Species Identification Guide-By site and plot. Site: L=Lowland 3000 m. Plot: OTC warming by chambers

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1 Species Identification Guide-By site and plot Site: L=Lowland 3000 m Plot: OTC warming by chambers Potentilla leuconota D. Don Aster asteroides (Candolle) Kuntze Carex Prunella vulgaris Linnaeus Poa pratensis Linnaeus Plot: C= Control Potentilla leuconota D. Don Carex Poa pratensis Linnaeus Galium hoffmeisteri (Klotzsch) Ehrendorfer & Schön-beck-Temesy ex R. R. Mill Festuca ovina Linnaeus Plantago asiatica Linnaeus Plot: O= Home Transplant Poa polycolea Stapf Carex Potentilla leuconota D. Don Plantago asiatica Linnaeus Prunella vulgaris Linnaeus Plot: 2= Move up Potentilla leuconota D. Don Plantago asiatica Linnaeus Carex Trifolium repens Linnaeus Geranium Agrostis nervosa Nees ex Trinius Plot: 4= Move Up Potentilla leuconota D. Don Carex

2 Plantago asiatica Linnaeus Poa pratensis Linnaeus All species descriptions are from: Flora of China Potentilla leuconota D. Don 银叶委陵菜 yin ye wei ling cai Herbs perennial. Flowering stems cm tall, together with petioles appressed or slightly spreading villous. Radical leaves cm including petiole; auricles of stipules connate from base to middle, apex acute; leaf blade interrupted (rarely non-interrupted) pinnate with 6 18 pairs of leaflets; terminal leaflet ovate to elliptic, or oblong, cm, abaxially densely appressed silvery or yellowish sericeous, or sparsely strigose, base decurrent in apical 2 or 3 pairs of leaflets, margin 4- to many serrate, teeth acute or acuminate; cauline leaves 1 or 2, resembling radical ones; auricles of stipules herbaceous, margin lacerate or parted. Inflorescence compactly pseudoumbellate, with leaflike involucre. Flowers 5 8 mm in diam.; pedicel cm, densely appressed white villous. Epicalyx segments lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, abaxially densely white villous. Petals yellow, obovate, apex rounded. Style lateral. Achenes not seen. Fl. and fr. May Nov. Forests, meadows on mountain slopes, stream banks, cliffs; m. Hubei, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim] Aster asteroides (Candolle) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 星舌紫菀 xing she zi wan Heterochaeta asteroides Candolle, Prodr. 5: ; Aster hedinii Ostenfeld; A. heterochaeta Bentham ex C. B. Clarke, nom. illeg. superfl.; A. likiangensis Franchet subsp. hedinii (Ostenfeld) Onno; Erigeron heterochaeta Botschantzev. Herbs, perennial, 2-15(-30) cm tall; rhizomes short; roots tuberoid, near ground surface. Stems erect, solitary, scapiform, purplish or green below, base without marcescent leaf remains, basally densely to distally sparsely villous, densely minutely glandular pubescent. Leaves basal and cauline; cauline leaves abruptly reduced, villous, sparsely minutely stipitate glandular, margin entire (basal leaves rarely serrulate), ciliate, 3-5-veined; basal leaves present at anthesis, shortly petiolate, ovate to oblong, cm, base rounded to ± attenuate, apex obtuse to acute; middle cauline leaves sessile, oblong to lanceolate, apex obtuse to acuminate; upper leaves subsessile, linear to linear-lanceolate. Capitula terminal,

3 solitary. Involucres hemispheric, 6-9 mm in diam.; phyllaries 2- or 3-seriate, subequal, oblanceolate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, mm, villous, densely minutely purplish stipitate glandular, more so distally, membranous, margin scarious, densely purplish villous-ciliate, multiveined, apex acuminate, leaflike, tip recurved, purplish. Ray florets 35-60, bluish purple to deep mauve, lamina linear-lanceolate, mm; disk florets orange-yellow, mm, limb funnelform, ca. 2.5 mm, base minutely purple stipitate glandular, lobes erect, triangular, mm, abaxially sparsely hairy, minutely purple stipitate glandular. Achenes narrowly obovoid, ca. 2 mm, strigillose, eglandular, 3- or 4-ribbed. Pappus 2-seriate, straw-colored; outermost series of few broad scales mm; inner series of few clavate, barbellate bristles ca. 3 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun-Aug. Alpine thickets, damp grasslands, marshy areas; m. Gansu, E Qinghai, W Sichuan, C and S Xizang, NW Yunnan [Bhutan, India (Sikkim), Kashmir, Nepal]. Aster asteroides somewhat resembles A. flaccidus but is easily distinguished from it by its tuberous roots and purplish glandular disk floret lobes. 33. Carex Linnaeus Sp. Pl. 2: 薹草属 tai cao shu Authors:Authors: Lun-Kai Dai, Prof. Song-Yun Liang, Shuren Zhang, Yancheng Tang, Tetsuo Koyama & Gordon C. Tucker Carex esquirolii H. Léveillé & Vaniot, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 53: No specimens were seen by the present authors. The plant, a member of Carex subg. Vignea, cannot be confidently associated with any known species based on the description. The type is from Guizhou. Carex polycephala Boott var. simplex Kükenthal in Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 7: No specimens were seen by the present authors. The type is from Yunnan. Herbs, perennial; rhizome usually stoloniferous. Culms tufted or sparse, lateral or central, erect, trigonous, bladeless sheathed at base. Leaves basal or basal and cauline, flat, rarely involute or revolute on margins, linear or lorate, rarely lanceolate, sheathed at base. Involucral bracts leaflike, rarely scale-shaped or setaceous, sheathed or not. Flowers unisexual, 1 male flower or 1 female flower in a unisexual spikelet, female spikelet included by prophyll, prophyll wholly connate at margins into utricle, sometimes reduced spikelet axis present in utricle, with scalelike bractlet at base. Spikes 1 to numerous, usually numerous spikes arranged in spicate, racemose, or paniculate inflorescence, composed of many unisexual or bisexual spikes, bisexual spike androgynous or gynaecandrous, usually plants monoecious, rarely dioecious, pedunculate or sessile, with or without sheathlike or utriculiform cladoprophyll at base; male flower with (2 or)3 stamens,

4 filaments distinct; female flower with 1 pistil, style slightly slender, persistent or deciduous, base usually not thickened; stigmas 2 or 3. Utricles trigonous, plano-convex or biconvex, with slightly long or short beak. Nutlets rather tightly or loosely enveloped in utricle, trigonous or plano-convex. About 2,000 species: cosmopolitan; 527 species (260 endemic) in three subgenera and 69 sections (two endemic) in China. 1. Prunella vulgaris Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 夏枯草 xia ku cao Prunella vulgaris Credit: Harvard University Herbaria Stems cm, ascending, base much branched, purple-red, sparsely strigose or subglabrous. Petiole cm, upper ones shorter; leaf blade lanceolate to ovate, cm, glabrous to sparsely villous, base truncate to broadly cuneate-decurrent, margin undulate to entire, apex obtuse to rounded. Spikes 2-4 cm, sessile; floral leaves similar to cauline leaves, sessile or short petiolate, subovate; bracts purplish, broadly cordate, ca mm, cuspidate, veins sparsely hispid. Calyx campanulate, ca. 1 cm, sparsely hispid, tube ca. 4 mm; upper lip suboblate, subtruncate; lower lip narrower, teeth acuminate. Corolla purplish or white, ca. 1.3 cm, slightly exserted, glabrous; tube ca. 7 mm, base ca. 1.5 mm wide, gradually dilated to ca. 4 mm wide at throat; upper lip subcircular, ca. 5.5 mm in diam., ± galeate, emarginate; lower lip ca. 1/2 as long as upper lip, middle lobe subobcordate, fringed; lateral lobes oblong, spreading, minute. Anterior stamens very long. Nutlets oblong-ovoid, ca mm, slightly 1- furrowed. Fl. Apr-Jun, fr. Jul-Oct. Open slopes, grasslands, wet streamsides, forest margins, thickets; m. Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, India, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan; Africa, SW Asia, Europe, North America]

5 21. Poa pratensis Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 草地早熟禾 cao di zao shu he Poa florida N. R. Cui. Perennials, loosely tufted or with isolated shoots, strongly rhizomatous, often forming turf; shoots extra- and often intravaginal. Plants green to pale or yellowish green, or purplish to strongly grayish glaucous. Culms cm, mm in diam., erect or decumbent, 1 to several per tuft, smooth, nodes (1 )2 4, 1 or 2 exserted. Leaf sheaths moderately compressed and keeled, uppermost closed for (1/4 )1/3 2/5 of length, smooth or infrequently retrorsely scabrid or pilulose; blades flat or folded, papery to thickly papery, 1 5 mm wide, surfaces smooth or sparsely scabrid, margins scabrid, adaxially glabrous or frequently sparsely hispidulous to strigulose, of tillers, flat or folded with margins inrolled, intravaginal ones when present often folded, mm wide, extravaginal ones flat or folded (1 )1.5 5 mm wide; ligule whitish, 0.5 4( 5) mm, abaxially nearly smooth to densely scabrid, apex truncate to rounded, often finely scabrid to ciliolate or pilulose. Panicle loosely contracted to open, oblong to broadly pyramidal, erect or slightly lax, (2 )5 20( 25) cm, longest internodes cm; branches steeply ascending to widely spreading, (2 )3 5( 9) per node, rounded or distally angled, nearly smooth to distally scabrid with hooks on and between angles, longest branch 1.5 5( 10) cm with (3 )7 18 spikelets in distal 1/3 2/3, sometimes clustered distally. Spikelets ovate, green or grayish, frequently purple tinged, 3 7( 9) mm, florets 2 5( 9); vivipary absent in China; rachilla internodes 0.5 1( 1.2) mm, smooth, glabrous (rarely sparsely pilulose); glumes subequal, strongly keeled, keels and sometimes lateral veins dorsally scabrid, first glume 1.5 3( 4) mm. 1 3-veined, upper glume 2 4 mm, 3(or 5)-veined; lemmas ovate to lanceolate (or narrowly lanceolate), 2.5 4( 5) mm, apex slightly obtuse to acuminate, keel villous for 3/4 of length, marginal veins to 1/2 length, intermediate veins prominent, glabrous (rarely sparsely pilulose), glabrous between veins, minutely bumpy, sparsely scabrid distally; callus webbed, hairs as long as lemma, frequently with less well-developed tufts from below marginal veins; palea usually narrow, glabrous or with sparse hooks, usually minutely bumpy, glabrous between keels, keels scabrid, infrequently medially pilulose

6 in subsp. pruinosa. Anthers (1.2 ) ( 2.8) mm, infrequently poorly formed, but not vestigial. Fl. and fr. Jun Sep. 2n = Temperate to arctic, moderately moist to wet conditions, from coastal meadows to forest shade, to alpine and tundra, often in disturbed sites; m. Anhui, Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan [Afghanistan, Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Pakistan, Russia, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan; Africa, SW Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, Pacific Islands, South America]. Poa pratensis is a valuable species for soil stabilization and forage. Its taxonomy is complicated by the occurrence of facultative apomixis and an extensive polyploid series. It comprises many local and variable, widespread races. It is possible to recognize the widespread forms as subspecies, but there are many intermediates between them that do not fit well and we can only treat them as P. pratensis s.l. The type of P. florida appears to belong to this species, but has many more florets per spikelet (6 9) than is usual. 22. Galium hoffmeisteri (Klotzsch) Ehrendorfer & Schön-beck-Temesy ex R. R. Mill, Edinburgh J. Bot. 53: 六叶律 liu ye lü Asperula hoffmeisteri Klotzsch, Bot. Ergebn. Reise Waldemar, ; Galium asperuloides Edgeworth subsp. hoffmeisteri (Klotzsch) H. Hara; G. asperuloides var. hoffmeisteri (Klotzsch) Handel-Mazzetti; G. asperulopsis H. J. P. Winkler; G. japonicum Makino (1895), not (Maximowicz) Makino & Nakai (1908); G. triflorum Michaux var. hoffmeisteri (Klotzsch) J. D. Hooker. Herbs, perennial, from filiform reddish rhizomes. Stems generally erect, (10- )15-30(-40) cm tall, 4-angled, glabrous and smooth, sometimes hispidulous at nodes. Middle stem leaves and leaflike stipules in whorls of up to 6 (in weak plants rarely only up to 4), with petioles up to 3 mm; blade drying papery or membranous, narrowly elliptic-oblong to broadly oblanceolate, (10-)15-30(-40) (4-)5-10(-12) mm, length/breadth index mostly , glabrescent, smooth or rarely retrorsely aculeolate on abaxial midrib, base

7 acute to obtuse, margins antrorsely aculeolate, apex obtuse to rounded and abruptly apiculate; vein 1. Inflorescences terminal and sometimes in axils of upper leaves, with few- to several-flowered cymes; peduncles glabrous, smooth; bracts none or few, 1-2 mm; pedicels mm. Ovary obovoid to subglobose, mm, strigillose with undeveloped trichomes. Corolla white or light green, rotate, mm in diam., glabrescent, lobed for 3/4 or more; lobes 4, ovate, acute. Mericarps ellipsoid, mm, with dense uncinate trichomes mm, on pedicels elongating and up to 10 mm. Fl. Apr-Aug, fr. May-Sep. Forests on mountain slopes, thickets, along rivers, ditch sides, meadows; m. Anhui, Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Afghanistan, Bhutan, India,?Japan, Kashmir, Korea, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan]. Galium hoffmeisteri, together with G. bungei, G. spurium, and G. verum, is one of the most commonly collected species of Galium in China. Previous authors usually have included it as a subspecies under G. asperuloides. Only recently, the two taxa were discussed and re-established on the species level by Ehrendorfer et al. (Fl. Iranica 176: ) and by Mill (loc. cit.). All specimens seen so far from China belong to G. hoffmeisteri. Nevertheless, as G. asperuloides s.s. ranges in the W Himalaya from Afghanistan to N Pakistan and N India, it can also be expected in SW China (in particular, Xizang). Accordingly, it is included in the present treatment for reference. In Japan Galium hoffmeisteri is replaced by G. nipponicum Makino (G. trifloriforme var. nipponicum (Makino) Nakai), but some of the Japanese specimens greatly approach G. hoffmeisteri. Another very similar vicariant is G. echinocarpum from Taiwan. Further relatives are the Eurasian disjunct G. odoratum and the circumboreal G. triflorum. Together with G. asperuloides, all these taxa belong to G. sect. Hylaea as shown by Ehrendorfer et al. (loc. cit.: ). Galium triflorum is rare in China and closely related to G. trifloriforme (see under these species). The latter may be a hybridogenous taxon linking G. sect. Hylaea and G. sect. Trachygalium. But to synonymize G. trifloriforme with G. hoffmeisteri (e.g., W. C. Chen in FRPS 71(2): ; Govaerts et al., World Checkl. Rubiaceae; rubiaceae/; accessed on 15 Sep 2010) is certainly not correct.

8 Slender plants of Galium hoffmeisteri are distantly reminiscent of G. kikumugura Ohwi (= G. brachypodum Maximowicz (1874), not Jordan (1846)) from Japan (see also under G. sichuanense). Yamazaki (Fl. Japan 3a: ) described G. kikumugura as having leaf whorls of 4. In reality, it always develops whorls of up to 5 or 6 in the middle stem region. These leaves are quite similar to those of G. hoffmeisteri and have margins slightly antrorsely aculeolate or smooth. Nevertheless, G. kikumugura strongly deviates from G. hoffmeisteri and other members of G. sect. Hylaea by its cymes nearly exclusively lateral in leaf axils, usually consisting only of a filiform peduncle, a single bract, and 2 small flowers (ca. 1.5 mm in diam.) or sometimes a single flower. Furthermore, its kidney-shaped (not ellipsoid) mericarps ( mm) differ by having scattered short and hooked hairs only ca. 0.1 mm. These latter characters are reminiscent of G. sect. Trachygalium and particularly of G. bungei (in G. sect. Platygalium s.l., where leaf whorls have only 4 elements). Thus, G. kikumugura is an isolated and aberrant species of the genus, possibly better placed into a separate monotypic section. 47. Festuca ovina Linnaeus 羊茅 yang mao Plant densely tufted; shoots intravaginal. Culms cm tall; node 1. Leaf sheaths glabrous or basal leaf sheaths occasionally with trichomes; auricles present as erect swellings or absent; leaf blades filiform, conduplicate, (3 )8 25 cm mm, margins usually scabrid, veins 5( 7); adaxial to abaxial sclerenchyma strands absent, abaxial sclerenchyma in a continuous ring; ligule (0.1 ) mm, margin ciliate. Panicle contracted, narrow, 2 8 cm; branches (0.5 )1 2 cm, 1 at lowest node. Spikelets 4 6 mm, greenish, purplish or brown; florets 3 6; glumes glabrous or scabrid below apex; lower glume narrowly lanceolate to lanceolate, mm; upper glume lanceolate or broadly lanceolate, mm; rachilla internodes mm; lemmas 3 4( 5) mm, punctiform or scabrid; awns mm; palea keels scabrid. Anthers mm. Ovary apex glabrous. Fl. and fr. Jun Sep. Alpine meadows, steppe, grassy places in forests; m. Anhui, Gansu, Guizhou, Jiangsu (cultivated), Jilin, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia; SW Asia (Caucasus), Europe, North America].

9 This is an extremely polymorphic species with a natural distribution throughout temperate and cold parts of the N hemisphere. It provides good forage on poor upland soils. Numerous variants have been recognized at infraspecific rank, often from different habitats and based on small differences in pubescence, size, proportion of vegetative and floral parts, and other characters. The name Festuca airoides Lamarck, a European segregate, has been applied to plants from the F. ovina complex in China. Festuca ovina and related species (nos ) can be distinguished from members of the F. rubracomplex as follows: plants densely tufted, without rhizomes; young leaf sheaths with free, overlapping margins; shoots intravaginal; leaf blades with only midrib or also two lateral ribs well defined; leaf sclerenchyma a continuous or broken subepidermal band, or 3 broad strands at midrib and margins. 4. Plantago asiatica Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 车前 che qian Herbs, perennial. Roots numerous, fibrous. Leaves basal; petiole 2-15(-27) cm, sparsely pubescent; leaf blade broadly ovate to broadly elliptic, cm, thinly papery to papery, sparsely pubescent, veins 3-7, base broadly cuneate to subrounded and decurrent onto petiole, margin entire, repand, serrate, or dentate, apex obtuse to acute. Spikes narrowly cylindric, 3-40 cm, loosely to densely flowered, sometimes interrupted basally; peduncle 5-30 cm, white pubescent; bracts narrowly ovate-triangular to triangular-lanceolate, 2-3 mm, glabrous or pubescent at apex, keel thick. Sepals 2-4 mm, keel extending or not extending to apex, apex obtuse, rounded, or acute; lower sepals elliptic, keel broad; upper sepals broadly obovate-elliptic to broadly obovate. Corolla white, glabrous; lobes narrowly triangular, (0.7-)1-1.5 mm, patent to reflexed, apex acuminate to acute. Stamens adnate only to near base of corolla tube, exserted; anthers white, ovoid-ellipsoid, mm. Pyxis fusiform-ovoid, ovoid, conic-ovoid, or narrowly conic-ovoid, 3-6(-8) mm, circumscissile near base, with 5-15 seeds. Seeds blackish brown, ovoid-ellipsoid to ellipsoid, mm, angled, ventral face prominent to slightly flat; cotyledons parallel to ventral side. Fl. Apr-Aug, fr. Jun-Sep. Mountain slopes, ravines, riverbanks, fields, roadsides, wastelands, lawns; near sea level to 3800 m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan,

10 Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Nepal, Sri Lanka]. Although Plantago asiatica and P. erosa (P. asiatica subsp. erosa) have sometimes been treated as synonyms of P. major (J. Parnell, Fl. Thailand 9(2): ), molecular evidence does not support this (N. Rønsted et al., Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 139: ; N. Ishikawa et al., Amer. J. Bot. 96: ). 18. Poa polycolea Stapf 多鞘早熟禾 duo qiao zao shu he Poa chalarantha Keng ex L. Liu; P. gilgitica DickorΘ; P. lithophila Keng ex L. Liu; P. maerkangica L. Liu; P. triglumis Keng ex L. Liu. Perennials, loosely to densely tufted, often shortly stoloniferous or rhizomatous; shoots extra- and intravaginal. Culms erect, decumbent, or ascending, usually several per tuft, 10 60( 75) cm tall, mm in diam., smooth, nodes 1 3, 1 or 2 exserted, uppermost usually 1/4 1/3 way up. Lowermost leaf sheaths closely overlapping, straw colored, often somewhat thickly papery and persistent, not or only slightly fibrous, lower and middle sheaths 1 1.3( 1.5) mm wide distally, with distinct closely spaced ribs, membranous between ribs, smooth or scabrid, sometimes retrorsely hispidulous, uppermost smooth, glabrous, 4 20 cm, 1/2 4 as long as blade, closed for ca. 1/2 of length; blade flat or folded with inrolled margins, thin, 2 10( 20) cm ( 2.5) mm, abaxially often shiny, smooth, ribs distinct, margins finely scabrid, adaxially smooth or sparsely scabrid, glabrous or strigose, of tillers with margins inrolled, to 20( 30) cm, adaxially smooth or scabrid, glabrous or pilulose to strigose, visible veins 5 9 including keel; lower ligules mm, adaxially smooth or scabrid, apex truncate, glabrous or ciliolate, upper to 0.5 1( 2.2) mm, apex truncate to obtuse, collar margins abruptly flared, smooth or scabrid, glabrous or lower ones ciliate to strigose. Panicle open, erect or diffuse, 5 15( 20) 2 9 cm, longest internodes 1 3( 3.5) cm; branches spreading to reflexed, 2 5 per node, capillary, usually angled, scabrid, longest 3 9 cm with 2 9 spikelets in distal 1/3 1/2. Spikelets lanceolate, green or purple tinged, 4 7 mm, florets 2 4( 5), commonly female, sometimes whole inflorescence female; vivipary absent; rachilla internodes mm, smooth or slightly bumpy, or scabrid, usually visible laterally; glumes membranous-papery, generally shiny, keel and veins scabrid, surface smooth (rarely slightly scabrid

11 distally), apex acute to acuminate, lower glume subulate, 1.5 3( 4) mm, 1/3 1/2 as wide as upper, 1(or 3)-veined, upper glume elliptic, 3 4( 5) mm, 3-veined; lemmas lanceolate, very thinly papery, 3 5( 5.5) mm, keel straight, 5(or 7)-veined, margins membranous, apex acute to acuminate, glabrous, or keel sparsely pilulose to shortly villous for 2/3 of length, marginal veins for 1/2 of length, intermediate veins conspicuous, area between them smooth or sparsely scabrid, glabrous or basally pilulose; callus usually sparsely webbed, hairs less than 1/2 as long as lemma; paleas smooth, minutely bumpy, or scabrid, glabrous or pilulose between keels, keels scabrid, sometimes medially pilulose. Anthers (2 )2.3 3 mm, or vestigial. Fl. and fr. Jun Aug. Common in alpine rocky slopes, mountain slopes, meadows among thickets, coniferous, Quercus, and Larix forests on slopes; m. Qinghai, W Sichuan, SW Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan [Afghanistan, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan]. Poa polycolea is a distinctive and common species of the upper mountains from west to east along the Himalayas, extending northward through Hengduan Shan. It has slender culms and blades, short ligules, and long anthers, or florets, spikelets, or inflorescences that are female. It is quite variable in floret vestiture, and in the east it grades toward P. asperifolia, which has stouter culms with more raised nodes and longer leaf blades and ligules, and P. tangii, which has softer leaves and smooth branches, broader first glumes, and more often blunt lemmas. Infrequently some spikelets have an additional sterile bract above the 2 normal glumes as in the type of P. triglumis. 4. Trifolium repens Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 白车轴草 bai che zhou cao Perennial herbs, stoloniferous, glabrous to glabrescent. Stems cm, prostrate, rooting at nodes. Leaves long petio-late, palmately 3-foliolate; stipules ovate-lanceolate, membra-nous, with veins green or red, sheathing at base, apex subulate; petiolule mm; leaflets obovate to ovate, 6-20(-40) 8-16(-25) mm, lateral veins 13 pairs, prominent on both surfaces, base cuneate, apex emarginate to broadly rounded. Flowers 20-50(-80), in terminal, globose umbels, cm; peduncle equal to or longer than petiole; involucre absent; bracts lanceolate-ov-ate, membranous; pedicels 2-5 mm, reflexed after anthesis. Ca-lyx 3-5 mm, veins 6-10; teeth shorter than tube. Corolla white, rarely pink-tinged, 5-12 mm, fragrant; standard

12 elliptic, ca. 2 wings and keel. Ovary sessile; ovules 3 or 4. Legume linearoblong. Seeds 2-4, ovoid to reniform. Fl. and fr. May-Oct. Cultivated, escaped, and naturalized; grasslands, ravines, road-sides. Throughout China [native to N Africa, C and SW Asia, and Eu-rope]. 24. Geranium pylzowianum Maximowicz 甘青老鹳草 gan qing lao guan cao Geranium orientalitibeticum R. Knuth. Perennials. Rootstock tubercles subglobose, (-17.5) mm, with nontuberous separations cm, mm in diam., without thickened roots. Stem 8-29(-48) cm tall, erect, not rooting at nodes, with mm retrorse to appressed nonglandular trichomes and usually mm patent glandular trichomes. Stipules lanceolate to ovate, distinct. Leaves 1 alternate but opposite at inflorescence; petiole with mm retrorse to appressed nonglandular trichomes and sometimes mm patent glandular trichomes; leaf blade cm, palmately cleft, ratio of main sinus/middle segment length = , pilose with appressed nonglandular trichomes; segments 5, rhombic to obtriangular, mm wide at base, 3-8-lobed in distal half, ratio of second sinus/middle segment length = Cymules solitary, 2-flowered; peduncle (-15.5) cm. Pedicel (-7) cm, with mm retrorse to appressed nonglandular trichomes; bracteoles lanceolate. Sepals mm, mucro mm, ratio of mucro/sepal length = , outside with mm antrorse to patent nonglandular trichomes, inside glabrous. Petals deep rose pink with a whitish base, cm, erect to patent, outside glabrous, inside basally with trichomes, margin basally ciliate, apex rounded or rarely emarginate with a mm notch. Staminal filaments distally pink but paler at base, lanceolate, abaxially pilose and proximal half ciliate, trichomes mm; anthers whitish tinged with blue, mm. Nectaries 5, hemispheric, glabrous. Stigma pink to orangish red. Fruit cm, erect when immature; mericarps smooth, with a basal callus, with mm erect to patent nonglandular trichomes; rostrum cm, with a mm narrowed apex; stigmatic remains mm. Seeds mm. Fl. Jul-Aug, fr. Sep-Oct. 2n = 28*. Coniferous forest margins, subalpine meadows, alpine meadows; m. S Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, S Shaanxi, W Sichuan, E Xizang, N Yunnan. Geranium orientalitibeticum has been recognized by its broad leaf blade segments, petals with a paler base, and longer stigmatic remains. These features are included in the variability of G. pylzowianum. The latter has

13 usually 1(or 2) alternate leaves along the stem and some opposite at the inflorescence. In some specimens, cauline leaves are all opposite, and then the inflorescence is branched from the basal node monochasially. Geranium donianum and G. farreri are quite similar in appearance but with rootstock without tubers and leaves always opposite. Additionally, in G. pylzowianum there are glandular trichomes on the stem base, stipule base, or inflorescence. The whole plant is used as a local medicine for pharyngitis and cough. 11. Agrostis nervosa Nees ex Trinius, Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint- Pétersbourg, Sér. 6, Sci. Math., Seconde Pt. Sci. Nat. 6, 4(3 4): 泸水剪股颖 lu shui jian gu ying Agrostis clarkei J. D. Hooker; A. limprichtii Pilger; A. lushuiensis B. S. Sun & Y. Cai Wang; A. schneideri Pilger; A. schneideri var. brevipes Keng ex Y. C. Yang; A. sikkimensis Bor; A. taliensis Pilger. Perennial, tufted. Culms very slender, erect, 20 30( 50) cm tall, mm in diam., 1 4-noded. Leaf sheaths loose, smooth; leaf blades narrowly linear to setaceous, flat or involute, 3 13 cm mm, abaxial surface smooth, adaxial surface scabrid; ligule mm, back smooth or scaberulous, apex obtuse. Panicle open to laxly contracted, narrowly lanceolate to ovate in outline, 3 15 cm; branches 2 5 per node, very fine, ascending to spreading, 1 6.5( 8) cm, smooth or almost so, bare below middle. Spikelets mm, dark purple or purplish green; glumes lanceolate, unequal, lower glume ( 3.5) mm, keel scabrid above middle, long acuminate, upper glume mm, apex acute; callus glabrous; lemma 2/3 4/5 spikelet length, awnless or a fine awnlet up to 0.6 mm below apex, apex obtuse or emarginate; palea mm, lemma length. Anthers mm. Fl. and fr. Aug Sep. Grassy or stony mountain slopes, meadows, broad-leaved woodlands, bamboo forests; m. Guizhou, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India (Darjeeling, Sikkim), N Myanmar, Nepal]. This is a variable species with a wide range of spikelet size, but usually with clearly unequal, purple glumes and awnless lemmas. The name Agrostis sikkimensis refers to slender, delicate variants with small spikelets and very fine leaf blades, often growing among moss on rocks. There is continuous variation to taller forms with larger spikelets growing in meadows and

14 woodlands. Forms with a short, straight, subapical awnlet (A. limprichtii, A. lushuiensis) may have arisen by hybridization with A. sinorupestris. Agrostis szechuanica (Y. C. Tong ex Y. C. Yang) L. Liu (Vasc. Pl. Hengduan Mts. 2: ; A. clavata Trinius var. szechuanica Y. C. Tong ex Y. C. Yang, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 4(4): ) may belong here. The type, from Sichuan (Hanyuan), has not been seen. It is also reported from Yunnan.