To build a web you need a tree. Between ecological and evolutionary dynamics a fairy tale.

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1 To build a web you need a tree. Between ecological and evolutionary dynamics a fairy tale.

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3 Eat, Pray (not to be eaten), Love. Food Webs in a Romantic World.

4 Food webs are (weighted) directed graphs Nodes are species (Weighted) links are ecological relations

5 Food webs are stochastic More serious reasons Seasonality Behaviour depending on location Life histories Chance Observations errors / efforts

6 Binary Food Webs Host - Parasite Pollinator - Plant J M Tylianakis Science 2013;339: Not this ones

7 Eat, Pray (not to be eaten), Love The (slightly more) realistic Serengeti Food Web. Animals Plants Baskerville EB, Dobson AP, Bedford T, Allesina S, Anderson TM, et al. (2011) Spatial Guilds in the Serengeti Food Web Revealed by a Bayesian Group Model. PLoS Comput Biol 7(12): e doi: /journal.pcbi

8 Logo stolen from the Research and Design Production Group Each species is described by a vector of traits a = [ao ai] ao out- traits (vulnerability) ai in- traits (foraging) The traits are in such that ao bi is in [0,1] To the Food Web planet: asymmetric linking P[a b] = ao bi 8

9 Logo stolen from the Research and Design Production Group Traits vector are estimated via adjacency matrix SVD 9

10 Logo stolen from the Research and Design Production Group Random Dot Product Graphs generalise intersection graphs (~Niche Models) Randomness is in the model. P[a~b] independent of P[c~d] when a,b,c,d are distinct. Yet, if traits are evolved 10

11 XKCD - Birds and Dinosaur 11

12 Us Birds (not us) Meredith et al. Science (2007) Courtesy of birdtree.org 12

13 Serengeti Plants Animals Procavia Loxodonta capensis africana Heterohyrax brucei Acinonyx Crocuta crocuta jubatus Leptailurus serval Panthera Caracal caracal pardus Lycaon Panthera pictus leo Canis mesomelas Equus Canis aureus quagga Hippopotamus Phacochoerus africanus amphibius Tragelaphus Giraffa camelopardalis scriptus Taurotragus oryx Syncerus caffer Madoqua Ourebia ourebi kirkii Kobus Redunca ellipsiprymnus redunca Nanger Eudorcas granti thomsonii Aepyceros melampus Damaliscus korrigum Alcelaphus Connochaetes buselaphus taurinus Papio anubis Rhabdomys pumilio Pedetes capensis typha capensis cyperus kyllinga nervosa spp. digitaria ternata digitaria milanjiana digitaria macroblephara digitaria diagonalis digitaria abyssinica digitaria velutina echinochloa haploclada setaria sphacelata setaria pallidefusca cenchrus ciliaris brachiaria semiundulata tricholaena teneriffae pennisetum eriochloa fatmensis stramineum pennisetum mezianum panicum repens panicum maximum panicum deustum panicum coloratum hyperthelia dissoluta sorghum versicolor andropogon schirensis andropogon greenwayi hyparrhenia rufa hyparrhenia filipendula diheteropogon amplectens cymbopogon caesius bothriochloa insculpta heteropogon contortus themeda triandra chloris dinebra roxburghiana retroflexa chloris pycnothrix chloris gayana cynodon microchloa dactylon kunthii eustachys paspaloides sporobolus stapfianus sporobolus spicatus sporobolus pyramidalis sporobolus pellucidus sporobolus ioclados sporobolus fimbriatus sporobolus festivus psilolemma jaegeri harpachne schimperi eragrostis tenuifolia eragrostis exasperata eragrostis cilianensis eragrostis aspera phragmites mauritianus aristida spp. commelina africana aloe aloe macrosiphon secundiflora albuca spp. sansevieria sansevieria ehrenbergii suffruticosa kalanchoe spp. cyphostemma rhoicissus revoilii spp. cissus cissus quadrangularis rotundifolia balanites combretum aegyptiacus molle phyllanthus sepialis euphorbia candelabrum croton macrostachyus croton dichogamus acalypha fruticosa indigofera hochstetteri indigofera basiflora lonchocarpus eriocalyx crotalaria spinosa albizia harveyi vachellia xanthophloea vachellia vachellia seyal tortilis acacia senegal senna acacia didymobotrya robusta ziziphus spp. ficus thonningii ficus ingens ficus glumosa kedrostis foetidissima capparis maerua cafra tomentosa boscia augustifolia kigelia africana allophylus rubifolius pappea capensis commiphora turraea fischeri trothae commiphora schimperi commiphora merkeri sclerocarya birrea sida spp. abutilon spp. pavonia patens hibiscus spp. grewia hibiscus trichocarpa lunariifolius grewia bicolor grewia arborea pupalia ximenia lappacea caffra achyranthes aspera pavetta assimilis solanum nigrum solanum incanum ipomoea solanum dennekense obscura heliotropium steudneri olea cordia spp. ovalis jasminum spp. ocimum spp. iboza spp. hoslundia opposita hypoestes forskaolii duosperma kilimandscharicum blepharis acanthodioides emilia ukambensis pellaea emilia coccinea calomelanos 13

14 Do tree and web notice each other?...we see a reflection of evolution in this food web, which is unsurprising because closely related species have similar traits and they have similar types of stomaches... Ed Baskerville - DOE CSGF Program at

15 Loxodonta africana Procavia capensis Heterohyrax brucei Crocuta crocuta Acinonyx jubatus Leptailurus serval Caracal caracal Panthera pardus Panthera leo Lycaon pictus Canis mesomelas Canis aureus Equus quagga Phacochoerus africanus Hippopotamus amphibius Giraffa camelopardalis Tragelaphus scriptus Taurotragus oryx Syncerus caffer Ourebia ourebi Madoqua kirkii Redunca redunca Kobus ellipsiprymnus Eudorcas thomsonii Nanger granti Aepyceros melampus Damaliscus korrigum Connochaetes taurinus Alcelaphus buselaphus Papio anubis Rhabdomys pumilio Pedetes capensis typha capensis kyllinga nervosa cyperus spp. digitaria ternata digitaria milanjiana digitaria macroblephara digitaria diagonalis digitaria abyssinica digitaria velutina echinochloa haploclada setaria sphacelata setaria pallidefusca cenchrus ciliaris brachiaria semiundulata tricholaena teneriffae eriochloa fatmensis pennisetum stramineum pennisetum mezianum panicum repens panicum maximum panicum deustum panicum coloratum hyperthelia dissoluta sorghum versicolor andropogon schirensis andropogon greenwayi hyparrhenia rufa hyparrhenia filipendula diheteropogon amplectens cymbopogon caesius bothriochloa insculpta heteropogon contortus themeda triandra dinebra retroflexa chloris roxburghiana chloris pycnothrix chloris gayana microchloa kunthii cynodon dactylon eustachys paspaloides sporobolus stapfianus sporobolus spicatus sporobolus pyramidalis sporobolus pellucidus sporobolus ioclados sporobolus fimbriatus sporobolus festivus psilolemma jaegeri harpachne schimperi eragrostis tenuifolia eragrostis exasperata eragrostis cilianensis eragrostis aspera phragmites mauritianus aristida spp. commelina africana aloe secundiflora aloe macrosiphon albuca spp. sansevieria suffruticosa sansevieria ehrenbergii kalanchoe spp. rhoicissus revoilii cyphostemma spp. cissus rotundifolia cissus quadrangularis combretum molle balanites aegyptiacus phyllanthus sepialis euphorbia candelabrum croton macrostachyus croton dichogamus acalypha fruticosa indigofera hochstetteri indigofera basiflora lonchocarpus eriocalyx crotalaria spinosa albizia harveyi vachellia xanthophloea vachellia tortilis vachellia seyal acacia senegal acacia robusta senna didymobotrya ziziphus spp. ficus thonningii ficus ingens ficus glumosa kedrostis foetidissima maerua cafra capparis tomentosa boscia augustifolia kigelia africana allophylus rubifolius pappea capensis turraea fischeri commiphora trothae commiphora schimperi commiphora merkeri sclerocarya birrea sida spp. abutilon spp. pavonia patens hibiscus spp. hibiscus lunariifolius grewia trichocarpa grewia bicolor grewia arborea ximenia caffra pupalia lappacea achyranthes aspera pavetta assimilis solanum nigrum solanum incanum solanum dennekense ipomoea obscura heliotropium steudneri cordia ovalis olea spp. jasminum spp. ocimum spp. iboza spp. hoslundia opposita hypoestes forskaolii duosperma kilimandscharicum blepharis acanthodioides emilia ukambensis emilia coccinea pellaea calomelanos P-values fetishist? p 0.05 (phytools) 15

16 Loxodonta africana Procavia capensis Heterohyrax brucei Crocuta crocuta Acinonyx jubatus Leptailurus serval Caracal caracal Panthera pardus Panthera leo Lycaon pictus Canis mesomelas Canis aureus Equus quagga Phacochoerus africanus Hippopotamus amphibius Giraffa camelopardalis Tragelaphus scriptus Taurotragus oryx Syncerus caffer Ourebia ourebi Madoqua kirkii Redunca redunca Kobus ellipsiprymnus Eudorcas thomsonii Nanger granti Aepyceros melampus Damaliscus korrigum Connochaetes taurinus Alcelaphus buselaphus Papio anubis Rhabdomys pumilio Pedetes capensis typha capensis kyllinga nervosa cyperus spp. digitaria ternata digitaria milanjiana digitaria macroblephara digitaria diagonalis digitaria abyssinica digitaria velutina echinochloa haploclada setaria sphacelata setaria pallidefusca cenchrus ciliaris brachiaria semiundulata tricholaena teneriffae eriochloa fatmensis pennisetum stramineum pennisetum mezianum panicum repens panicum maximum panicum deustum panicum coloratum hyperthelia dissoluta sorghum versicolor andropogon schirensis andropogon greenwayi hyparrhenia rufa hyparrhenia filipendula diheteropogon amplectens cymbopogon caesius bothriochloa insculpta heteropogon contortus themeda triandra dinebra retroflexa chloris roxburghiana chloris pycnothrix chloris gayana microchloa kunthii cynodon dactylon eustachys paspaloides sporobolus stapfianus sporobolus spicatus sporobolus pyramidalis sporobolus pellucidus sporobolus ioclados sporobolus fimbriatus sporobolus festivus psilolemma jaegeri harpachne schimperi eragrostis tenuifolia eragrostis exasperata eragrostis cilianensis eragrostis aspera phragmites mauritianus aristida spp. commelina africana aloe secundiflora aloe macrosiphon albuca spp. sansevieria suffruticosa sansevieria ehrenbergii kalanchoe spp. rhoicissus revoilii cyphostemma spp. cissus rotundifolia cissus quadrangularis combretum molle balanites aegyptiacus phyllanthus sepialis euphorbia candelabrum croton macrostachyus croton dichogamus acalypha fruticosa indigofera hochstetteri indigofera basiflora lonchocarpus eriocalyx crotalaria spinosa albizia harveyi vachellia xanthophloea vachellia tortilis vachellia seyal acacia senegal acacia robusta senna didymobotrya ziziphus spp. ficus thonningii ficus ingens ficus glumosa kedrostis foetidissima maerua cafra capparis tomentosa boscia augustifolia kigelia africana allophylus rubifolius pappea capensis turraea fischeri commiphora trothae commiphora schimperi commiphora merkeri sclerocarya birrea sida spp. abutilon spp. pavonia patens hibiscus spp. hibiscus lunariifolius grewia trichocarpa grewia bicolor grewia arborea ximenia caffra pupalia lappacea achyranthes aspera pavetta assimilis solanum nigrum solanum incanum solanum dennekense ipomoea obscura heliotropium steudneri cordia ovalis olea spp. jasminum spp. ocimum spp. iboza spp. hoslundia opposita hypoestes forskaolii duosperma kilimandscharicum blepharis acanthodioides emilia ukambensis emilia coccinea pellaea calomelanos P-values fetishist? p 0.01 (phytools) trait value length=

17 Branching Brownian Motion dx(t) = σ db(t) Additional parameters through tree transformation λ - strength of phylogenetic signal κ - gradual/punctual δ - adaptive radiation / species specialization From Liam Revell s bmplot 17

18 Adding complexity Early Burst BBM dx(t) = σ(t) db(t) σ(t) =σ(0) e rt Branching Ornstein-Uhlenbeck dx(t)=α[θ X(t)]dt+σdB(t) Attraction toward Θ BBM model with multiple rates BOU with multiple attractors 18

j(t)]s}dt + σdb(t) where (xᐧy) is the dot product and [x - y]s is the tangent

19 Interacting Branching Brownian Motion dx o i(t)= j i{(x o i(t)ᐧx i j(t))[x i j(t) - X o i(t)]s}dt + σdb(t) dx i i(t)= j i{(x o j(t)ᐧx i i(t))[x i i(t) - X o j(t)]s}dt + σdb(t) where (xᐧy) is the dot product and [x - y]s is the tangent vector to the geodesic from x to y on S and S is the surface where the traits live Can we? 19

20 Many thanks to: Daniel Stouffer - UC Arne Moers Simon Fraser Mike Steel - UC Carey Priebe John Hopkins 20

Forage selection of sable antelope in Pilanesberg Game Reserve, South Africa

Forage selection of sable antelope in Pilanesberg Game Reserve, South Africa Hector Magome, James W. Cain III *, Norman Owen-Smith & Stephen R. Henley Centre for African Ecology, School of Animal, Plant,