on a mounding, spreading shrub to 2. Leaves are small and trifoliate. Stems are green and ridged, and even when without foliage, the plant appears to be evergreen because of its mass of green twigs. Excellent for covering banks and slopes and will survive in poor soil and shade as well as full sun. Opposite leaves distinguish this from J. floridanum, which has alternate leaves and is evergreen. Dwarf Flowering Almond Prunus glandulosa An old-fashioned, small, graceful shrub that is very popular around old homes. This plant will sucker, forming a small thicket. Flowers are double pink and white and 1 / 2 across. Very early bloomer, putting on a show as early as February. Fall color is light yellow and of no great significance. Bumald Spirea Spiraea x bumalda This plant is a result of a cross between S. albiflora and S. japonica. It will reach 2 to 3 with a slightly broader width and is great for massing in full sun. As along as it has good drainage, this plant is not very demanding. This is a spring and summer bloomer and will repeat if spent heads are sheared off. Numerous cultivars exist: Anthony Waterer, carmine-red flowers; Goldflame, pinkish flowers with orange-red new growth fading to yellow, then green; and Limemound with pink flowers and lemon-yellow new growth fading to chartreuse. Japanese Spirea Spiraea japonica Similar in growth habit to the previous species. This plant offers many new choices for foliage color and flowers. Great for massing in full sun. Popular varieties include Gold Mound with bright yellow new growth and pink flowers; Little Princess a 2 compact form with pink flowers; Neon Flash reddish new growth and rich red flowers; and Shirobana sporting white and pink flowers on the same plant. Snowmound Spirea Spiraea nipponica Notable for its heavy production of white flowers in mid April. Foliage is a distinct bluish-green color. It has a rounded form and will reach 4 with a greater spread. Full sun and good drainage is all that is required. Snow Mound is the most popular named selection. Woody Plants 360

23 Evergreen Shrubs 4 to 6 Ft. Glossy Abelia Abelia x grandiflora This ubiquitous plant adorns almost every garden 50 years or older, but is still a great plant. Flowers are 1 white tubes appearing from May until frost. This is a great plant for massing or as a medium-sized clipped hedge. It can reach 10 ft. if left unattended. Grow in part shade to full sun. Winter color will be a purplish-bronze as well as its new growth in spring. One of the most pest-free plants that you can use. Abelia x Edward Goucher is a pink flowering form with a slightly lower statue. For more dwarf varieties see Evergreen Shrubs Less Than 4 Ft. Japanese Aucuba Aucuba japonica This is one of the best medium-growing shade plants in existence when looking for coarse texture. Leaves can be up to 6 to 8 long and can be a dark glossy green or variegated with numerous forms of speckled to blotched leaves. This species is dioecious, needing male and female plants for fruit set. Female plants produce huge (up to 1 ) berries resembling dogwood fruit. As plants get older and produce less vegetative growth, the fruit becomes much more visible. Serratifolia is a good green-leaved female, Variegata is a yellowspeckled female cultivar, Mr. Goldstrike is a heavily variegated male, Picturata has a huge yellow splotch in the middle of its leaf. Wintergreen Barberry Berberis julianae Small yellow flowers in late March to early April are followed by bluish-black berries in the fall. Leaves are spiny on the edges with stems having branched thorns. A very dense plant of irregular form that makes an impenetrable hedge. Spring Glory is a selection that has red new growth that is quite showy. Grow in part shade to full sun. Not particular as to soil. Japanese Boxwood Buxus microphylla var. japonica Great boxwood for the heat of the Deep South, making a dense mounding shrub that lends itself to shearing. Flowers are inconspicuous and leaves are rounded and yellowgreen in color. If fertility is low, winter color will revert to a sickening bronze. It will respond well to liming. Grows rapidly upright for the first few years and then forms a flattened globe. Plant only named cultivars like Green Beauty, which is slow-growing and dark green, and Winter Gem and Wintergreen, which are faster growers and hold a good winter color. Common Boxwood Buxus sempervirens This popular shrub has pointed, dark green leaves and forms a dense pyramid. It prefers some shade for best growth and color, and is probably best relegated to the Piedmont. Plant shallow and lime liberally for best growth. Very popular for cut Christmas greenery. Tea Camellia sinensis This is the plant from which commercial tea is produced. There is only one tea plantation in North America, the Charleston Tea Planation, where American Classic Tea is produced on Johns Island. It is a fall bloomer with white 1 to 2 wide flowers with prominent yellow stamens. Leaves are Woody Plants 361

24 4 to 5 long and dark green. It takes on a rounded outline and grows as broad as high. This is probably the most cold-hardy of all Camellias. Most susceptible to tea scale. Rosea has deep burgundy new growth and soft pink flowers. Spreading Plum Yew Cephalotaxus harringtonia var. drupacea There is much disagreement as to the proper name of this plant, but for all practical purposes we will stick with this botanical name. Needles are shorter that Prostrata and are in more of a whorled pattern around the stem. The growth habit is broader than high with a moreor-less flat top. Best in part to full shade with good drainage. As with all in this genus, it is deer resistant. Hinoki Cypress Chamaecyparis obtusa Gracilis A great accent plant in the garden because of its distinct irregular shape and fanlike fronds. Exceptional dark green color. Grows well in full sun to part shade. No seasonal variation in color. Gardenia, Cape Jasmine Gardenia augusta (syn. G. jasminoides) Probably no other plant so typifies the Deep South as does this plant with its 3 to 4 waxy, white, pungently fragrant blooms in May, June and longer. Sooty mold is caused by whiteflies feeding on the leaves and excreting their honeydew on the leaves. Plants can be rather irregular in outline and as broad as high. Plant where the gardenia is not exposed to early morning sun while it is frozen; otherwise, cold damage may be evident. New selections abound for cold hardiness and flower interest. Chuck Hayes, more cold hardy; August Beauty and Four Seasons, extended bloom period even into late fall, Mystery, large flowers; Kleim s Hardy and Daisy, single flowers on a more compact plant, and Rosedale s Beauty with showy seed pods. Compact Japanese Holly Ilex crenata Compacta Poor Man s Boxwood could be another name. Resembling a boxwood, this plant has a rounded form similar to Japanese boxwood but is a much faster grower. Remember, hollies have alternate leaves, while boxwoods have opposite leaves. Susceptible to dieback in hot dry weather, as are almost all Japanese hollies. Good in sun or part shade. A male variety; hence, no berries. Convex Japanese Holly Ilex crenata Convexa Similar to the previous cultivar, except leaves are distinctly convex in habit. Good dark green color. Culture the same. Hetzi Japanese Holly Ilex crenata Hetzi Like Convexa except leaves and plants larger in all respects. Numerous other cultivars of this species exist. See the Manual of Woody Landscape Plants for more details. Woody Plants 362

25 Dwarf Burford Chinese Holly Ilex cornuta Dwarf Burford Smaller version of the Burford holly, although it can exceed 10. Leaves are typically one spine with a convex surface and smaller than the typical Burford holly leaves. A great berry producer as berries form without pollination (parthenocarpic). The absence of berries usually indicates a late freeze, which probably damaged the early flowers. Inkberry Ilex glabra This native holly usually grows in damp swampy areas and produces black berries. The leaves are olive to dark green and lustrous, 1 to 2 long. The straight species is rather willowy in growth habit but makes an excellent background plant because it is rather neutral in appearance. Cultivars Compacta and Shamrock are darker green and more dense. Nigra appears to this author to be far superior to either, with a better color and it does not have the propensity to become leggy. Ivory Queen has white berries. Virginia Sweetspire Itea virginica It is difficult to know where to place this shrub because it can be as low as 3 and as high as 10, and anywhere from deciduous to evergreen. This has become one of the more popular native shrubs for the landscape trade with its different seasons of interest, from a good flower show in May, to a very extended period of fall leaf color. A multi-stemmed clump, it will grow in dense shade to full sun, but its best flower production is in sun. Three to 6 racemes of small, white fragrant flowers adorn the tips of its branches in May. Fall color is usually a deep burgundy for several months in late fall to early winter. Performs best in damp areas, but will tolerate extended droughts. Probably the best cultivar is Henry s Garnet, which has a deep burgundy fall color. Sarah Eve has light pink flowers. Merlot is a compact form to 3 1 / 2. Shirley s Compact is a diminutive plant of only 18 with 1 1 / 2 flower spikes. Flowery or Florida Jasmine Jasminum floridum This true jasmine has a rather weeping moundlike habit of growth. The foliage is made up of opposite three-leaflet leaves about 1 1 / 2 long. Flowers are a yellow tube with a 1 / 2 corolla in clusters. Begins flowering in May and continues for over a month. This plant is ideal for covering large banks and slopes as its evergreen habit usually snuffs out competing vegetation. Pfitzer s Juniper Juniperus chinensis Pfitzeriana Foliage grayish-green on a loose but graceful plant. Its growth habit is horizontal and spreading. It may become 4 or more high with an 8 spread. Takes on a rugged character as it ages. Remember to never let this plant outgrow its area, as severe pruning will render it useless. Mountain Laurel Kalmia latifolia One of the eastern U. S. s most aristocratic flowering shrubs. In time, it can reach 12 to 15 high and wide with a gnarled and picturesque trunk. Flowers vary from near-white to deep rose and begin in late April near the coast to mid May inland. Leaves are entire and 3 to 5 long. Plant in part to full shade in moist but well- Woody Plants 363

26 drained soil. One of the more difficult plants to propagate in the nursery trade. Numerous selections have been made in recent years adding to the gardeners dilemma as to which one to choose. Variegated Privet Ligustrum sinense Variegata Considered by some to be a trash plant; nevertheless, it has made nurserymen a lot of money over the years. The creamy-white variegation gives it a rather ghostly appearance from a distance, but can be used effectively if not overdone. Please avoid using it as a hedge. Very bad about reverting to its wild green form. It can reach a height of 12 to 15 if allowed to grow unchecked. See Ligustrum sinense under Evergreen Shrubs 6 to 10 Ft. Curlyleaf Ligustrum Ligustrum japonicum Rotundifolium Slow-growing plant with dark green, thick leaves that are twisted and bunched close together. Ones first impression is either, I love it or I hate it. Dirr says that his impressions of this plant cannot be printed. Nonetheless, it can be a piece of living sculpture. Definitely an accent plant with its contorted foliage and distinctly upright habit of growth. Oregon Hollygrape Mahonia acquifolium This plant is neither holly nor grape, kind of like Grape Nuts. Flowers are bright yellow in spikes in late March. Bluish, grape-like berries in early summer. Its leaves are made up of 5 to 9 leaflets that turn a bronze-purple after frost. Its habit of growth is irregular and sprawling, and it will spread by suckers after it has become well-established. Best in part shade. Leatherleaf Mahonia Mahonia bealei This plant makes a wonderful textural statement with its form and foliage. It can become rather stalky with age, but this adds to its intrigue in the landscape. Lemon-yellow flowers in terminal, pyramidal clusters in late winter, followed by bluishblack, grape-like fruit in hanging racemes. Large compound leaves up to 16 long are held stiffly horizontal and are a dull, dark, bluish-green. Does not bronze in the autumn as does M. acquifolium. Best in shade and not particular as to soil. Birds will seed this plant along fence rows. Fortune Mahonia Mahonia fortunei A close relative of nandina, this species has the same foliage texture and vertical stemmy habit of growth. As it ages, however, it becomes more lax. Not as cold hardy as the two previous spe- cies; this one flowers in the fall with dainty racemes of small yellow flowers, and its fruit crop is inconspicuous. Foliage is also the softest of the Mahonias. Its overall appearance has the feeling of dwarf bamboo. Hybrid Mahonias Mahonia x media These hybrids are likely crosses of cold-hardy M. japonica and very cold-tender M. lomariifolia, retaining the best characteristics of each. It has the architectural foliage form and spectacular flower spikes of M. lomariifolia, and the cold-hardiness of M. japonica. The fruit-set is truly magnificent as well. Most varieties flower from late November to late January, making them some of the most spectacular winter flowering shrubs for the Deep South. Grow in part to full shade. Not particular as to soil. Some of the Woody Plants 364

27 best cultivars are Winter Sun, Arthur Menzies, Charity, Faith, Underway, Hope, and Lionel Fortescue. Nandina or Heavenly Bamboo Nandina domestica Another one of those plants that conjures up the love-hate relationship concerning this plant. Found in almost every Southern garden over 50 years old, this Japanese native can be used very effectively as a focal point or to create the oriental look. Stalky, non-branched stems are topped with large compound leaves. Terminal panicles of creamy-white flowers top the stems each spring, and these are followed by huge clusters of bright red berries which persist through the winter. If planted in sun, winter color is a bright reddishpurple to red. Nandina is mostly selfinfertile, so more than one clone needs to be planted for good berry set. This is why one sees such good berry set in old gardens because most plants are seedlings. Numerous cultivars exist. Alba has yellowish-white berries and green to yellow foliage and will come true from seed. Japanese Andromeda Pieris japonica This classy shrub forms cascading racemes of buds in fall that develop into a waterfall of white when they flower in spring with small lily-of-thevalley type blooms. New growth is an attractive bronze in spring followed by lustrous, green leaves. Plant as you would an azalea: very shallow with good drainage. Probably will do best in the Piedmont, but Temple Bells is a cultivar that tolerates more heat. Many varieties exist, including variegated leaf forms, some with brilliant red new growth, and others with pink flowers. Schipka Laurel Prunus laurocerasus Schipkaensis This selection of English Laurel forms a similar outline to Otto Luyken but just on a larger scale. Flowers in short white racemes in spring. Flowers show up nicely against the dark green foliage. Part shade to full sun in well-drained soil. Zabel Laurel Prunus laurocerasus Zabeliana A spreading flat-topped shrub with narrow leaves to 5 long. Color is lighter green than other English laurels. Similar flowers to the species. Great plant when one is trying to avoid the green meatball look. Part shade to full sun in well-drained soil. Carolina Rhododendron Rhododendron carolinianum This shade-loving native has a rounded growth habit and is probably best relegated to the Piedmont. Plant it shallow, literally on top of the ground, in a well-drained, high organic matter moist soil. Seedlings will produce plants that are white to pink. One of the great natives that should be made more available in the nursery trade. Woody Plants 365

28 Hybrid Rhododendrons When this plant is seen in its glory, everyone is totally enamored with it. Huge trusses of white to pink to purple to red flowers adorn the tips of each stem. The foliage is coarse, but offers great texture. Performs best in the upper parts of South Carolina. The key to growing this plant successfully is to not plant it in a prepared hole. Literally sit the plant on the surface of the soil and mound up to the root ball with good organic amendments, without digging any hole. This will inevitably guarantee success, but if planted conventionally in a hole, it will succumb to root rot. Girard Hybrids, Robin Hill Hybrids and Others These azalea hybrids resulted from crossing several species of azaleas. The variations differ in size, time of bloom, and color, and resistance to cold damage to flower buds and stems. Most of the available varieties generally fit into this size group and can be found in all colors except yellow and blue. Glacier, Fashion, Cavalier, Treasure, and hundreds more are readily available. They perform best in moist, well-drained soil and at their optimum in partial shade. When planting, either mound the bed or plant with part of the root ball above grade. Be aware that these plants are often overplanted, so strive for a more balanced four-season interest in the landscape. Sandankwa Viburnum Viburnum suspensum This handsome spreading shrub offers great texture. Dark green leaves and waxy-white flowers from late February to March. Coldtender in the Piedmont, so plant in a protected area. Stems tend to be very warty. Fruit not significant. Great for sun or shade along the coast. Mound-Lily Yucca Yucca gloriosa This native yucca develops a short trunk. Leaves are 2 to 2 1 / 2 long and 2 wide. Showy, greenish-white flowers are produced on a 2 to 3 stalk during the summer months. Wonderful accent plant, but be careful to place it where children cannot come into contact with it. Variegata is an outstanding cultivar with white margins that fade to green towards the middle of the leaf. Deciduous Shrubs 4 To 6 Ft. Japanese Barberry Berberis thunbergii This plant is rarely grown as the straight species. Mostly purple-leaved cultivars are used. Flowers are less than 1 / 2 in diameter, yellow with a reddish tinge on the outside in April, and they contrast beautifully with the burgundy leaved varieties. Small red berries develop along the stem and color in the fall. Stems are dense, twiggy and thorny. Will grow in practically any situation, but foliage color is best in sun. Atropurpurea has deep burgundy-red foliage; Crimson Velvet has much larger deep burgundy leaves; Rose Glow has red-pink new growth fading to a more mottled look; Red Pillar is a dense red column. Butterfly Bush Buddleia davidii White, pink, red, purple or yellow flowers in large spikes from late May until fall. With persistent deadheading, you will have more continuous bloom. Cut to within a few inches of the ground each spring for the most attractive growth. Best in full sun and not particular as to soil. Woody Plants 366

29 This plant will reseed with great propensity and can become a nuisance, but most seedlings are attractive as well. New varieties are introduced almost daily, but probably the best compact plant to date is White Ball, which will get to only 2 to 3. American Beautyberry Callicarpa americana This native species is noted for its violet-purple berries produced each fall and will hang on just a few weeks after leaf drop. It produces small whitish flowers through the growing season. Flowers occur on current season s wood, so to induce maximum berry set, prune back hard early each spring. Will grow in almost any situation: moist, dry, shade, sun. Lactea and Bok Tower are two white-fruited forms. Flowering Quince Chaenomeles speciosa Flowers are white to salmon to orange to red in February and March. Great for late winter interest and can be followed by quince-like fruit. Foliage is a shiny green early, but will usually become rather shopworn looking by late summer. Fall color is not significant. Plant in full sun. Nivalis is pure white; Cameo is thorn-less, one of the doubles with peachy-pink-apricot blooms; Crimson and Gold is a true red with prominent yellow stamens; Toyo-Nishiki has white, pink, red and variegated flowers on the same plant; Scarf s Red is almost thornless and very upright. Buttercup Winterhazel Corylopsis pauciflora Soft, primrose-yellow flowers in 1 to 1 1 / 2 long racemes along stems of last year s growth adorn the branches of this delicate shrub in March. Foliage is a soft green with yellow fall color. One of those plants that will fit in anywhere in the semi-shade woodland garden, it is slightly wider than high (about 4 to 6 ). This whole genus is neglected in Southern gardens, but has great promise for late winter color. Japanese Kerria or Easter Rose Kerria japonica Bright golden-yellow flowers, either single or double, are borne along the stems in March and April. Leaves are light green. Even when without leaves, the plant appears to be evergreen because of its green stems. Golden Guinea and Shamrock are two good single forms. Pleniflora is double. Albiflora has single creamy-white flowers. Picta has leaves with white margins and single flowers and is more compact than other selections. Billiard Spiraea Spiraea x billiardii This plant produces flowers in bright rose-pink pyramidal spikes in late May to fall. If deadheaded, it will continue to flower and this will also serve to remove the spent heads, which turn brown on the plant. This shrub suckers and forms a dense mat. Tough as nails. Fall color not significant. Woody Plants 367

30 Reeves Spiraea or Double Bridle Wreath Spirea Spiraea cantoniensis Double-white flowers in round clusters up to 2 in diameter are produced along weeping stems in April. Leaves tend to be a bluishgreen on a multi-stemmed twiggy plant. Periodically remove the oldest stems at ground level to rejuvenate old plants. Will retain some of its foliage through the winter. Because it is prone to leaf out early, late frost will often kill developing flower buds. Thunberg or Baby s Breath Spirea Spiraea thunbergii This shrub has fine, narrow leaves, which gives it a wispy-like appearance. Its small flowers start opening on the first warm day in January and continue into March. Fall color is rather significant with orangered to apricot shades. Although it s one of the earliest of the spireas, freezing temperatures don t seem to injure it flowers. Some good cultivars are Ogon with brilliant yellow new foliage fading to chartreuse; and Fugino Pink with pink flower buds opening to white and the best fall color of any spirea, and for that matter, almost any other plant. Multi-stemmed, arching branches characterize this plant. Leafs out and flowers almost simultaneously. Can be somewhat coarse. Numerous cultivars exist with new ones coming out with great abandon. Many have deep burgundy foliage on more compact plants. Some have pure white flowers that fade to pink. Others have variegated foliage. Easy to cultivate with no particular requirements. Sun to part shade. Evergreen Shrubs 6 to 10 Ft. Tall or Florida Leucothoe Agarista populifolia (syn. Leucothoe populifolia) This plant is native to Florida and South Carolina, and for some rea- son hopped over Georgia. To me, this plant, along with Illicium floridanum and Hydrangea quercifolia, are three of the finest Southeastern native shrubs. It is a tall, graceful, multistemmed evergreen with slightly pendulous branches. It will reach a height of 8 to 12, but 20 specimens have been seen. Flowering racemes are only 1 long with white lily-of-the-valley like flowers. Excellent for a natural screen and along damp stream banks, but it has been seen in shopping center parking medians. There is reported to be a dwarf form available. Fragrant or Koreanspice Viburnum Viburnum carlesii Pink buds open to white flowers in April and emit an intoxicating fragrance similar to Daphne. Planted mainly for its fragrance, there are probably better plants on the market as far as form is concerned. Weigela Weigela florida An easily grown spring-flowering shrub that is more popular farther north where plant selections might not be as broad. Camellia Camellia japonica This signature plant of the southern garden is outstanding in flower or leaf. Its leaves are dark lustrous green and up to 5 long; while its flowers are 2 to 6 across in colors ranging from white, through pinks and reds with variegated forms of each. It is one of the better winterflowering shrubs for the South, blooming from September to May. If allowed to grow unchecked, it will reach small tree proportions with beautiful smooth Woody Plants 368

31 bark. Americans have bred this plant for spectacular flower size and form; whereas, the Japanese select for foliage form. The best cold hardy varieties are Bernice Boddy, Marjorie Magnificent, Lady Clare, Rev. John Drayton, Dr. Tinsley, and Nuccios Pearl. Major pests are tea scale and dieback fungus. Easily cultivated, but be extremely cautious to plant at or above grade. Best growth is in part shade. Once established, very drought-tolerant. Sasanqua Camellia sasanqua A somewhat smaller version of Camellia japonica with smaller leaves, flowers, and form with an equal range of color. Its most endearing attribute is its fall-flowering characteristic. It flowers in much greater profusion, although with smaller flowers than C. japonica, and its form is a little more rangy. This species can provide more fall flower color than almost any plant in our repertoire. Setsugekka is an upright white; Mine-no-Yuki is a somewhat spreading double-white; Yuletide is a good single red; Pink Snow and Jean May are soft shell pinks. Camellia hiemalis is often confused with this species, but it has a lower growth habit, almost horizontal in form with basically the same size flower and same bloom time. Bonanza is a good variety in this group. Many nurseries even refer to these incorrectly as C. sasanqua. Columnar Plum Yew Cephalotaxus harringtonia Fastigiata Very dark green upright (fastigiate) form of Plum Yew with needles that encircle the stems. Other varieties are discussed under Medium and Dwarf Shrubs. Best in shade and absolutely no pest problems, especially deer-resistant. Useful for vertical accent, but old plants may become unkempt and must be pruned to maintain an attractive form. Fruit is 1 long, purplish-green, and plumlike. Swamp Cyrilla or Titi Cyrilla racemiflora This is one of our more outstanding flowering natives with 3 long spikes of white flowers in compact whorls around the terminus of each flush of growth. It blooms in May, making it an excellent plant for extending the springflowering season. It takes on a somewhat picturesque form, similar to Kalmia, and will be as broad as high. Its leaves are mostly evergreen, but in the fall there will be a few that turn brilliant golds, oranges, and reds. This is an excellent subject to plant where wet feet may be a problem. Elaeagnus Elaeagnus pungens Small, white, pendulous flowers are produced in October. Cherrylike edible fruit ripen in April. Leaves are rough to the touch and are covered by silvery scales on their undersides. This large growing plant is best used where a tall broad screen is needed and will tolerate sun or shade. Its width will be as great as its height. Clemson is a more compact form. There are numerous variegated cultivars, most with golden margins. E. x ebbingii is a hybrid form that tends to be more compact. Bright Edge is a good variegated clone of this species. Japanese Euonymus Euonymus japonicus This species sports many beautiful variegated cultivars of white and yellow variegation. Flowers are not showy but produce small pinkishorange fruit in the fall. Leaves are a shiny, dark green and are 2 to 3 long. Upright habit when young, maturing to an irregular Woody Plants 369

32 outline. Once very popular as a hedging plant until Euonymus scale became a fatal problem. Aureovariegatus has yellow blotches in its leaves; Aureomarginatus has golden margins; Albomarginatus has white margins. Pineapple Guava Feijoa sellowiana A good plant for giving foliage contrast in the landscape. Leaves are bluish-green 2 to 3 long with white undersides. Flowers are white with red stamens and about 1 1 / 4 in diameter. These ripen into an aromatic large, green, egg-shaped berry that is quite delicious and good just off the plant or in salads. Plant is rather loose and open in habit of growth, and can be trained into a small tree by removing its lower limbs to expose a cinnamoncolored exfoliating bark. Much more cold-hardy than originally thought, but advisable to plant in a protected area in the upper part of the state. English Holly Ilex aquifolium This plant makes a large spreading shrub with branches to the ground. If both male and female plants are present, a crop of berries can be expected. Leaves are very dark green and spiny with a wavy effect around the margins. English holly is not generally considered satisfactory in the Southeast, so one should relegate this plant to the Piedmont and plant it where it will receive some shade in the afternoon. There are numerous named cultivars with many having spectacular variegation. Golden Milkboy is a yellow variegated form that has proven rather heat-tolerant. Sky Pencil Holly Ilex crenata Sky Pencil One of the best selections for vertical accent, this plant will probably reach a size of 14 to 16 with a spread of only 12 to 24 and excellent dark green foliage. It is less prone to fall apart than other tight upright plants. Use with restraint. Work well as a vertical accent against a fence or wall. Chinese Horned Holly Ilex cornuta Easily identified by three prominent spines on the end of each leaf. Leaves are 2 to 4 long and dark glossy green. Large orange-red berries are produced each fall, most of the time without pollination (parthenocarpic). Makes a large round shrub in full sun or part shade. Berries Jubilee, large red fruit; Dazzler, fruit to 1 / 2 ; Fine Line, upright, pyramidal-conical, 1 / 4 heavy berry set; O. Spring, good creamyyellow variegation; and Willowleaf with narrow, pointed leaves. Burford Holly Ilex cornuta Burfordii A cultivar of I. cornuta having a somewhat cupped leaf with one spine at the tip. Foliage is darker and shinier green than the species. Orange-red berries form with such profusion as to cause the plants to weep. Flowers early so late frosts frequently kill the berry crop. If left unpruned, this plant can reach heights in excess of 20 and will make a truly magnificent large hedge. Woody Plants 370

33 Nellie Stevens Holly Ilex x Nellie R. Stevens This hybrid holly is probably the number one larger growing holly in the Southeast. It develops a broad pyramidal form while young, maturing into a large shrub or small tree to 20 or more. Don t make the mistake of using this plant in a foundation planting unless it is a three or more story building. Leaves are a glossy, black-green with large red berries. One of the more cold-hardy of the evergreen hollies. Yaupon Holly Ilex vomitoria This Southeast native has one of the highest caffeine contents of any known plant, and the native Americans brewed a tea from its leaves and drank it as a cleansing ritual each year, producing the effect that the specific epithet implies. Inconspicuous flowers produce translucent red berries in the fall and winter on female plants. Leaves to 1 long and quite similar to I. crenata with purplish petioles. Bark is a characteristic smooth gray; exposing it by pruning on older plants will produce a dramatic effect. It may reach small tree proportions. Salt-tolerant, as it grows on the backsides of dunes along the coast. It is quite adaptable to dry sites. There are a number of yellow-berried varieties. Virginia Dare has orange fruit. Folsom s Weeping and Pendula are outstanding weeping forms. Japanese Anise-tree or Star Anise Illicium anisatum If there is one, this is probably the national shrub of Japan. Leaves are 2 to 4 long to 1 1 / 2 wide and dark green. This species definitely performs better in the shade than sun with a dense, medium to broad, pyramidal form of 6 to 10. Flowers are 1 wide, greenish-white, and not overly showy. The Japanese have introduced several cultivars with variegated leaves and some with deep burgundy foliage. Florida Anise Illicium floridanum A native shrub with 3 to 6 long olive green leaves and magnificent 1 to 2 star-shaped, maroon-red flowers with 20 to 30 petals. Fruit is a greenish, 11 to 15 ridged arrangement, and seeds volunteer freely from mature shrubs. Absolutely one of the greats of Southeast native plants. Performs best with some shade, but Haley s Comet will tolerate more sun and has the characteristic of flowering in the fall as well as in the spring. Alba and Semmes produce white flowers. Pink Form has light flowers with extremely long pedicels. Pebble Brook is more compact. Shady Lady is a spectacular white margined variegation with pink flowers. Henry Anise-tree Illicium henryi This Chinese species will greatly enhance the shade gardens of the Southeast. The original introduction to America came from Woodlanders in Aiken. An upright pyramid to 10 plus, this is an excellent shade plant that produces bright pink 1 flowers in early spring. Its leaves are 3 to 5 long by 1 1 / 2 wide with smooth margins and a green, glabrous surface. It is not readily available in the nursery trade, but is included here because it is certain to be a staple in years to come. Illicium lanceolatum is a very similar species offered by some rare plant nurseries, and one would be hard pressed to distinguish it from Illicium henryi. Woody Plants 371

34 Small Anise-tree Illicium parviflorum A great native shrub with a characteristic yellow-green foliage that contrasts beautifully with dark green shrubs. Leaves are held in an upright position and when crushed emit a pleasing pungent fragrance. One of the best plants for a sun-shade situation and will in time reach 12 to 16. Grows well in damp soils or dry sites. Flowers are 1 / 2, greenish-yellow, and inconspicuous. The only named cultivar known is Forest Green, a darker green foliage type. This plant is often confused in the literature with Illicium anisatum. the Augusta National Gold Club grounds. Small panicles of white flowers in May are followed by multitudes of black berries in the fall. Even though a Clemson Tiger, I was usually awed by references to The Hedge at the University of Georgia football stadium in Athens until I found out that this plant comprised the hedge. Shame! Shame! I can t imagine any reputable horticultural program tolerating this weed in such a prominent place. It seems that Redtip Photinia would be a far better selection, since it s at least Georgia RED. This plant is also a wonderful whitefly attractant, in case you haven t got enough of them. Don Shadow introduced a weeping form that may give it some redeeming qualities, but not many. There is also a very popular variegated form called Variegata, that must be kept constantly pruned to keep it tidy. Japanese Privet or Waxleaf Ligustrum Ligustrum japonicum For years, this plant was known in the trade as Ligustrum lucidum, which is a far inferior plant. Panicles of lilac-like white flowers appear in the spring and are moderately fragrant. These are followed by bluish-black berries in the fall. Leaves are a shiny green, 2 to 3 long and almost as wide, thick and leathery. Has been much overused, but still one of the primary hedge plants for the Deep South. There are numerous variegated forms and some reputed to be dwarf, but will eventually reach 10. Davidson is a very cold-hardy selection. Sun to part shade and no serious insects or diseases. Chinese Privet Ligustrum sinense This plant is being included just so that you will recognize a true weed when you see one. It is a ubiquitous understory plant throughout most of the Southeast where birds have naturalized it from consuming its fruit. It was introduced to America by Fruitland Nurseries of Augusta, Georgia, where the original plants still reside on Chinese Fringe Loropetalum chinense If I could only have one shrub in my garden (God forbid), it would be this one. It is one of the more versatile plants around. I have seen it sheared into a 24 high hedge for 40 years or allowed to grow into a 35 multi-stemmed true with exfoliating bark. It has small dull-green alternate leaves 1 to 2 long and not quite as wide. Fluffy, greenish, creamywhite flowers with a slight fragrance start showing color in mid March and persist until mid April. Seed are inconspicuous little nuts. Snow Muffin is a dwarf form; Hillier is dark green and compact, not dwarf; Snow Dance has small leaves, but becomes rangy. The original form in the trade is one of the best white flowering forms. Purple-Leaf Chinese Fringe Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum When in the late 80 s it was rumored that there were pink flowering forms of Loropetalum in China, I thought that this was too good to be true. But who would have believed that in 12 years, these cultivars would become a staple in the southern nursery trade. There is a great deal of variation in growth habit and flower color with these selections, but there must be close to 20 clones readily available at this time. Burgundy was one of the first, but has since Woody Plants 372

35 fallen by the wayside since it is only semi-evergreen. Blush was next, with its slightly bronze new growth that turns green and has fuchsia-pink flowers. Zhuzhou Fuchsia is probably the most upright and most cold-hardy of these forms. Ruby tends to be more compact, but not as deep burgundy. Suzanne is more compact. Bicolor has purple new growth but white flowers. Hines Purpleleaf is intermediate in growth with one of the deepest purple leaves. I m sure by the time this is published, there will be many more. Banana Shrub Magnolia figo (syn. Michelia figo) Skinner s Banana Shrub Magnolia figo var. skinneriana (syn. Michelia skinneriana) It is hard to know when to publish new name changes of plants, but the genus Michelia is now obsolete. All plants now classified as Michelia are being changed to Magnolia because the DNA evidence has shown that most Michelias are more Magnolia-like than many Magnolias. So here goes. Two species are included here in this discussion. M. figo is the age-old banana shrub of the Deep South, but M. figo var. skinneriana is probably superior and almost indistinguishable from the former. We have certainly found that to be true in the nursery trade, because it is more cold hardy than M. figo and just as fragrant, and far less prone to fungal attacks on its foliage. Easily cultivated, this plant appreciates some overhead shade. Its flowers are 1 1 / 2 to 2 wide magnolia-like, creamy-white blooms which line the stem in the axils of the leaves of the previous year growth, opening mostly in April. A must have plant for the fragrance garden. Waxmyrtle Myrica cerifera It is difficult to know whether to put this plant here or include it under Small Trees. This dioecious plant has inconspicuous flowers, and the females bear a plethora of small, graygreen berries along its stems in the fall. Will thrive in practically any situation with its irregular form. It can reach small tree proportions at which time it is advisable to remove its lower branches to expose its contorted, smooth, gray trunks. Foliage is an olive green, 2 to 3 long and 1 / 2 wide and very aromatic. It is a great background plant and is salt-tolerant. Subspecies pumila is a naturally occurring form from which a number of named varieties have been introduced. Oleander Nerium oleander This is one of the more common shrubs in the coastal landscape because it thrives on neglect and can reward the owner with a showy display of white, pink or red flowers for much of the growing season. In inland areas it can succumb to hard freezes, but if sited correctly, it can even thrive in the Piedmont. Because of its salt-tolerance, it is an ideal subject for coastal planting. All parts of this plant are extremely poisonous. Devilwood or Wild Olive Osmanthus americanus A native osmanthus that differs from Asian forms in that the leaf margins are entire. The leaves are 2 to 4 long and up to 1 1 / 2 wide. It has small, white, fragrant flowers from fall to spring with the heaviest bloom being in late March to early April. This plant can get in excess of 20. Foliage has its best color when in some shade. This species is the most cold hardy of this genus. Great plant for screening in a natural setting. Woody Plants 373

36 Fragrant Tea Olive Osmanthus fragrans A southern garden would not be complete without this plant. It has leaves 2 1 / 2 to 5 long, a good dark green, and may be entire or lightly serrated. It can be said of this plant, You can smell it before you can see it. One plant can fragrance a whole city block on a still, warm early fall day. Its small fragrant creamy-white flowers may appear in every month with an r in it, September to April. In severe winters, this plant may be injured in the Piedmont, but in the Coastal Plain, it may reach small tree proportions. Protect from northwest winds inland. Fudingzhu (Nanjing s Beauty) is a particularly prolific bloomer, and actually showy when in flower. Orange-Flowering Tea Olive Osmanthus fragrans f. aurantiacus We will treat this plant separately from the previous one because of its distinct flowering differences. It flowers only in the fall: mid September to mid October, and the flowers are a bright apricot-orange and extremely fragrant. This plant is far more cold hardy than the nominate species, and with its flower differences and its greater cold tolerance, I firmly believe it should have separate species status. The leaves are about the size of the species, but have a more leathery texture and they are slightly wavy. Its flowering display is nothing short of spectacular. This is a true gem for the fall garden. will rarely forget. Will do well in sun or shade and is not particular as to soil type. On a visit to Japan I saw a white-marbled variegated form that got my juices flowing. Maybe some day... This plant can reach heights of up to 20 or more, so give it plenty of room. Holly-Leaf Tea Olive Osmanthus heterophyllus This parent to O. x fortunei has leaves that are half the size on a plant that is very upright in growth habit but spreads with age. Adaptable to sun or shade. Like Fortune s Tea Olive, when it changes from its juvenile to its adult form, its leaves loose their spines and then it begins to flower each fall. Since the leaves are smaller than O. x fortunei, the fragrant flowers show off to greater advantage. Redtip or Fraser Photinia Photinia x fraseri We will not spend a lot of time on this plant because it has fallen into disrepute because of its susceptibility to Entomosporium leaf spot. The disease has practically annihilated this plant in most of its southeastern environs. It was very popular as a hedge plant in the 70s and 80s, but for a landscaper to plant one in a client s garden, it would border on fraud. Fortune s Tea Olive Osmanthus x fortunei This hybrid between O. heterophyllus and O. fragrans produces spiny leaves up to 4 long and 2 wide on juvenile plants. A very tough dependable large shrub that makes an excellent specimen or a good screen. When the plant reaches maturity, the foliage looses its marginal spines, and it also begins to flower very heavily in mid fall. A mature plant in full flower is a sight one Chinese Photinia Photinia serrulata Uncommon in the nursery trade but found in many southern gardens, you should be familiar with this species. It has large serrated leaves up to 8 long with red new spring growth, later fading to green. These are preceded by 6 flat clusters of creamy-white flowers in May that emit a sickening odor. In the fall, rusty-red berries are produced which can be quite attractive. This plant may reach 20 in height. Woody Plants 374

37 Pittosporum Pittosporum tobira A very popular plant from the Sandhills to the Coast, but you may have winter damage in the Piedmont during harsh winters. Flowers are small, fragrant and greenish-white in April. Its leaves are thick, leathery, entire, and up to 4 long. They appear in whorls at the end of each flush of growth. If allowed to grow unchecked, it will be broader than high; however, it is quite adaptable to shearing. Wheeler s Dwarf is a small green mushroom of only 2 to 3, but is more cold tender than the species. Variegata has silverygreen leaves with white margins. Deer will eat this plant, stems and all, completely to the ground. Podocarpus or Japanese Yew Podocarpus macrophyllus This Asian species is a tree in its native habitat, but I treat it as a large shrub. Even in Central Florida, I have seen specimens in excess of 25. The cold hardiest form that I have observed has needles only 3 long, but seedling variation will render needles up to 8 long. Best used from the Sandhills to the Coast where it may be sheared or allowed to grow free-form. It s a good selection where a narrow upright plant is needed. It is also salt-tolerant. This species is dioecious: the males produce 1 to 2 long catkins and the females producing sweet, edible, blue berries. Easy to grow from seeds or cuttings. English Laurel Prunus laurocerasus We examined several varieties of this species earlier under smaller shrubs. With this plant, cultural conditions are the same, except there is far less of a problem with shot-hole disease. Makes a large, rounded shrub, which is excellent for screens and hedges. Its leaves are 4 to 8 long depending on the variety. Flowers are not as showy on this form as it is on the lower-growing selections. Scarlet Firethorn or Pyracantha Pyracantha coccinea This species is less popular in the Deep South than the following plant. The leaves differ on this one in being more lanceolate in shape and 1 to 2 long. Its outstanding attribute is its orange berries from late summer through winter, but its creamy-white flowers are produced in such profusion in spring that they are quite attractive. This plant can become massive, 6 to 18 if not kept in bounds by severe pruning. You must balance pruning with flowering, because when new growth is removed, this is potential fruit for the next season. Extremely cold-hardy. Formosan Firethorn or Pyracantha Pyracantha koidzumii Bright, dark orange-red fruit make this Pyracantha more popular in the Deep South than P. coccinea. Rangy in growth and must be kept in bounds. Great plant when espaliered on walls. Plant in full sun for best berry production. Lacebugs can become a problem, but are easily controlled. The stunning display of this plant must be tempered with restraint. Some years back when Prof. Fred Thode was called to the home of one of the Deans at Clemson University to consult with his spouse on landscape plans, she proudly showed him her hedge of brazenly orange-red pyracantha. Anyone who knew Mr. Thode as we all called him, knew that he did not mince words. His response to her, Positively vulgar! Enough said. Southern Indian Azaleas This group of plants is the hallmark of the Charleston area and is the plant that made their gardens so famous. Flowers are 1 1 / 2 to 3 in diameter and come in white, pink, lavender, purple to brickred. They flower from late March to mid April. Not the best choice in upper South Carolina due to Woody Plants 375

38 its propensity for cold damage. This group of azaleas is the result of hybridizing among a variety of species, cultivars, and hybrids, including R. indicum X R. simsii and Mucronatum forms X R. indicum. Some of the more common varieties are Formosa, Fielder s White, Pres. Clay, George Taber, and Pride of Summerville. Best grown in part shade, but will tolerate full sun if it has adequate moisture. The main pest of this plant is lacebugs. Japanese Cleyera Ternstroemia gymnanthera This plant is in the Tea family with Camellias and Euryas, and bears small, creamy-white flowers in June. These are followed by red berries in the fall; on older plants they can be rather conspicuous. New foliage is an attractive reddish-bronze in color. It will grow into a thick slightly pyramidal plant, and if left unpruned in old age, it will become attractively layered and billowy in outline. This is a great plant for screening where one needs to go from sun to shade, as it will tolerate both. No scale problems as with Camellia. New cultivars are being introduced on a regular basis with more compact growth, variegation, and golden leaves. American Arborvitae Thuja occidentalis There are so many cultivars of this species that it boggles the mind. This species makes a medium to large conical tree in the wild, but its horticultural relatives are more the size of large shrubs. Varieties tend to be chosen for good green color, golden foliage, narrow upright forms, and dwarf types. Emerald ( Smaragd ) is a good, narrow, upright green cultivar. Be careful not to overuse them, as they can become very tiresome in the landscape with little seasonal variation. Full sun only. In shade, plants tend to thin out and become ratty. Thuja orientalis is the Asian equivalent to this species with an almost equal number of cultivars. Use with restraint. Japanese or Bigleaf Viburnum Viburnum awabuki There has been much nomenclature confusion over this plant through the years. As a student, I learned this as Viburnum japonicum, but this is a completely different species. Then it became common in the trade to call it Viburnum macrophylla, apparently a contrived name because of its large leaves. Many catalogs still list the plant as such. Now, this plant has become a staple in the Southern landscape because of its lustrous green leaves up to 6 long. Flowers, when produced, are a creamywhite cyme followed by red berries in terminal heads, but a plant usually has to get some age before producing flowers and fruit. Will tolerate sun and shade and develops into a tall pyramidal cone up to 20. Chindo is a clone which is reputed to produce a good crop of fruit at a younger age. Leatherleaf Viburnum Viburnum rhytidophyllum Probably the most cold hardy of the evergreen viburnums, this plant is characterized by 3 to 7 long leaves, strongly wrinkled with prominent veins. They tend to hang as if they were wilting. Flowers are an inconspicuous creamy-white followed by red berries that mature to black. Can be used as a focal point in some areas. Sun to shade and not particular as to soil. Cree was introduced by the National Arboretum as somewhat more compact and possibly more cold-hardy. Laurustinus Viburnum tinus An upright evergreen shrub with leaves 2 to 3 long, depending on the age of the plant and growing conditions. Flower buds appear in the fall in terminal cymes, and the prominent pink buds give striking winter interest. Buds open to pinkish-white flowers in January and February and these are followed by bluish-black berries. Foliage has its best Woody Plants 376

39 color when some shade is provided. May get some cold damage in the single digits. Spring Bouquet is more compact than the species with more prominent flower heads. Gwenllian is even more compact. Robustum and Lucidum are larger in all respects, reaching a height of 15. Brawley s Variegated is an attractive variegated form but slightly more cold tender. Spanish Bayonet Yucca aloifolia Spear-like leaves to 2 long terminate in stiff spines. Trunks rarely branch and nearly always lean. Large panicles of white flowers are produced in early summer and are edible. Good for beach plantings since they are salt tolerant. Plants are easily propagated since you need only a section of a stem and plant it. Gives a great textural statement, but use with restraint where children may be injured on the spines. There are a number of named variegated clones including Tricolor, Marginata, and Quadricolor with creamy-white to pink margins. There is some debate as to whether these cultivars are all the same clone. Deciduous Shrubs 6 to 10 ft. Red Buckeye or Horse Chestnut Aesculus pavia Native shrub to small tree which makes an impressive show of large, terminal, red flowers spikes in April, followed by 1 long chestnuts. Plant immediately upon maturity if good germination is expected. The leaves are opposite and palmately compound. Will grow in full sun or part shade and have a yellow fall color. White or Bottlebrush Buckeye Aesculus parviflora Leaves are similar to A. pavia, but its fall color is better a good clear yellow. Its growth habit is far more shrubby, developing into a sucker- ing thicket. This species flowers from late May through June with 8 to 20 long cylindrical spikes of white flowers (up to 30 in length with Rogers ). Truly one of the outstanding native flowering shrubs. Grows well from seed, which you must collect before falling for best germination. Plant immediately. Sweetshrub or Carolina Allspice Calycanthus floridus Native shrub with dark reddish-burgundy flowers in April. The flowers are too dark to be very showy but they are extremely fragrant, but this will vary from plant to plant if they are seedlings. The most fragrant clones are propagated vegetatively. Leaves are up to 6 long with an olive-green and matte finish. Fall color is a fairly good yellow. Athens has greenish-yellow flowers, Michael Lindsey has shiny, lustrous green leaves. Flowery Senna or Cassia Cassia corymbosa Yellow, pealike flowers in terminal panicles appear from late summer into fall. This is a rather rangy plant, but what it loses in form it makes up for in floral display and length of bloom. Leaves are locust-like and made up of 6 leaflets with little significant fall color. For the best flower display, prune back heavily each spring to stimulate more vegetative growth. Woody Plants 377

40 Chinese Redbud Cercis chinensis Similar to our native Eastern Redbud, but it has more flowers that are deeper in magenta or rosered and larger. Flowers are borne along the entire length of its stems before the leaves appear. It ordinarily produces a number of stems from the ground, similar to Crapemyrtle, taking on a vase-like shape. Avondale produces an even more profuse crop of blooms, and even its trunks, up to several inches in diameter, are covered in flowers from mid March to mid April. Dan Egolf is a new cultivar introduced by the National Arboretum that does not produce any seed pods and will propagate from cuttings. Wintersweet Chimonanthus praecox This is probably one of the showiest winter bloomers for our climate. The flowers are yellow, striped with brown to its center and about the same size as Forsythia, and extremely fragrant. I have seen this plant in its full glory the week of Christmas. Leaves have a rough feel, are up to 6 long and pinnate in shape. Fall color is yellowish. Best grown in part shade, but not particular as to soil type as long as it has good drainage. Luteus is a clear yellow with no brown stripping. Concolor is a clear yellow with a more double form. Fringe Tree or Grancy Gray Beard Chionanthus virginicus One of the aristocratic natives of the Eastern U.S., reaching small tree proportions with age. It has loose panicles of lightly fragrant, billowy white flowers in May. Leaves may be up to 8 long, dark green with a glossy finish, and yellow fall color. Female plants produce small, grape-like berries in late summer and early fall. It will grow in full sun to light shade, but will even flower fairly well in deep shade. Not particular as to soil if it gets good drainage. Must be grown from seed that has double dormancy (will germinate after 2 winters), and it initially grows off rather slowly. The only named clone that I am aware of is Emerald Knight, selected from seedlings at Highland Creek Nursery, Fletcher, NC. This male cultivar has dark green glossy leaves, heavy flowering, and persistent yellow fall foliage. There have even been reports of pink flowering forms, but they seem to be the figment of someone s imagination. Spike Winterhazel Corylopsis spicata Magnificent 2 to 3 long racemes of daffodil-yellow flowers appear in March along the bare stems of this woodland shrub. Leaves are 2 1 / 4 to 4 with purplishgreen new growth, changing to medium green with a light yellow fall color. Old shrubs may be twice as wide as high. Dr. Mike Dirr comments, This is one of the most beautiful of the Corylopsis and ranks at the top of my list as an early-flowering shrub. Best in part shade with fertile moist soil. Easily grown with few pests. Smoke Tree Cotinus coggygria A very large shrub of irregular rounded habit of growth. Leaves are 1 to 3 long and somewhat oval. Fall color is excellent and runs from yellow to orange and sometimes purple, depending on the cultivar. Flower panicles, which may be 8 long, appear in May and last several weeks. The minute florets start pinkish and fade to gray to give a smoky effect. A popular aspect of this plant is the purple foliage of named cultivars. Some of these are: Royal Purple, and Velvet Cloak. Grace is a hybrid form with larger, pink flower heads up to 14, but only slightly purplish new growth. Woody Plants 378

41 Deutzia Deutzia scabra A tough, showy shrub that is rather upright in outline eventually slightly weeping. Produces double, white flowers in April and early May, which are quite showy. This is one of the dependable old garden shrubs. There are many cultivars. Among them are Magician with panicles of deep pink flowers; Godsall Pink with double, soft pink flowers on an upright form; and Pride of Rochester, a superior form with very pale-pink to white flowers. Edgeworthia or Paperbush Edgeworthia chrysantha This plant is not common in the trade, but once it becomes better known, my guess is that it will be a staple in the winter gardens of the Deep South. It is related to Daphne and produces similar terminal flower bud clusters at the ends of its stems in the fall. When its leaves (6 to 10 pinnate) are shed, the flower buds become an attractive winter ornament with a silvery-gray look. In early to mid February, these open into 2 to 2 1 / 2 umbels of sulfur-yellow flowers with a paper-white narcissus fragrance. Performs best in part to full shade. E. papyrifera is a related species that is far inferior and has the propensity to die of root rot like its cousin Daphne odora. It also has smaller flower heads and less fragrance. Winged Euonymus or Burning Bush Euonymus alatus A moderate-growing shrub having neither conspicuous flowers or fruit, but noted for its spectacular show of pink to red foliage in autumn. The branches are covered with corky ridges similar to those that occur on Winged Elm and Sweet Gum. Compacta is just a little smaller in form, but with age will still reach 10 in height. Rudy Haag is a great compact form of only 4 to 5. Chicago Fire is reputed to have deeper red fall color. Little Moses is a recently introduced cultivar that may only reach 2 to 3. Easy to cultivate, but give good drainage. Its best fall color is produced in full sun. Pearlbush Exochorda racemosa Upright while young, this plant will become almost as broad as high with age. Its claim to fame is its multitudinous racemes of 1 wide white flowers in late February to March. It has naturalized in Aiken County around municipalities and is really quite showy as one of our first harbingers of spring. Its leaves have a bluish-green caste with no significant fall color. Very tough and will flower in deep shade to full sun. The Bride is a hybrid form which is more compact in habit to only 3 to 4, but must be planted in sun for the best flower display. Forsythia Forsythia x intermedia One of the most ubiquitous garden plants around, found in almost every old garden. With its stupendous display of bright yellow flowers in late winter to early spring, it complements Pearlbush. Upright when young, the plant will eventually become as broad as high; some varieties will be more weeping than others. Plant in full sun with very good drainage. Fall color is yellowish. There are a number of variegated foliage forms and golden-leaf varieties available. A plethora of cultivars exist. To name a few: Beatrix Farrand, Karl Sax, Lynwood Gold, Spring Glory, and Forsythia ovata Tetragold. Woody Plants 379

42 Chinese Witchhazel Hamamelis mollis This little used shrub in the Deep South can be one of the showiest for winter bloom from January to February, even rivaling Chimoanthus. Its fragrant flowers have narrow, ribbonlike petals from yellow to orange to rustred, which individually are not that ornate, but en masse, they are incredible. Probably best relegated to the Piedmont, as the Coast may not give enough cold dormancy for proper bloom. Fall color is a good clear yellow. H. x intermedia, a cross between H. japonica and H. mollis, has produced many superior clones, but unfortunately most are grafted and the understocks can become quite a nuisance with their many wayward shoots. H. virginiana, a native species, flowers in October and November, but is not nearly as showy as its Asian counterparts. Althea or Rose-of-Sharon Hibiscus syriacus One of the more frequently found shrubs in old gardens, this hardy hibiscus sports double and single flowers of whites, pinks, purples, blues and reds. Flowering from June to September, it takes on a rather erect form and can be trained into a small tree. Leaves are a dull green with little significant fall color. Older varieties produce unsightly seed pods after flowering, but newer clones have been selected for their nonseeding properties. Diana is a clear white. Aphrodite is a deep pink with a red eye. Blushing Bride and Peoniflora are double pinks. Peegee Hydrangea Hydrangea paniculata Grandiflora The best attribute of this hydrangea is that it can be planted in full sun. It flowers on current season s wood, so it can be pruned back heavily in the spring and still flower. It produces elongated panicles of up to 18 on some varieties and will flower from June until September. As the flower heads age, they will generally turn a soft pink. Grandiflora is one of the oldest varieties, but will not perform as well in the Coastal Plain. Other varieties that do well are Unique, Tardiva, White Lace, Brussel s Lace, Peewee, Pink Diamond, Floribunda, Webb, and Kyushu. This species can easily be trained up as a standard or even into a small tree. Oakleaf Hydrangea Hydrangea quercifolia One of the South s most noted natives, this species sports large oak-like leaves to 12 across. Terminal panicles of flowers are produced in May and June, opening a greenish-white, turning pure white, and then fading to soft pink. This plant is quite coarse in texture and will become as broad as high, about 12 to 14. Usually a good red fall color, but some leaves may be held all winter. Snowflake has double florets and 16 long panicles. Peewee is a compact plant, 3 high by 4 across. Alice is a large grower to 12 high and broad. Harmony has extremely full heads. Performs best in moist fertile soil in part shade. Possumhaw Ilex decidua This native deciduous holly can eventually reach small tree proportions, but we will treat it as a large shrub. Great for winter interest with its display of brilliant red fruit (yellow in some cases). Being a holly, it is dioecious and will need a male companion for berry set; although, as strange as it may seem, Ilex opaca will pollinate this species. Some good cultivars are Red Cascade, Warren s Red, and Council Fire. Red Escort is a good male pollinator. Woody Plants 380

43 Winterberry Ilex verticillata A great plant for winter interest, this native puts on a display of red winter fruit second to none. It is rather neutral in appearance in the spring and summer with green leaves of only 2 to 3. Numerous selections have been made of this plant, but some of the best are Winter Red, Red Sprite (dwarf), Sunset, Stop Light, and Aurantiaca (orange fruit). Remember that this plant is dioecious, needing a male and female plant for fruit production. Just any male will not do. Make sure that you have the appropriate male selection that will pollinate a particular female because the flowering period for both must overlap. Good males are Southern Gentleman, Jim Dandy, Apollo, and Raritan Chief. soils, but will turn slightly yellow in the fall. It has small cream-colored, honeysuckle-like blossoms beginning in January and continuing into March. Not especially showy, but very fragrant. Rather rangy in form, this species will become as broad as high and is a good subject for the mixed shrub border. Sun to shade. Lonicera x purpusii is very similar and slightly more compact with flowers a little larger. Hybrid Asian Magnolias Magnolia hybrids This is a group of Magnolias that have been bred for their later flowering characteristics and are multi-stemmed large shrubs to small trees. Their blooms tend to be deeper purple and generally flower 3 to 4 weeks after M. soulangiana. Foliage on these hybrids are not particularly good, but their flower display makes up for any shortcomings in this category. Some of the named cultivars are Anne, Betty, Jane and Susan. Beautybush Kolkwitzia amabilis Not true to its common name when not in flower; nevertheless, this plant can put on an admirable display when in bloom. Small tubular pink flowers with a yellow throat in late April. Fall color is reddish. With age, bark will shed in long papery strips. A real tough plant that will grow in sun or part shade and is not that particular as to soil. Just give it good drainage. Winter Honeysuckle Lonicera fragrantissima Although this plant will not put on the winter show of Hamamelis or Chimonanthus, it is nevertheless, one of the easiest to grow, making few demands on its master. Actually this plant may be almost evergreen in fertile Star Magnolia Magnolia stellata One of my favorite plants of this genus, its 3 to 4 white flowers are lightly fragrant and the narrow strap-like petals flutter in the breeze. Takes on a beautiful picturesque shape with age. It can be a real focal point even in winter. Typically an early bloomer, its flowers don t seem to be as affected by the frost as much as other deciduous species. Easy to cultivate and will grow in sun or part shade. Centennial has up to 32 tepals (a magnoliaphile s fancy name for a petal), Waterlily and Royal Star are good white flowering forms. Jane Platt has the best pink flowers that I have seen. Mockorange Philadelphus x virginalis There must be more plants with the common name of Mockorange than any other name. This is a great plant for extending spring bloom as it flowers in late April to early May. Its flowers can be small doubles to 2 wide singles and pure white. Many folks refer to this plant as English Dogwood. Foli- Woody Plants 381

44 age is a dull medium-green with not much to recommend, since fall color is not that great. Easy to grow with very few pests, this is a great plant for a mixed shrub and perennial border. Minnesota Snowflake has double fragrant flowers. Natchez has large single white flowers. Pomegranate Punica granatum This Old World fruiting shrub plays a major role in Biblical as well as other ancient literature. Leaves are 2 long, narrow and glossy, with a good yellow fall color. Double flowers are a scarlet-orange and followed by 2 to 4 wide spherical fruits. Not dependably cold-hardy in upper South Carolina. Plant in at least a half-day of sun in well-drained soil. There are several selections grown for flowers alone: Mme. Legrelle, coral-red blooms striped with yellowish-white; Nochi Shibari, fully double dark red; Toyosho, double light apricot; and Nana, very dwarf bright orange flowers followed by small fruit. Native Rhododendrons Rhododendron spp. This is an outstanding group of plants that are growing in popularity. Most will thrive under shady conditions, but make sure to plant them very shallow or on a mound. Uniform moisture is preferable, but once established, they are quite drought-tolerant. There are many new named hybrid cultivars among the different species that are being released on a regular basis. Some are referring to as Southern Exburies. They are showing superior flower size and a very broad color range. Flame Azalea Rhododendron calendulaceum Flowers appear in terminal clusters and may range from yellow to orange to salmon to red, all on the same hillside and bloom in early May. Plants tend to be upright in habit of growth and rather thin. Best in a woodland setting. Fall color is not that significant. Piedmont, Sweet Azalea Rhododendron canescens This native has wonderfully fragrant flowers from white to deep pink on a suckering shrub that will reach over 10 in time. Great woodland plant. Varnado Pink has deeper pink, Clyo Red has deep cherry pink flowers, Varnado Snow has pure-white flowers. Pinxterbloom Azalea or Pink Honeysuckle Rhododendron periclymenoides Flowers are pink to white in terminal panicles from early to mid April and will form broad thickets from its suckering habit. Will grow on extremely poor soils. Other species of Native Azaleas: Alabama Azalea Rhododendron alabamense Fragrant, white flowers in April. Sweet Azalea Rhododendron arborescens Fragrant white to light pink flowers with red to pink styles and filaments in May. Coastal Azalea Rhododendron atlanticum Reaching only 4 to 6 with fragrant white to pale pink flowers. Woody Plants 382

45 Florida Azalea Rhododendron austrinum Fragrant orange-yellow flowers in April. Cumberland Azalea Rhododendron cumberlandense (syn. R. bakeri) Bright orange to red flowers in May. Oconee Azalea Rhododendron flammeum (speciosum) White to pink to yellow to red, in April. Plumleaf Azalea Rhododendron prunifolium Bright orange-red in July to August. Swamp Azalea Rhododendron viscosum Fragrant white flowers in June and July. It has very commendable fall colors from yellows to apricots. Best for full sun. Periodically remove old canes to rejuvenate older plants. Vanhoutte Spirea Spiraea x vanhouttei Flat clusters of small, single, white flowers in early to mid April on gracefully arching branches. Foliage is a bluish-green with a very distinct shape that can give some fall color. This is one of the most familiar varieties found around old landscape sites. Since the flower buds form along the branches several weeks before they open, they are vulnerable to late frosts. Full sun to part shade is best. Rose Acacia Robinia hispida Native suckering shrub with rose-colored flowers in locust-like clusters in April. Seed pods and stems are covered with red bristles. Grows wild over much of the southeastern U.S. It spreads by underground stems and will naturalize large areas, so this should be considered when planting. Its height may vary with soil conditions, anywhere from 4 to 10 ft. Dr. Mike Dirr has a pale pink form in his collection, as well as one with much larger and deeper magenta flowers. Bridalwreath or Shoe-Button Spirea Spiraea prunifolia Plena The flowers of this variety are 1 / 3 to 1 / 2 double little carnations that will line its stems on all of last year s growth at each bud. It blooms from late February to late March with flowers that will withstand a hard freeze without turning brown. It is even earlier than several white, spring-flowering spireas that are often hurt by late frosts. Miss Kim Lilac Syringa x Miss Kim Probably one of the best adapted lilacs for the heat of the South, this selection produces panicles of pale violetcolored flowers in late March to mid April. Will perform best if planted in well-drained fertile soil and protected from afternoon sun. With age, this plant will be almost as wide as high. Persian Lilac Syringa x persica Pale lilac flowers borne in short panicles on the terminal and lateral buds of the previous year s growth in late March to mid April. This lilac will perform quite satisfactorily in the heat of the Southeast, but would probably be more content in cooler climes. Plant where it can get some relief from the afternoon sun. Give it good drainage. Woody Plants 383

46 Common or French Lilac Syringa vulgaris This most noteworthy species of the genus produces fragrant panicles of flowers from early to mid April in South Carolina. It is probably happiest in Zone 7 and farther north, but can be coaxed to perform admirably in the Piedmont. Give full sun with afternoon shade and lime adequately in well-drained soil. Farther north, there are numerous lilac festivals to commemorate this flower. Flower colors range from white to pink to blue to violet to red, with some double-flowered varieties. One of my boyhood memories was an old lilac-colored specimen growing at our back door bearing fragrant flowers that graced our dining room table. Tamarix or Saltcedar Tamarix ramosissima This plant is gaining the reputation in the southwestern U.S. as a pest to avoid, but it can be quite enchanting. Fluffy pink racemes of flowers are borne in early spring. The leaves are fine and scalelike. There is a fluffy, feathery air about this plant. Will thrive on poor, acid soils and will also tolerate salt spray. Its roots seem to be quite sparse, so when planting, you may need to stake it until established. Burkwood Viburnum Viburnum x burkwoodii This hybrid is a popular substitute for V. carlesi and will usually be semi-evergreen in South Carolina where it will thrive in our heat. Flowers are pink in bud, open to white, and produce some of the most fragrant flowers in the group: a spicy cinnamon delight. They occur in 2 to 3 cymes in April. Easily cultivated, Dirr comments: Asks little, gives much. There are a number of new cultivars available. Among them is Anne Russell and Mohawk. Remember, viburnum leaves are always opposite, these being 2 to 3 long. Will thrive in full sun to part shade in well-drained fertile soil. Chinese Snowball Viburnum macrocephalum Sterile Without a doubt, this has to be one of the most ostentatious of shrubs that puts on a flower display second to none. Hemispherical cymes of up to 8 occur in April and will repeat again in the South during the fall, although not quite as heavy. The plant can actually exceed 15 in height and will become billowy with age. When in flower, this is one of our best-sellers. With good fertility, leaves will persist much of the winter with little if any fall color. Give good drainage and full sun to part shade. European or Common Snowball Viburnum Viburnum opulus Roseum Distinguishing oaklike leaves makes this plant easy to identify. It produces copious quantities of 3 white balls in April. Just a smaller version of the above with the plant making a large mound as broad as high. Will grow under almost any conditions, even tolerating wet feet. Plant in full sun. Fall color is not dependable, but on occasion it may be a significant yellowish to red. Doublefile Viburnum Viburnum plicatum var. tomentosum Likely producing more varieties than any other species, this easily cultivated plant will reward even the gardener with the black thumb. Dirr says, Possibly the most elegant of flowering shrubs. The white flowers are not fragrant and occur in 3 to 5 wide flat-topped cymes in April in an elegant layered fashion as seen on some old dogwood trees. To thrive, this plant needs welldrained, fertile, moist soil. Fall color is not very Woody Plants 384

47 noteworthy. Numerous cultivars abound, among them Shasta, Summer Snowflake and Watanabe. Newport is a compact form with small, rounded, sterile flower heads. Chastetree Vitex agnus-castus Often confused with marijuana by the unlearned, this is one of the better summer-flowering shrubs with its spikes of blue flowers from 3 to 18 long from June to September. Can reach small tree proportions, but will perform at its best if pruned back heavily each winter to produce more vegetative wood to get better flowering. The compound leaves are gray-green and distinctively aromatic. Best flowers are produced in full sun. There are a number of named cultivars: Blushing Spires, a blush pink; Rosea, pink flowers; Silver Spire, white; Shoal Creek, spikes up to 18 ; and Montrose Purple with rich violet flowers. Small Trees Chalkbark or Whitebark Maple Acer leucoderme This Southeast native will put on some of the most spectacular fall color displays of any tree and is considered by some to be a subspecies of Sugar Maple, (Acer saccharum). Two national champion trees are both in the Sumter National Forest in South Carolina. This tree may be found in single-trunk and multi-trunked specimens. A similar species, Acer barbatum (see Large Trees ), is often confused with this plant. A. leucoderme has leaves that are green on the surface and underneath with a velvety feel on its undersides; whereas, A. barbatum is green on top and silverish underneath. Japanese Maple Acer palmatum Small deciduous trees, reaching proportions similar to dogwood with 5 to 9 lobed palmate leaves from 2 to 3 across. The species has medium-green leaves with fall colors ranging from yellow to gold to orange to red. Numerous named varieties exist which are propagated primarily by grafting. In the Deep South, these plants perform best with some protection from direct sun at least part of the day. The red-leaved forms are among the most popular of small trees in the nursery trade. Variety atropurpureum has deep maroon to red spring growth and will come fairly true from seed. Most named cultivars are grafted; although, a few are rooted. Bloodgood, Moonfire, Novum, Emperor, and Burgundy Lace are among the more popular red-leaved cultivars. Sango Kaku has coral-red twigs and green leaves. Higasayama has pink margins on new leaves. Osakusuki is a greenleaf form propagated for its brilliant red fall color. Butterfly is a beautiful white variegated form. In winter, the smooth gray bark on picturesque trunks adds interest. Fullmoon Maple (Acer japonicum) is a closely related species noted for the brilliant fall coloration of its cultivars. The leaves normally have 11 lobes, but may vary between 7 and 13. There is not as much variability with its varieties as it is with Acer palmatum. The best known selections are Aureum with brilliant chartreuse new growth; Aconitifolium, fernlike foliage; and Green Cascade, deeply dissected leaf with weeping form. Laceleaf Japanese Maple Acer palmatum var. dissectum The intricately dissected leaves of this plant will hold a place of interest in any garden. Although not a tree in height, it takes on an ancient tree form in silhouette giving interest with or with- Woody Plants 385

48 out foliage. The foliage may be maroon to green to variegated, with the fall color being far more spectacular than new the new spring growth. It will tolerate sun to semi-shade, but in the Deep South the tips of each lobe may take on a burnt appearance in midsummer, with no ill effect. Numerous varieties exist: Crimson Queen, deep maroon leaves; Viridis, green leaves; Inaba Shidare, large maroon leaves; and Red Filigree Lace with extremely finely cut lobes. Mimosa or Silk Tree Albizia julibrissin Flowers are silky pink puffs in June and July and vary greatly from plant to plant. Six-inch bean pods follow the flowers and are not very appealing. The tree develops into a flat-top spreading mushroom that s really quite attractive. This fast-growing tree will reach 20 in height with a 40 spread if not killed by Fusarium wilt, a fungus disease that attacks its vascular system. The National Arboretum has released several wilt-resistant clones that must be propagated by root cuttings. I was given a small plant by two visiting Japanese nurserymen. They called it Summer Chocolate. The first season it grew to over 6 with incredibly deep, finely textured burgundy leaves that never faded until it shed its leaves in November. The flowers are a soft pink, which is quite stunning against the deeply colored foliage. Grafting this cultivar onto some of the wilt-resistant clones will produce a very valuable tree that will not succumb to wilt disease. Serviceberry, Shadbush Amelanchier spp. A. arborea, A. laevis, and A. x grandiflora are all similar species of one of the finest native small trees. Covering itself in small white flowers from mid February to mid March, this is one of the earliest native flowering trees. Smooth bark and good fall color are other attributes. The edible berries that may hang on for a good part of the winter were used by Native Americans as an excellent source of vitamin C. Unfortunately not readily available in the trade. Ironwood, American Hornbeam Carpinus caroliniana A slow-growing, dense, small tree with beech-like leaves from 1 to 3 long adorn this tree of 20 to 30. Its most outstanding characteristic is its beautiful sinewy bark that is bluegray in color. Its fall color can range from yellow to orange to red to reddish purple. Usually an understory tree in the forest along creek banks, but great for naturalizing in a native plant setting. Eastern Redbud Cercis canadensis One of the more familiar native small trees in the eastern U.S., it has characteristically heartshaped leaves with smooth margins and pealike, rosy-pink flowers before the leaves appear, from late March to mid April. Its form is a spreading single to multi-stem tree. There are numerous named cultivars available on the market. Alba has white flowers. Forest Pansy has deep reddish-purple new growth. Flame has double flowers. Covey and Traveler are weeping forms. Silver Cloud has white and pink variegated foliage that gradually turns green. Woody Plants 386

49 Chinese Graybeard Chionanthus retusus The Asian equivalent to our native Chionanthus virginicus, this species is twice its size. Shorter, more rounded leaves and flower clusters that are not as large, grace this plant which will develop a low-branched picturesque form. Fall color is a good clear yellow. As a young plant, it tends to be viney in habit, so one must stake it initially to develop good form early. One of the top 10 small trees in my opinion. Flowering Dogwood Cornus florida Books have been written on this species which has become popular worldwide. White flowers (the showy parts are actually the bracts) from late March to mid April are followed by showy red berries in the fall and a good purplish red fall color. It has an interesting horizontal branch structure as it ages. Unfortunately, many pests abound that range from diseases (powdery mildew and stem anthracnose) to borers. Numerous cultivars exist from double-flowered forms to white-flowered forms to pinks and reds to variegated foliage types. Selections are now being made for heavy fruit production and disease resistance. Chinese Dogwood Cornus kousa Asian equivalent to our native dogwood, this plant takes on a similar form. It flowers after the foliage has emerged, making it a later bloomer than C. florida. It tends to be far more resistant to the pests that plague our native species, such as foliar diseases and borers. Fruit is a pinkish red edible drupe up to 1 in diameter hanging from a 2 1 / 2 stalk. Rutgers University has produced a number of named hybrid clones between these two species, and they are growing in popularity because of their disease and insect resistance. As with our native species, numerous named varieties exist. Evergreen Dogwood Cornus angustata Truly an evergreen species. Similar in form to the above, except that it is completely evergreen. Flowers are very similar, but start flowering later, early May in central South Carolina and will persist even into late June. Elsbry (Empress of China ) is a superior cultivar that was discovered by internationally recognized plantsman, John Elsley, in Greenwood, S.C. The blooms are 1 1 / 2 across, open green and then whiten as they mature. They give rise to bright, reddish-pink, strawberry-like fruits. A similar species, C. capitata (Himalayan evergreen dogwood), is also evergreen and produces flowers that turn a soft yellow as they age. Cryptomeria, Japanese Cedar Cryptomeria japonica Very durable wood of this plant is used in Japan for construction where homes that are hundreds of years old still stand. Short needles held close to the twigs give an almost rattail look. Grows well in sun or part shade with a well-drained fertile soil. On some varieties, needles will turn a purplish bronze in winter. A great plant for screens in place of Leyland Cypress or as freestanding specimens. There are probably more named varieties of this species of conifer than with almost any other. There are dwarf clones of only a few feet to forms with different foliage color. Black Dragon and Ben Franklin are good dark green forms. Sekan Sugi has yellow new growth. Globosa Nana is a dwarf form that is as broad as high, reaching 4 to 6. Woody Plants 387

50 Chinese Fir Cunninghamia lanceolata In its native habitat, this plant may reach 150, but for all practical purposes, 30 to 40 would be more appropriate here. It bears unusual needles of 1 to 2 1 / 2 in a flat plain arrangement along its stems. In the fall, whole branchlets will fall. Sun to part shade is sufficient to grow well. Chason s Gift is a compact conical selection that will take off with a leader right away. Glauca has an extremely blue cast. Arizona Cypress Cupressus arizonica A pyramidal evergreen with grayish cedar-like foliage. Its distinct shape makes it valuable for vertical accent especially when mixed with darker leaved plants. Very rapid growing, but with a weak root system, which makes it vulnerable to being blown over until well-established. Carolina Sapphire is an extremely fast growing form that can produce 4 of growth in a season. Blue Pyramid and Silver Smoke are good silver-blue forms that are more compact. Italian Cypress Cupressus sempervirens When a true vertical accent is needed in a tree form, this is the plant. Truly an exclamation point in the landscape. It makes a narrow blue-green column, which can be damaged from cold in upper South Carolina. Use sparingly and thoughtfully. Needs good drainage. Swane s Golden is an unusual golden foliage form. Spiral Eucalyptus or Silver Dollar Tree Eucalyptus cinerea The aromatic, striking, silvery-blue foliage is arranged in a spiral form on drooping twigs. This is the species commonly used in dried flower arrangements. Very fast-growing small tree that may put on 6 of growth in a single season. Not reliably hardy in upper South Carolina, but even when killed to the ground, it resprouts, usually into a multitrunked affair. With age, the trunk will exfoliate exposing rich orangish patches of bark. Loquat Eriobotrya japonica Unusual in that this tree blooms with creamywhite flowers in the fall, and its fruit ripen through the winter, maturing in April into delicious, yellow pome. This small tree has leaves up to 12 long, with prominent veins, making it a good subject for textural contrast. Does well in sun or shade and works well espaliered against a large wall. Franklinia or Ben Franklin Tree Franklinia alatamaha Valuable for its 3 wide single, white, camellialike flowers that are borne in October. Leaves are a shiny green, up to 6 long and turn brilliant red to orange in the fall. This multi-stemmed shrubby small tree in the Camellia family was found by John Bartram in 1770 on the banks of the Altamaha River in Georgia, where it has never been seen since. My theory is that this plant will succumb to a wilt anywhere cotton was grown over the past 100 years. This is why the best specimens are found farther north. One of the best specimens in the South is on the Clemson University campus behind the John C. Calhoun home. Woody Plants 388

51 Loblolly Bay Gordonia lasianthus Another camellia (Theaceae) family member with similar single white flowers as Franklinia, this species makes a narrow upright evergreen tree with dark green leaves to 6 long. Its flower crop is produced from midsummer into fall. Give it some protection in the Piedmont, where it will perform best under part shade. It is native from the Sandhills to the Coast in low damp habitats. Even though evergreen, there will be a sprinkling of bright orange leaves from late summer through fall. Carolina Silverbell Halesia tetraptera var. tetraptera This native tree can reach heights of 60 to 80, but within reason we will treat it as a small tree of 30 to 40. Performs best as an understory tree, it produces graceful, white, hanging silver bells of 1 / 2 to 1 along its branches in April. A precocious bloomer, ours will usually be covered in flowers even in 1 gallon containers. It grows quite fast under nursery conditions. Fall color is yellow, but not significant. Dirr says, One of my favorite small native trees. Savannah Holly Ilex x attenuata Savannah Foster s No. 2 Holly Ilex x attenuata Foster s No. 2 These native selections are hybrids between Ilex opaca and Ilex cassine. There are numerous named clones of which Savannah is the best known. It is a fast grower with yellow-green color and a good berry producer. Foster s No. 2 has smaller and much darker green and narrower leaves. Sunny Foster has brilliant golden-yellow leaves. East Palatka has leaves with mostly 1 to 3 spines at their tips. Hume No. 2 has similar leaves but 50% larger. All of these plants make great screens or work as freestanding specimens with their best berry production coming in full sun. Dahoon Holly Ilex cassine This is one of the parents to the I. x attenuata hybrids with 1 1 / 2 to 2 long leaves by 3 / 4 wide with mostly entire margins. It produces small red berries in abundance on females in the fall. Angustifolia has much narrower leaves and a more yellow-green color on a more compact form. This species is excellent for naturalizing, particularly in damp settings. Lusterleaf or Magnolia-Leaf Holly Ilex latifolia An aristocrat of the Ilex genus, this Chinese species has dark green lustrous leaves to 8 long and up to 3 wide with small non-spiny marginal teeth. Berries are produced in such abundance on females as to completely encircle the stems. We have an isolated female that berries every year with no I. latifolia male nearby; thus, it is either parthenocarpic (forms fruit without pollination) or other species are capable of pollinating it. It makes a tight pyramidal specimen in sun or shade, but seems to be happiest in part shade. There are very few named clones of this species and most are unsexed seedlings. American Holly Ilex opaca Without a doubt, this is the best known American species of holly. While this tree may eventually reach 40 to 50, it is so slow-growing that it is grouped with small trees. In its youth, it takes on an upright conical shape. With age, becomes some- Woody Plants 389

52 what more billowy. Does well in sun or part shade. The number of varieties of this species are endless, but one of the better known varieties with good dark green color and good berry production is Carolina No. 2. There are a number of yellow- and orangeberried forms introduced as well. Goldenrain Tree Koelreuteria paniculata A small tree valuable for its panicles or small, yellow flowers in June followed by showy Japanese lanternlike seed pods. Leaves are bipinnately compound up to 18 long, similar to Chinaberry, with inconsistent yellow fall color. Not requiring as to soil. Best in full sun. Fairly slow in growth but has good drought resistance. September is a named cultivar which flowers later than the species and comes true from seed. Bougainvillea Goldenrain Tree Koelreuteria bipinnata This larger version of the above species flowers in late summer with the same large panicles of small yellow flowers. Initially it grows into a single stalk with little branching, but will flower in 2 years from seed. Its flowers are followed by showy, pink lanternlike seed pods in early fall and will rival the flowers for show. Not particular as to soil, but does best in full sun. Reseeds with abandon. Japanese Crapemyrtle Lagerstroemia fauriei This species was introduced into this country by Dr. John Creech of the National Arboretum in the 1950s and has been used extensively in breeding work for powdery mildew and crapemyrtle aphid resistance. A larger grower than L. indica, this species has slightly larger and more pointed leaves. It has also introduced a larger growth habit and cinnamon trunk color, as well as a longer flowering period of up to 120 days. Fantasy and Townhouse are two species selections with white flowers and extraordinary bark color. Other noted hybrid selections are Natchez (white), Muskogee (lavenderpink), Tuskegee (coral pink), Zuni (purple), Miami (dark pink) and Tuscarora (dark coral-pink almost red). Crapemyrtle Lagerstroemia indica Indispensable for Deep South gardens, this species will produce spectacular flowers in 100 o F heat on a small tree that has four seasons of interest. This is one of those trees which actually performs better in drier years. Flowers are from white to pink to deep red to purple, beginning in June and continuing until August. Fall color can be yellow to red to orange. With age, trunks become sinuously fluted, adding year-round interest. Dwarf cultivars, which can be used as ground covers, add to the smorgasbord of forms and colors now available. Please don t be guilty of crape murder, the practice of butchering back plants each fall and winter. The plants not only become grotesque monsters, but also lose the grace of the winter interest of their seedheads and bark. Woody Plants 390

53 Saucer or Japanese Magnolia Magnolia x soulangiana This deciduous species flowers in mid February to mid March depending on the locality, and the 6 wide flowers are often ruined by frosts. There are a number of varieties ranging from white through pink, to rose-red and purple. M. soulangiana is a vigorous grower and will eventually reach small tree size with several trunks. Magnolia x loebneri Leonard Messell and Merrill have similar growth habits with petals that resemble M. stellata. The former being pink and the latter white and fragrant. Sweetbay Magnolia virginiana One of the best magnolias for fragrance, this native has 2 to 3 white, waxy typical magnolia-like flowers from late April to early June followed by seed pods with bright red seed. Foliage is a dark shiny green on the upper side and silvery (glaucous) beneath. Usually develops into a multi-trunked tree of 20 to 30. Subspecies australis has evergreen foliage; while the farther north one goes, one will encounter more deciduous types. May be grown on high ground or low wet areas, but be careful not to set plants directly in water. Place them in a raised situation and then let their roots seek their own level. Native Crabapple Malus angustifolia This small deciduous native tree takes on a picturesque, contorted form with age, and it has one of the most pleasant flower displays of any small tree with its soft pink blooms. These are followed by semiedible greenish fruit. There are numerous named cultivars of hybrid crabapples, but they do not perform as well in our heat as they do farther north. Even though our native species will get cedar-apple rust, this is a small price to pay for growing the elegant tree. Sourwood Oxydendrum arboreum Hanging racemes of white lily-of-the-valleylike flowers adorn the terminus of each stem from late May to July. One of the more subtly graceful flowering trees in existence. Leaves are up to 8 long, shiny green turning brilliant red in fall. A common undergrowth tree over most of the eastern U.S., some of the best honey is made by bees from its flowers. There are a few named cultivars from weeping to prostrate types. Hardy Orange Poncirus trifoliata An interesting small tree with compound trifoliate, dark green leaves. Very fragrant small white flowers in April are followed by 2 hard inedible oranges in fall. It is used mainly as an impenetrable hedge with its large 2 thorns. Flying Dragon is a contorted form that could well be described as a piece of living sculpture. The Wicked Stick Country Club near Myrtle Beach is using this as their namesake. Cherry Laurel or Carolina Cherry Prunus caroliniana Evergreen leaves 2 to 4 long with serrated or entire margins. Flowers are showy 3 long spikes covering the plant in April. These are followed by black berries that birds love to eat and sow in the most undesirable places. When labor was two bits an hour, this was a popular hedge plant, but it Woody Plants 391

54 must be pruned every two weeks to keep it tidy. Makes a beautiful evergreen small tree. It has the usual diseases and insects of Prunus. Thundercloud Plum Prunus cerasifera Thundercloud This deciduous small tree produces small, fragrant, pink flowers in March followed by deep burgundy leaves that retain their color until fall. When one needs contrasting foliage color, this is a good choice because of its fast-growing habit. It s still susceptible to the endless plagues of cherries and plums. There are a number of other named clones, such as Newport and Mt. St. Helens. Purple-leaf Sand Cherry (Prunus x cistena) is another purplish-red-leaved form that only gets to 10 or so with pink flowers and fruit. Flowering Apricot Prunus mume Probably the best winter-flowering tree, this species will put on a winter display second to none. Fragrant double flowers can range in color from white ( Rosemary Clarke ) to soft pink ( Peggy Clarke, Dawn ) to deep rose ( Bonita ) to weeping forms ( W. B. Clarke ). This plant can be in full flower in early January in a mild weather, but during a cold winter, it will flower somewhat later. Its delightful cinnamon fragrance will dominate the winter landscape. Fall color is not significant. One should be observant for trunk borers. Peach Prunus persica Depending on the variety and the spring temperatures, this species will flower from late February to early April. Flowering varieties have extremely double flowers of white to pink to red to variegated. This tree is only good for 10 to 15 years when it usually succumbs to borers or nematodes. This holds true for fruiting or flowering forms. There are weeping selections of this as well. Japanese Cherry Prunus serrulata A tree reaching 20 to 25, this oriental cherry is best known from the variety Kwanzan, which has huge double, pink flowers. The fall color can be a good reddish color. Plant in full sun with good drainage, but be careful to look out for trunk borers, which seem to be the worst problem. Other varieties include Amanogawa, fastigiate in habit; Shirofugen, pink buds, double white flowers with a spreading crown; and Shirotae, fragrant white flowers. Higan Cherry Prunus subhirtella This species is best known by the weeping variety Pendula, which has single, white flowers with a great weeping form. Best performance is in the Piedmont. There are few horticultural delights that surpass a mature weeping cherry in its full glory. It has the same problem with borers as most all cherries. Autumnalis will flower in the fall with a decent display of blooms and then sporadic flowering through the winter followed by a massive display in the spring of semi-double, small, white flowers. This species seems to live longer than most any other deciduous cherry. Woody Plants 392

55 Yoshino Cherry Prunus x yedoensis Single, white to pink flowers up to 1 across adorn this spreading, flattopped tree in the spring. This is the cherry planted in quantity around the tidal basin in Washington, D.C. Akebono is a showier selection with a growth habit much like mimosa and can be used as a shade tree. Fall color is a good gold with orange hues. Callery Pear Pyrus calleryana There are now numerous named varieties of this species, of which Bradford is the most well known. These trees are characterized by lustrous green leaves, good vigor and early spring flowering from mid February into March. Bradford, which is probably the most overplanted tree in existence, is falling from its pinnacle of popularity due to several inherent flaws, which are now becoming evident. Its pyramidal shape gives way to a broad mushroom affair after 20 years. The sharply ascending branches create narrow crotches; the resultant included bark weakens the crotches, causing limbs to break away with little if any inducement. Aristocrat has stronger crotches and a more open growth habit, but is susceptible to fire blight. Other varieties include Chanticleer, Capital, Whitehouse, Cleveland Select, Redspire and Autumn Blaze. Fall color can be one of its best attributes with brilliant reds and purples. plantings of this species were injured severely by the mid 1980 freezes, but several plants at the State Botanical Garden in Clemson saw little damage. So, we could assume that there s a great deal of difference in hardiness depending on the geographical locations of seed sources. Chinese Evergreen Oak Quercus myrsinifolia Probably the most cold-hardy of the Asian evergreen oaks with a somewhat narrower leaf than Q. glauca. Leaves may be 2 1 / 2 to 4 long and produce the same purplishgreen new growth as the previous species. Consider a mature height of 20 to 30, but it may go up to 40. As this species becomes better known, it will certainly gain in popularity in the nursery trade. Corkscrew Willow Salix matsudana Tortuosa A tree that will reach 20 to 30 with interesting curled or contorted twigs and branches. Useful for winter interest with its unusual form. Fall color is yellowish, but not showy. Not a long-lived tree in South Carolina. Blue Japanese Oak Quercus glauca The leaves range from 3 to 5 and are heavily serrated in their upper halves, unlike Q. acuta, which has entire margins. This species is an aristocrat of small trees, reaching a mature height of 20 to 30. Its new leaves, which are an attractive greenish-bronze, emerge in mid March in the Midlands and are frequently injured by late freezes. Many Sassafras Sassafras albidum This southeastern native s best attribute is its brilliant fall color of yellow to apricot to orange. Three different leaf forms may occur on the same branch. It has an outstanding horizontal branch- Woody Plants 393

56 ing habit. It is difficult to find in the nursery trade because it does not lend itself to container culture, but when growing in an area for development, one should protect and encourage it. Palms Since palms are monocots, rather than dicots, they are more closely related to grasses than they are to woody plants. In the landscape, some are treated as shrubs and some as trees. They have texture all their own. They transplant better during the warmer growing season unless they are transplanted from a container. While established plants of some species move quite well, others are nearly impossible to transplant. For the latter type, container-grown specimens would be the most desirable. Mostly all of the low-growing palms do well in sun or shade. However, plants tend to grow in height much more rapidly in the shade, but the leaves will have a more spindly appearance. Understanding the morphology of a palm may help in transplanting an established specimen. Since a palm is a monocot, it has no cambium layer. Its trunk is merely dead conducting tissue. The growing tip with the leaves and the roots are the only living tissue. Thus, if the bud is killed, the whole plant will die. To move an established palm, protect the terminal bud at all costs by tying up the fronds tightly around the bud with twine to prevent it from drying out. With the Palmetto, a common practice is to cut off the existing foliage completely, without injuring the bud. When new leaf growth is noticed coming through the tied up fronds, cut away the twine and allow the foliage to assume its normal position. This may take 6 to 12 months from transplanting. Many palms have been lost by rushing to remove the twine and fronds protecting the bud. When using container-grown specimens, this procedure is not necessary. Pindo Palm or Blue Cocos Palm Butia capitata This palm is dependable only in the Coastal Plain and on the coast. The 6 to 8 fronds have a bluish cast and have a pinnate shape and arch downward in a long graceful curve. This tree is extremely slow growing. A large floral inflorescence of 4 to 5 is produced composed of creamy-white flowers followed by 1 1 / 2 orange edible fruit. The mas- sive trunk gives it a somewhat gaunt appearance in the landscape, so its use must be tempered. Mediterranean Fan Palm Chamaerops humilis The lone member of its genus, this is a beautiful clump growing palm with palmate leaves similar to Trachycarpus fortunei, with which it is often confused. However, it can easily be distinguished by its clump-growing habit and the forward-pointing spines along the petiole. It is native to the Mediterranean area, which is a latitude farther north than South Carolina. It is much more cold-hardy than given credit for. Specimens in Aiken County were not hurt by the low of 4 o F in 1985, even in exposed sites. In 10 years a plant may reach 4 to 5. In its native habitat, specimens up to 20 have been observed. This palm may be grown from seed or divisions and established specimens transplant quite well. Sago Palm Cycas revoluta Although not a true palm, but a cycad, this plant sports 3 to 4 fronds radiating outward from its slow-growing, usually nonbranched trunk. Excellent for a specimen accent in sun and shade. Fronds may burn below 18 of but new ones will follow quickly in the spring. Not for upper South Carolina. Needle Palm Rhapidophyllum hystrix The only member of this genus, it is reputed to be the most cold hardy of all palms. A rare native to South Carolina, south to Florida and west to Mississippi. It possesses lethal needles a foot or more in length emanating from the trunk at the bases of the leaves. It is a clump grower of 3 to 5 in height Woody Plants 394

57 with dark green leaves up to 3 across. This palm is a slow grower and transplants well. It is mostly dioecious, but some bisexual plants are found. A good accent plant for sun or shade, it deserves more attention in the landscape. Dwarf Palmetto Sabal minor The fan-shaped foliage of this dwarf palm may be green to bluish-gray. It is quite cold-hardy, but almost impossible to transplant; therefore, use plants which have been container grown. This is the smallest member of the genus. Ideal in clumps or masses in sun or shade. Even though not noted as being so far inland in Flora of the Carolinas, I have observed rather large colonies of this plant in Newberry County near Silverstreet. Palmetto Sabal palmetto The state tree of South Carolina and Florida, this palm is native to the coastal counties of the state. There is an historical significance to this tree being our state tree. During the Revolutionary War, just a few days before the patriots were about to sign the Declaration of Independence, their prospects looked dim as far as the ultimate victory over the British was concerned. On June 28, 1776, the patriots under the command of Col. William Moultrie had the first significant victory over King George s forces from their small fort near the entrance to the Charleston harbor (eventually known as Fort Moultrie). The British forces had so decimated the brick walls of the fort as to render them rubble, so the loyalist began cutting down the Palmetto trees behind the fort and rolling them over the walls in an effort to protect their guns from the British. As a result, the British cannon balls sunk into the spongy trunks of the Palmettos, sparing the fort, so that the guns could keep firing and gain the first victory over the English forces in the Revolution- ary War. From that date forward, South Carolina became known as the Palmetto State. Just think, if it wasn t for the Palmetto, you would probably be still speaking with an English accent. This tree is mainly dependably hardy in the state on a line below Florence to Columbia to Augusta. I don t recall ever seeing a plant above this line. Large fanlike leaves may be 6 or more across and as long. The floral display can be quite impressive in trees old enough to flower. Good for beach planting because of its salt tolerance. Most large specimens are collected rather than nursery grown. Scrub or Saw Palmetto Serenoa repens Resembling Sabal minor in appearance, habitat, and growth habit, but can be distinguished by the distinct teeth along the margins of the leaf stalks. The leaves may be yellow-green or a blue-green in color, fan-shaped, and up to 3 across. Temperamental in transplanting; therefore, use container-grown stock. Mostly 3 to 6 in height, but extremely slowgrowing. Achieves a great effect from massing under a tree canopy. Windmill Palm Trachycarpus fortunei One of the most cold-hardy of palms, native to Southeastern Asia, which does well in upper South Carolina. The fan-shaped leaves are dark green and can be 2 to 3 across. The trunk is covered with black fiber. The flower inflorescences are large and yellowish-white in color, followed by small, black Woody Plants 395

58 seeds that germinate readily. Established specimens are not the easiest to transplant, but this can be done in the warmer months. Container-grown plants are very dependable and, in a shaded setting, can put on as much as 1 of growth in a season. But in full sun, it is slower. it will flourish on higher ground. It has a shallow matting root system that prohibits under-plantings of all but the hardiest of shrubs. There are many named varieties usually selected for their fall color. One of the best for the South is October Glory and Red Sunset. Large Trees Florida Maple or Southern Sugar Maple Acer barbatum In all respects, this is a larger version of A. leucoderme (see Acer leucoderme in Small Trees ). In its native range, A. barbatum will usually be found in more moist and lower elevations. Its fall color is not quite as spectacular as A. leucoderme, but can still be impressive. Performs much better than Sugar Maple under the extreme heat and humidity of the Deep South. A. leucoderme has its upper and lower leaf surface about the same shade of green, the lower surface of A. barbatum has a bluish-green color with less pubescence. Red Maple Acer rubrum There is always a problem in the nursery business that the novice plantsman expects the leaves of this plant to be red because of its common name. This merely alludes to the red early spring flowers and the red seed that shortly follow before leaves emerge. These qualities are some of the more ornamental aspects of this species. One of the more popular native shade trees, this plant can sport some of the more brazen fall colors of any tree, but this can vary from tree to tree. Expect the most dependable fall color from selected cultivars. It is usually found in moist or even wet habitats, but in the landscape, Silver Maple Acer saccharinum This plant should be put under the same category as Ligustrum sinense: WEED. Be careful not to confuse this plant with White Poplar, Populus alba, which travels under the same common name. There are numerous municipalities that have outlawed the planting of this species because of its propensity to be short-lived, brittle, and diseaseprone. It is also prone to poor fall color. Why plant this species when Acer rubrum or Acer barbatum will grow just as fast and is far superior in all respects? Sugar Maple Acer saccharum This Eastern native, from which the legendary maple syrup is made, is one of the more majestic endemic trees that we have for our enjoyment. Planted for its outstanding fall color of yellows to golds to oranges and even into reds, this is not one of the faster-growing of large trees. Its wood is also resistant to breakage in high winds and ice. Performs best in the Piedmont of the state, but some excellent specimens can be seen in the Coastal Plain. Named varieties abound and most are selected for their growth habit rather than fall color. Woody Plants 396

59 River Birch Betula nigra Frequently seen along creeks and river bottoms over the eastern U.S., the young trees show very attractive light tannish brown bark, which peels in papery layers. Leaves are relatively small, giving a fine textural effect, but they are prone to disfigurement from aphids. One problem is early leaf-drop starting in June. Twigs are thin and slightly drooping, giving it an overall graceful demeanor. Will grow on high ground as well as low, and can be sited in flood plains where its roots may be covered in water for weeks. Cully (Heritage ) is an improved cultivar with better bark and foliage characteristics. BNMTF (Dura-Heat ) is probably even superior to Heritage. Little King is a dwarf cultivar reaching only 10 to 12 with good bark characteristics. Pecan Carya illinoinensis With a large country tract, one can hardly resist planting a pecan. It will make a large shade tree, but is one of the last trees to leaf out in the spring and has absolutely no fall color. It takes on a beautiful form with a canopy as broad as high. If planted for a shade tree, bear in mind that the fallen nuts can be a mowing nuisance. Fruit set is not consistent, and if one expects a crop of nuts, special attention should be paid to variety compatibility for cross-pollination. Nuts can be produced from the second or third year, but for a consistent crop, 10 to 12 years is more reasonable. Refer to p. 660 for recommended varieties. Catalpa Catalpa bignonioides It s sometimes called cigar tree because of the long 15 bean pods that form after flowering. White flowers with purple spots are produced in 8 to 10 panicles in May and are quite showy. Its spread can be even greater than its height on a mature tree, which makes for a fascinating form in winter with its irregular branches. Leaves may be up to 10 long and quite coarse with a yellow fall color. Often planted to attract the catalpa worm, which is highly prized as fish bait. Deodar Cedar Cedrus deodara This graceful conifer has blue-green needles up to 2 long and female cones which are quite beautiful. As a young tree, it develops into a broad conical shape. With age it begins to lose its symmetry, and that is when it becomes a true aristocrat among trees. Performs best in zones 7 to 9. Even though other trees, like Juniperus virginiana, are called cedar, this plant is a true cedar. There are similar species such as the cedar of Lebanon, Cedrus lebani, and Atlantic cedar (Cedrus atlantica). A number of named cultivars are on the market and are propagated for their blueness or unusual form, such as fastigiate, weeping or prostrate. Woody Plants 397

60 Hackberry Celtis laevigata This Eastern native is rarely voluntarily planted in the landscape because they are difficult to find in the nursery trade. However, you should be fully aware of this plant as it will often be encountered in a landscape situation. No outstanding traits, such as fall color, but the bark is interesting with corky ridges against a smooth gray background. The canopy can be as wide as the tree is high. Small black berries are relished by birds. Atlantic White Cedar Chamaecyparis thyoides An eastern native, this coniferous, evergreen tree will grow in low wet areas, which may make it useful for land reclamation projects. Initially it has a broadly upright conical habit, which becomes less formal with age. Foliage color can vary greatly from blue-green to dark green to yellow green. Also, a rather fast grower for the first few years. Numerous selections are coming on the market at a rapid rate. Shows great promise for difficult sites. Leyland Cypress X Cuprocyparis leylandii (syn. X Cupressocyparis leylandii) This bigeneric hybrid recently had its name changed because one of its parents has been reclassified. It is a hybrid between Nootka cypress and Cupressus macrocarpa. It is a rapidly growing evergreen. In England, I have seen specimens up to 130 that were still producing more than 3 of growth a year. Give it full sun and adequate moisture for best performance. It is notorious for succumbing to several cankers when deprived of adequate water. Bagworms must also be kept at bay. There are numerous named clones for growth habit and foliage color. Emerald Isle has darker green foliage. Naylor s Blue is bluish with a narrow form. Gold Rider is one of the better golden foliage forms. American Beech Fagus grandifolia There is scarcely any sight in nature more awe inspiring than a mature American Beech in winter with its soft tannish leaves and smooth gray bark. Even though fall color is not significant, the dead leaves, which persist most of the winter, give this plant a special air all its own. It is slow to grow initially, so one should exercise patience in its development. Its long needlelike buds are quite distinctive. Because of its thick canopy, it is difficult to grow other plants under it. Ginkgo or Maidenhair Tree Ginkgo biloba Books could be written on this unique fossil relic. Although it looks like a broadleaved hardwood, it is actually more closely related to conifers, such as pines and junipers. It is dioecious with separate male and female plants. The females producing large clusters of blueberry-like fruit that have an indescribably offensive odor. For this reason, all named cultivars are males. Sorry ladies! Its fall color of bright yellow is unmatched by any other tree. This plant is very tough, tolerate city abuse, and is popular as a street tree. Red Cedar Juniperus virginiana Although not a true cedar but a Juniper, this native evergreen is dioecious, with females producing a plethora of small, blue berries. This plant is often grown as a Christmas tree and has a distinct fragrance that will permeate the home. Its wood is highly prized for chests and Woody Plants 398

61 closets. When young, this tree takes on a decided conical habit. As it ages, it becomes a more rugged picturesque piece of living sculpture. Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua This deciduous large-growing tree forms a symmetrical pyramid while young. Leaves are distinctively star-shaped with good fall color of purple, red or yellow. The branches have corky ridges which give winter interest. Tough 1 prickly seed pods often become a nuisance. There are numerous named clones that have been chosen for form, fall color, or variegated leaf color. Rotundiloba has rounded lobes and is virtually fruitless, but it is rather gaunt in form and not very desirable. Southern Magnolia Magnolia grandiflora There is probably not a single species which so characterizes the Deep South as this plant. Its popularity is not merely confined to this country, but has spread worldwide. Eight to 14 wide fragrant white flowers in May and June are followed by showy red cones. Form is somewhat symmetrical and upright while young. Leaves are large, glossy green, and coarse, and tend to drop 12 months out of the year. For this reason, allow its branches to grow all the way to the ground to also prevent the need for a ground cover underneath. There are numerous named cultivars, including Bracken s Brown Beauty, one of the most cold hardy, Claudia Wannamaker, D. D. Blanchard, Little Gem, Southern Charm (Teddy Bear ), and TMGH; (Alta ). Tulip Poplar or Tulip Tree Liriodendron tulipifera Fast-growing, narrow, upright form characterizes this eastern native which can reach 100. Greenishyellow, tulip-like flowers are borne in April, but are so high in the canopy that they are difficult to see. This tree has bright yellow fall color and is one of the first trees to turn in the fall. Cucumber Tree Magnolia Magnolia acuminata This large-growing, native magnolia produces greenish-yellow flowers of 3 or more that are borne so high in the tree as to not be that showy. The flowers are followed by pinkish-red cones in the fall that are more noticeable than the flowers. Leaves are 4 to 10 long and half as wide. There are numerous hybrids of this species to produce the truly yellow magnolia. Bigleaf Magnolia Magnolia macrophylla One of the more fascinating native trees with leaves up to 3 long. This tree is not for the small residential yard, but more for parks, campuses and the magnolia collector. Flowers are creamy-white and up to 14 in diameter in late April to early May, followed by 3 + pinkish-red cones. Very fast-growing initially and will reach 40 or more. Wood is very brittle and is prone to breakage in heavy winds. Always a conversation piece. Dawn Redwood Metasequoia glyptostroboides This fossil relic was rediscovered in Its closest living relative is Bald Cypress, which has alternate leaves; Dawn Redwood has opposite leaves. A fast-growing tree that takes on a symmetrical form while young, it grows well on damp soil where it may put on 4 of growth a year. Rusty red fall color is quite good. With age, the base of the trunk takes on a fascinating buttressed effect. Ogon is a fabu- Woody Plants 399

62 lous gold-leaved form that must be sited correctly: morning sun and afternoon shade to prevent foliage burn. National, a fast-growing selection, and Sheridan Spire, a narrow upright form, are both good clonal selections. Black Gum Nyssa sylvatica A native tree that is noted for its brilliant red fall color and the reputation of being difficult to transplant, but easy to grow in containers. It has a characteristic horizontal branch structure that makes it easy to identify in the wild. Half-inch, blue berries occur on female trees, but flowers are not showy. Very few named cultivars are available. Slash Pine Pinus elliottii Very similar to Loblolly Pine, but needles are slightly longer, 4 to 9 and found in fascicles of mostly 2, sometimes 3. Very fast-growing and planted for pulpwood. Easily distinguished from Loblolly Pine in that its cones are stalked. Longleaf Pine Pinus palustris Needles can be 8 to 18 long in fascicles of 3, with cones up to 8 in length. In colonial times, the Longleaf Pine habitat covered much of the state, but now they re found mostly in the lower half. Upon germination, a seedling may stay in the grass stage for a number of years before it finally begins its ascent, after which it grows fairly quickly. In colonial times, its wood was highly prized for lumber and ship masts. Eastern White Pine Pinus strobus Beautiful, blue-green soft needles found in fascicles of 5 adorns this majestic tree that takes on an upright conical shape when young. Native to only the uppermost tip of the state. In most of the state, it is afflicted with many diseases and insects, but is a very popular Christmas tree that transplants quite well. Loblolly Pine Pinus taeda Without a doubt, the most frequently found pine in the state. Needles found in fascicles of 3, or occasionally 2, and 6 to 9 long. Very popular for land reclamation because of its fast growth. With care, rather large specimens can be transplanted. It can be distinguished from Slash Pine by its sessile (attached without a stalk directly to a branch) cones that can be 3 to 6 long. Woody Plants 400

63 Japanese Black Pine Pinus thunbergii More bushy than tall, this dark green pine has needles in fascicles of 2, 3 to 5 long and stiff. Unless crowded, this pine will retain its branches to the ground. Good coastal plant because it is salt tolerant. Makes a good container plant. Some specimens will die inexplicably, probably due to nematodes. Takes on a picturesque shape with age. Sycamore Platanus occidentalis The best attribute of this tree is that it is fast growing, because its flowers are not showy and it has no fall color. It does have outstanding bark interest as it sheds large patches to expose white underneath. Its leaves are large and coarse and can become quite a nuisance when they shed in the fall, giving the appearance of brown paper blowing across one s yard. White Oak Quercus alba The state tree of three different states, this can be one of the more majestic of our native trees. It has muted red fall color with most of its leaves clinging to its branches throughout the winter. Leaves are bluish-green and are distinguished by its rounded-tipped lobes. Long-lived and easily grown. With age it becomes rugged and rounded in an open area. Scarlet Oak Quercus coccinea Its brilliant red fall color is one of the best in the genus. Forms a round open head with leaves 3 to 6 long, deeply lobed, and shiny green. Found mostly on high ground. Limbs are not as pendulous as Pin Oak and is a much better landscape tree. It s a far better tree than Southern Red Oak, which has no appreciable fall color and retains its leaves all winter. Swamp Laurel Oak Quercus laurifolia Laurel Oak Quercus hemisphaerica I treat these two species together since the experts have trouble telling them apart. There are very slight differences. Both are semi-evergreen, Q. laurifolia tending to grow more on low ground and Q. hemisphaerica on higher ground. Fast growing while young, make good landscape plants but are not the longest lived oaks. Water Oak Quercus nigra This large, very fastgrowing, irregular tree has drooping branches, which makes it difficult to use as a street tree. The leaf has a characteristic shape and is easily identified and may persist much of the winter. Fall color is negligible. Woody Plants 401

64 Pin Oak Quercus palustris Foliage is similar to our native Scarlet Oak but smaller. Good red fall color, but leaves may be retained over much of the winter depending on seedling variation. Tends to be overplanted because it transplants easily and is readily available. There are many other native oaks that are superior. Willow Oak Quercus phellos Without a doubt, this is one of the most outstanding shade trees in existence. Dirr says, From Zones 7 to 9, still the best oak for overall texture and form. This tree starts off very symmetrical and grows quite fast. Its branches do not droop like Water Oak, and it transplants well. Its leaves are narrow and willowlike, 2 to 4 long. Fall color is a good yellow and leaves fall cleanly. Live Oak Quercus virginiana This stately tree is a symbol of the Lowcountry with its majestic spread that is greater than its height. If planted when young, you will rarely get to see the full glory of this tree. With adequate water and fertility, it will grow quite fast. Also, salt-tolerant. Its evergreen leaves are 1 1 / 2 to 3, dark green and glossy. Many geographical forms exist, but very few named clones exist. Weeping Willow Salix babylonica One of the best subjects for planting in wet areas or near a pond because of its decidedly weeping form. Wonderful effect in a breeze. This tree is very fast growing and brittle and not the longest lived subject, but still worth its place in the landscape. Leaves are narrow, 4 to 6 long with little fall color. Roots will form an impenetrable mat and are notorious for invading septic tank drainage fields. Bald Cypress Taxodium distichum Native to coastal swamps, but will grow on high ground. Foliage is fine and fernlike and turns a rusty red in the fall. It will develop the telltale knees if sited in moist to wet areas. A very fast grower when young, it takes on an upright conical shape. Pond Cypress (Taxodium ascendens) has shorter needles that tend to cling more closely to its branches. Its overall form is narrower than T. distichum, and is usually always found on landlocked bodies of water, such as Carolina Bays. Bald Cypress is always found on running water. Both of these species grow well on high ground, but one always finds them growing in or near water. This is because their bark is so thin that they are killed during forest fires. Eastern Hemlock Tsuga canadensis One of our most desirable evergreens with graceful drooping branches, but probably performs best in the uppermost parts of the state. Needs welldrained moist soils and a sheltered location for best Woody Plants 402

65 growth. Can be used as a specimen, mass planting, or even as a sheared hedge. There are so many varieties that exhibit prostrate, globose, mounded, weeping, fastigiate and even variegated forms, that it s impossible to list them here. Winged Elm Ulmus alatus This is a somewhat smaller version of the American Elm that is characterized by distinctive corky ridges on opposite sides of its youngest branches. Seedling variation exists for mildew susceptibility, which differs from tree to tree. Its form is graceful with slightly pendulous branches and a rather subdued yellow fall color. Lace Parasol is a weeping form that has great winter interest with its corky twigs; it must be grafted to be propagated. Lacebark or Chinese Elm Ulmus parvifolia Truly one of the most outstanding shade trees for the modern landscape, but do not confuse this plant with Siberian Elm (Ulmus pumila). The latter is a very inferior tree with brittle wood, elm leaf beetle susceptibility, and short life. Lacebark Elm has 2 long, lustrous dark green leaves on branches that are slightly pendulous, giving it a graceful form. With age, the trunks will begin to exfoliate, showing various colors of orange, green, gray and brown. Numerous selections have been made of this species that are superior to seedling forms. Zelkova Zelkova serrata This is a great substitute for American Elm which has been devastated by Dutch Elm Disease. It has the same initial vaseshape that makes it so useful as a street tree or as a lawn specimen. Fall color can be quite variable from gold to orange to reddish to brown. There are numerous cultivars available for different landscape situations. References and Further Reading American Azaleas L. Clarence Towe. Timber Press, Portland, OR. Manual of Woody Landscape Plants Michael A. Dirr. Stipes Publishing, Champaign, IL. Azaleas Fred C. Galle. Timber Press, Portland, OR. Hutchinson s Tree Book: A Reference Guide to Popular Landscape Trees Bob H. Head. Hutchinson Publishing Corp., Taylors, SC. Trees for Urban and Suburban Landscapes Edward F. Gilman. Delmar, a division of Thompson Learning, Inc. Albany, NY. Woody Plants 403