NUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF TWO DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF FOXTAIL MILLET (Setaria italica sp.) AND THEIR POTENTIAL USE AS POULTRY FEED INGREDIENT

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1 NUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF TWO DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF FOXTAIL MILLET (Setaria italica sp.) AND THEIR POTENTIAL USE AS POULTRY FEED INGREDIENT SISKA TIRAJOH 1, ACHMANU 2, O. SJOFJAN 2 and E. WIDODO 2 1 Assessment Institute of Agricultural Technology (AIAT) Papua, Jl. Yahim Sentani Papua, Indonesia siskatirajoh2006@yahoo.com 2 University of Brawijaya Malang, Jl. Veteran, Malang, Indonesia ABSTRACT Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica sp) has been cultivated for years in Biak Numfor, Papua as a common dry land cereal. The comparative nutrients of yellow and red variety of Foxtail Millets in term of proximate analysis showed: Dry Matter (88.37 vs 87.12%); Ash (0.86 vs 1.97%); Crude Protein (12.07 vs 10.32%); Crude Fibre (1.93 vs 15.79%); Crude Fat (2.76 vs 0.41%) and Nitrogen free Extract (85.09 vs 60.60%). Additional analysis indicated: Gross energy ( Kkal/kg vs Kkal/kg); Carbohydrate (84.31 vs 73.69%); ADF (5.02 vs 52.03%); NDF (27.24 vs 69.98%); Ca (1.25 vs 0.71%); P (0.18 vs 0.33%) for yellow and red Foxtail Millet, respectively. Amino acids analysis for lysine, glutamic acid, cystein and leucine contents were vs 0.285%; vs 1.727%; vs 0.057% and 1.500% vs 1.198% for yellow and red Foxtail Millet, respectively. This indicated that yellow Foxtail Millet contained higher concentration of amino acids than the red variety. Both yellow and red Foxtail Millet might be promoted as a potential feedstuff for poultry because dry land area is about 4,329,546 ha in Papua with potential production between ton/ha/year, the production in the research centre was even higher (72 ton/ha/year). Key words: Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica sp), Nutrient Contents, Amino Acids, Papua INTRODUCTION Papua is one of the most east provinces in Indonesia which has a diverse variety of plants utilizable for local human food. Those plants include sago, sweet potato, Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica sp.) and some of them have not been elaborated. Papua Foxtail Millet which is usually known as pokem local name is a carbohydrate rich source for people living in dry land of Biak Numfor as an alternative for rice. It is also being used traditionally for feed supplement for pregnant mother and under 3 years old baby in Numfor Island (Rumbrawer, 2003). Survey on potential production indicated that in Biak Numfor, productivity of Foxtail Millet is about 1.5 ton/ha/year at farmers level, but much higher in the test research farm i.e., 2.7 ton/ha/year (Data processed; Amirawati, 2003; Simanjuntak and Ondikleuw, 2004). If 10% of dry land cultivation area Biak Numfor which is ha is utilized for Foxtail Millet, it can be expected to produce more than ton/year (Anonymous, 2005). Development of poultry population in Papua is increasing slowly, one of the disadvantage is lack of available feedstuffs locally. Feed ingredients have to be transported from Jakarta, Surabaya and Makassar at higher cost. With a tendency of increasing population of poultry to support local needs, there should be an effort to find alternative feedstuffs in order to make poultry industry more efficient and affordable for people. Local Foxtail milled could be one of the alternative feedstuffs. According to Zuprizal et al. (2001) nutritive values of poultry feedstuff should take into account the content and balance of amino acids. Suprijatna et al. (2005) stated that beside protein, energy is also important because poultry eat the feed to fulfill the energy required. This research is intended to compare the potential nutritive value of 2 varieties of Foxtail Millet originated from Papua. 104

2 MATERIALS AND METHOD Two varieties (yellow and red) Papua Foxtail Millet were obtained from distric Kameri - West Numfor, Biak Numfor regency. Proximate, fibre (NDF and ADF), gross energy, mineral (Ca and P) and amino acid analysis of 2 varieties (red and yellow) Foxtail Millet were carried out in the laboratory of Animal Nutrition, laboratory of Chemistry and central laboratory of Biological Sciences University of Brawijaya. Standard procedure of analysis were applied AOAC (1990), but preparation of amino acid analysis hydrolysis of sample was according to done as follow: 100 mg of samples, was added with 5 ml 6N HCl then the was dried sample by using Nitrogen Argon, sealed and put into oven 112 o C for 22 hours. Thereafter, filtered by using 0,45 µm paper filter to get 100 µl, diluted with 5 ml miliq water. While for derivatization to HPLC, took 50 µl of the hydrolyzed sample, add with 350 µl Acc Q Derivatization Buffer and 100 µl Acc Q Flour Reagent to Derivatize, shaked for a while gently and before being injected into HPLC put into a warm water (heat for 10 minutes at 55 o C). Data were then descriptively analyzed. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Description of Papua Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica sp.) One of human food resources in Papua to replace the use of rice and corn is Papua Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica sp.). According to Austin (2006) Foxtail Millet (Setaria: Poaceae) is the oldest cereal plant consumed by human in Europe, Africa and Asia. Cultivation of Setaria italica started 8,000 year ago but then getting less attention since the 20 century. In fact, it was an important food in India, China, Korea and Japan. Rumbrawer (2003) reported that in Papua there are 5 different varieties of Foxtail Millet based on different colour namely brown, yellow, red, white and black. Among them, only 3 varieties are now commonly cultivated in Papua, which are red, yellow and black. Figure 1. Showed the 3 commonly cultivated Foxtail Millet in Papua. The advantages of cultivating Foxtail Millet are: (1) resistance to dry land area; (2) productivity relatively high; (3) easy to cultivate; (4) can be used as food and feed; (5) highly adapted to marginal land. According to Brink (2006); FAO (2011) and Baltensperger (2012) Setaria italica is a plant of low season and easy to be cultivated in dry land and harvested for less than 90 days, productivity of kg/ha and straw of 2.5 ton/ha. While Simanjuntak dan Ondikleuw (2004) reported lower production of Foxtail Millet, which was only kg/ha, but Amirawati (2003) reported its production was 907 kg/ha. Chemical composition of Foxtail Millet The chemical composition of 2 varieties of Foxtail Millet is shown in Table 1. Results on dry matter showed a similar content between yellow and red Foxtail Millet (88.37% vs Red, yellow and black Foxtail Millet Fluor of yellow (left) and red (right) Foxtail Millet Figure1. Visualization of red, yellow and black Foxtail Millet 105

3 Table 1. Composition of Papua yellow and red Foxtail Millets Nutrient Unit Foxtail Millet Yellow Red Dry matter % Ash % Crude protein % Crude fibre % Crude fat % Gross energy Kcal/kg NFE % ADF % NDF % Carbohydrates % Ca % P % %), indicating that both Foxtail Millet have been dried out perfectly so that the water content was below 14%. The carbohydrates content of these Foxtail Millet were relatively high i.e., and 87.30%, for yellow and red variety respectively, similar to those of rice, wheat, sorghum, potato and corn. Suherman et al. (2009) reported that yellow Foxtail Millet contained 84.20% carbohydrates. While gross energy analysis showed that yellow Foxtail Millet contained lower energy than that of red one (4202 Kcal/kg vs 4289 Kcal/kg). It is also believed that the use of Foxtail Millet can be effective to reduce blood glucose level so that useful for diabetic patient. Based on crude protein content, yellow Foxtail Millet also contained slightly more protein (12.07 vs 10.32%) than the red variety. Similar result was also reported by Abate and Gomez (1984) and Suherman et al, (2009) that crude protein content of yellow and red Foxtail Millet were and 10.70%, respectively. In addition, Upadhyaya et al. (2011) reported that Foxtail Millet contained protein, mineral (calsium, ferrum, potassium, magnesium, zinc) and vitamin. Fat contents of yellow and red Foxtail Millet were 2.76 and 0.41%, respectively. Abate and Gomez (1984) Table 2. Composition of amino acids in yellow and red Papua Foxtail Millet Amino acid Yellow foxtail millet (%) Red foxtail millet (%) Difference (%) L-Aspartic Acid L-Serine L-Glutamic Acid L-Glycine L-Histidine L-Arginine L-Threonine L-Alanine L-Proline L-Cystine L-Tyrosine L-Valine L-Metheonine L-Lysine HCL L-Isoleucine L-Leucine L-Phenylalanine Total

4 and Suherman et al. (2009) reported the respective fat content were 3.90 dan 3.30%. Crude fiber contents of red Foxtail Millet was much higher than the yellow variety (15.79 vs 2.76%). According Baltensperger (2012) red Foxtail Millet contained thicker epicarp, mesocarp and pericarp layers, this may contribute to the highest index fibre contents. On the basis of ash content, red Foxtail Millet contained more than twice as higher as that of yellow Foxtail Millet (1.18 vs 1.97%). Concentration of ash in yellow Foxtail Millet in the current experiment was much lower than those reported by Prabowo (2010) which was 1.80%, for red Foxtail Millet and by Abate and Gomez (1984) i.e., 3.00%. Calcium and Phosporus contents of yellow vs red Foxtail Millet were 0.75 vs 0.71% and 0.18 vs 0.33%, respectively. Abate and Gomez (1984) reported that Foxtail Millet contained 0.01% and 0.31% for calcium and phosphor, respectively. Composition of amino acid in Foxtail Millet Composition of amino acid in a feedstuff is important when poultry feed is being formulated. It is not only in term of amino acids content, but also the amino acids balance. Table 2 showed a comparison of amino acid composition of yellow and red Foxtail Millet, in which yellow variety contained more total amino acid than the red variety (15.06 vs 9.42%). Most of the amino acid contents were much higher in yellow Foxtail Millet than the red millet, particularly for L-cystine. Only L- Glycine, L-Histidine, L-Tyrosine and L- methionine were slightly less in yellow Foxtail Millet than the red one. Lysine and Methionine are usually the most limiting amino acids in corn and soy based diet. The lysine content of the millet which has slightly higher contents of Lysine and Methionine are higher in Foxtail Millet, regardless of variety, than the corn (NRC, 1994). The content of lysine was 3 times higher in yellow Foxtail Millet than these reported by NRC (1994) i.e., 0.20%. This means that the use of yellow Foxtail Millet use in poultry diet to substitute corn may reduce the supplementation of lysine in diet formulation. CONCLUSION Yellow Foxtail Millet is more potential to be used as poultry feedstuff, to replace corn as compared with the red Foxtail Millet. It requires a policy to support development of local Foxtail Millet in the most east province of Papua for the purpose of not only as poultry feedstuff but also as human food ingredient. It is suggested to conduct biological trial on the use of Foxtail Millet originated from Papua for poultry. REFERENCES Abate, A.N. and M. Gomez Substitution of Finger Millet and Bulrush Millet for Miszen in Broiler Feeds. Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol. 10: Amirawati Teknologi Budidaya Tanaman Pokem. Laporan Hasil Penelitian. Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Papua. Anonymous Atlas Agro Ecological Zone Provinsi Papua. Dinas Pertanian Provinsi Papua. AOAC Official Methods of Analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemist. AOAC. Washington DC, USA. Austin, D.F Fox-Tail Millets (Setaria: Poaceae) Abandoned Food in Two Hemispheres. Econ. Bot. 60(2): Baltensperger. D.D Foxtail and Proso Millet. ngs1996/v3-182.html. (28 Januari 2012). Brink, M Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv. Record from Protabase. Brink, M. and Belay, G. (Eds.). PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa/Ressources végétales de l Afrique tropicale), Wageningen, Netherlands. (25 Januari 2010). FAO Grassland Index. A searchable catalogue of grass and forage legumes. FAO. NRC Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. Ninth Revised Edition. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. Prabowo, B Kajian Sifat Fisiko Kimia Tepung Millet Kuning dan Tepung Millet Merah pdf. (29 Nopember 2011). Rumbrawer, F Pokem Terigu Unggul Masa Depan. J. Antropologi Papua 25(2):

5 Simanjuntak, Y. dan M. Ondikleuw Kajian Komponen Teknologi Budidaya Pokem di Biak Numfor. Laporan Hasil Penelitian. Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Papua. Suherman, O., M. Zairin dan Awaluddin Keberadaan dan Pemanfaatan Plasma Nutfah Jewawut di Kawasan Lahan Kering Pulau Lombok. 5 Mei 2011 Suprijatna, E., U. Atmomarsono dan R. Kartasudjana Ilmu Dasar Ternak Unggas. Penebar Swadaya Jakarta. Upadhyaya, H.D., C.R. Ravishankar, Y. Narasimhudu, N.D.R.K. Sarma, S.K. Singh, S.K. Varshney, V.G. Reddy, S. Singh, H.K. Parzies, S.L. Dwivedi, H.L. Nadaf, K.L. Sahrawat and C.L.L. Gowda Identification of Trait-Specific Germplasm and Developing a Mini Core Collection for Efficient Use of Foxtail Millet Genetic Resources in Crop Improvement. Field Crop. Res. 124: Zuprizal, A. Ismail, M. Kamal dan Supadmo Evaluasi Nilai Nutritif Protein Bahan Pakan Untuk Ternak Unggas. Bull. Peternakan 25(1): DISCUSSION Questions: 1. What was the reason of the different fiber content between two varieties, and also the lysine content? 2. Which one more planted in Papua? and have you ever analyzed secondary compound? Answers: 1. Pericarp material contributes to the fiber composition. 2. Yellow millet is more planted in Papua, we have not analysed the secondary compound yet. 108