Breeding faba bean (Vicia faba L.) for resistance to Orobanche crenata Forsk

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1 Breeding faba bean (Vicia faba L.) for resistance to Orobanche crenata Forsk Cubero J.I., Hernández L. in Cubero J.I. (ed.), Saxena M.C. (ed.). Present status and future prospects faba bean production and improvement in the Mediterranean countries Zaragoza : CIHEAM Options Méditerranéennes : Série A. Séminaires Méditerranéens; n pages Article available on line / Article disponible en ligne à l adresse : To cite this article / Pour citer cet article Cubero J.I., Hernández L. Breeding faba bean ( Vicia faba L.) for resistance to Orobanche crenata Forsk. In : Cubero J.I. (ed.), Saxena M.C. (ed.). Present status and future prospects faba bean production and improvement in the Mediterranean countries. Zaragoza : CIHEAM, p (Options Méditerranéennes : Série A. Séminaires Méditerranéens; n. 10)

2 Breedingfababean (Vicia faba for resistance to Orobanche crenata Forsk HERNÁNDEZ** *DEPARTAMENTO DE GENETICA ESCUELA TECNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS AGR~NOMOS APDO. 3048, CORDOBA, SPAIN **UNIDAD DE LEGUMINOSAS CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓN Y DESARROLLO AGRARIO (CIDA) APDO.240, CORDOBA, SPAIN - on selection Vicia faba to Orobanche crenata and on its discussed. most genetic component, always quite is additivity. is t always when it is, it is dependent and sensu Van is at least one case genetic complementation. is and the discussed. - Amélioration de la fève (Vicia faba L.) pour la résistance à Forsk. Des rapports sur la sélection pour la résistance de Vicia faba à et son hérédité sont examinés. La composante génétique la plus importante, toujours très remarquable, est La dominance n est pas toujours exprimée; quand elle l est, il s agit d une dominance sensu Van existe au moins un cas évident de complémentation génétique. décrivons ici tre stratégie d amélioration pour la résistance et discutons des résultats. 1986). Orobanche crerlata is a the cultivation faba bean in as a was by as in dense plots, was t as a in the eight- Thus, in 1790 in such detail that the suggestion the is its in the Nile in Egypt. Studies on faba to O. crenata in Vicia Table 1 on the con- Orobanche attack by biological, chemical only exception seems to be the application glyphosate to O. crenata on V. faba (although this is t so with lentils, expectation using the fly orobanchiae as still a hope. the tested in the past (Elia, 1964; com.; Elia (1964)studied 15 and found that those belonging to the major equina and mir less susceptible to major types with light in suscepti least (1973) studied lines belonging to the in the host species. was a between the a line and the the the seed size, level - - n.o : 51-57

3 ~~ CIHEAM - Options Mediterraneennes Table 1. Studies on resistance to Orobanche creaata. ance, hence was also Consequently, to selection was almost nil. Attempts to imby studying the statistical F? di#. getypes in vitra and tests F, vivo conditions. No dominance. Scaling effect. Weak Suscepk avoid escapes. Origin F402. to Additivity. No dominance. the level infestation. vitro See Table 2. depends on enviionmental ni. selection: between plotselection. di Locale Suso, Abdalla, 1982 Nassib et al., 1982 et al., 1987, 1988a 1988 Elia s as well as those by and (1979) fit well into this et al., et al., between getypes have been detected, selection this has failed to an au@entically causes, acting can explain these even the highest found in those attempts was t eugh to an authentically Second, when data available, it can be easily seen that is as much between them as within lines; genetic was much than selection did t eitwo cycles test, the level ance the host plant and by its was almost the same as that the point althoùgh the plants 12% to 22% 1983). We w feel that two cycles tests t eugh to achieve a significant to selection given the low value, the low ance level in the host and the complexity the et al. (198&a), have positive the use a combined selection between and within populations, even without any kind geny tests. Such a is only possible minimum values the effects in to obtain maximum values. A pau&ga line, VF 172, was (1973) as showing a suspicion that the low on host plants was a consequence a system was eliminated by studying the its with susceptible lines. these and with the equivalent X susceptible a between which was alike 1973; and 1979). As VF 172 was, speaking, and because its was still t cially useful, involving VF 172 as a the line, F402, was by Nassib et al. (1982). F402 showed a high level field as well as was also possible to to study the genetics by using a tion F402 to be house and field conditions, conditions both and infestation. This twithstanding, and (1986, 1987) did t obwith in vitro between this and susceptible lines. Subsequently, F402 gave to the Giza 402. line W1071 was selected out Giza 402 in Andalusia. to some W1071 kept its to Orobanche even when Giza 402 had lost it. W1071 is the line w being used in by these lines, which have been tested t only by themselves but both with susceptible lines and tions, in the and (1986) mentioned the

4 a line in vitro Orobanche tests. et al. (1988) Locale di Castella, a as highly field conditions in to 50 se lines still need to have tested. has almost field conditions and with both (1985) (1986) have techniques, still t widely used by faba bean despite simplicity, in lentils et al., 1987). susceptible lines. be as as possible that the selected plants t escapes; a host plant can always be an escape, but the this event will be if its family is a high such plants. Of with the statistical dis- (susceptible lines) is the analysis the individual lines, which could be an impossible task if a lines is handled, can be substituted by a double index: the plants with the Measuring resistance A comment on how to seems necindices have been used by autotal weight host plant, height the tallest the shoot, plants host unit sown etc. (this volume) have used the as a effectiveness host Even though such an index may be a plant pathologist, its applicability by t so as even with a a plant can yield an amount seeds. This index could be useful in combination with ones than as a single shoots host plant seems to be the most Studies on Vicia sativalo. crenata (G11 et al., 1982,, 1987) also this election. best index would be the total seeds the stimulant substance by the host, but impossible to evaluate in field even vitro conditions. Thus, the best to the total Orobanche plants attached to the the host. Although it is difficult to field conditions, the high between this Orobanche shoots plant it easy to 1983). A is statistical analysis less, genetic studies, as those designed to mine the the total genetic in its main components, the host A caution: to select a plant with can be meaningless if the statistical the shoots on individual host plants is t Thus, plants to be selected must t but must also belong to a family with a high plants. F, F3 families always give a Studies on the genetics resistance Until quite the dealt getypes, especially the patlcijuga line by means a diallel including VF172, found dominance on conditions, as the ance hot and (1980) studied a 7*7 (also including VF172) finding a scale effect as well as dominance Suso (1980), who only included Spanish lines in 8*8 diallel also found additive effects, and almost nil dominance effects. an extensive set scheme. This time, F,, F, and F3 as well as selfed studied two in a infested plot. Even though the simito those mentioned above, especially the additivity and dependence in the sense explained, it is t possible to out the existence a type which is at least a case genic complementation was also evident: a susceptible lines gave a significant in both F, and F3 suggest the existence genetic in V. faba to O. crenata much ults conclusion at the in vitro the point view the finding lies in the possibility identifying useful genes many genetically in to buildupnewgetypes with a level than the line W1071. Tables 1 and 2 V. faba to O. crenata published until w. main conclusions obtained these be summaas follows:

5 Table 2. Genetics resistance to O. crenata.a I S vs vs 172 X X X X X yes yes yes Compl. yes S: susceptible; susceptible; susceptible - Additivity is always being the only genetic component. - When dominance effects susceptibility is usually dominant dominance, if is always cases is dominant susceptibility. is at least one case was genetic complementation: a between two highly susceptible lines gave a in F, and F3. - This genetic has to be a consequence the coexistence mechanisms. Thus, genes can be found in many lines and can be dominant - biotypes the showing ential host tion is - seems to be sensu Van (1968). lines is, it is possible to use them in a wide Pathogenic biotypes between host and at the getypic level can the possible existence biotypes has been studied by the use 25 host lines and 5 populations the and by (1987) by means 10 host lines and 6 populations. main these studies is that is level getypes almost to and vice versa. This suggestion is by the good in Lattakia lines selected in (Spain), in both cases field conditions and biotypes can as Orobanche crenata populations cally as well as genetically. they can also inate in Orobanche et al., 1979). et al. (1988b) studied 9 accessions crenata on 22 stocks faba bean. y also did t find any between host and biotypes showed ences in but host and ships seemed to be dependent on the conditions than on getype se those discussed, even though both them obtained conditions

6 Our breeding strategy main in to Orobanche is to avoid the 'dilution' genes once the the and the adapted (susceptible) lines have been so has been the line W1071, which has been continuously checked both field and glasshouse conditions. W1071 plants selected as always seeds obtained selfed plants. We have t maintained the same VF1071 lines have been chosen to the the W1071 itself. the quantitative genetic the to in faba bean, (1983) suggested a selection method to accumulate genes in the host at the quickest possible We follow amodified selection method which included test within each one the cycles to in faba bean. Use cages is obviously because the allogamy the host species, but yield tests have to be open field conditions in a highly and homogeneously infested plot (the homogeneity the plot infestation has to be checked). the statistical the selection between lines to the simple value any kind index. Statistical designs should include tions. is essential to to modify the statistical bution than use 1981/ / /84 / / / / p1 1 F/ l p2 1 F2 522 I GLASS LLASS - - CAGE1 I expected in selection will always be slow, as the main involved to Orobanche, yield plant and seed size) quantitative a genetic point view. spite this difficulty, show that it is feasible to combine and yield in the same getype. Fig. 1 shows the steps followed by us since basic ideas in - well adapted but susceptible used as lines at times. - Selection in an selection kept in though, open field tests also cages, al- - best plants the best lines, taking into account the within-line the selected and selfed in glasshouse the following seeds an usual second sowing cage in the same - t to dilute genes, between the best lines selfed have valuable set families selection. cause the essentially additive genetic system at the level. lines must be selected both selfed descendants. lines the to the will but less adaptation. is essential to keep genes and genes yield and to allow - Field following tions, each one consisting small individual plots. most advanced lines the last season (1987/88) 24 blocks, each one consisting 25 plots. Each plot consisted one advanced selected line by a check (CV. 'Alameda') and the (VF1071).

7 /O ' Selected Lines A Yield /plant '"I Orobanche PIS Host plant Average S.L. : 0.452E 402 : 0.202E Minimum v. cheks : 5 g/plant Alameda(3) o/o B Seed f size n = g/ioo seeds Fig. 2. selected lines to (A) yield/plant (gplant), faba bean seed size (g100 seeds); n = 430. seven susceptible checks and one (W 1071) check shown

8 Fig. 2 shows the obtained the selected lines two namely, yield plant and seed size. is hope both Even though the advance in selection is obvious, the use the genes W1071 a ceiling in the expected level gains. to include in the igin. Lines genes well as genes such as Localle di Castella and 2210 could also be included a check. in selection will always be slow, as the involved to Orobanche, yield plant and seed size) quantitative a genetic point view. show that it is feasible to obtain as a misleading in the in to Orobanche crenata in on biology and Orobanche S.J. lands. faba to Orobanche crenata: true Euphytica (1987): in Vicia hidden susceptibility. a local faba bean collection and its to Orobanche in Faba bean and Webb, C., eds.). Nijhf, Attempts to Orobanche in in Some on Vicia faba in the Communities, to Orobanche crenara Vicia faba. in Com. Wedds. Univ. (1983): diseases in Vicia faba,l. with spe- (Orobanche crenata Foysk.) in Faba London, to Orobanche and Striga: in a on Orobanche S.J. ed.). Wageningen, genetics ance faba bean to Orobanche crenara and Some in Vicia faba to on Vicia faba in crenata. in the Communities, A. (1979): in Orobanche crenata in II Sym- I in posium on Eplee, N.C., U.S.A. sulla della Faba all orobanche. 3: J., jopo (Orobanche crenata Nacional de en Vicia sariva. Anales del J., (): to Orobanche crenata Vicia sariva L., in the Symposium on Weeds. J., (1987): Genetics the in Vicia sativa L. to Orobanche crenara ing 99: (1987): Genética de la de Vicia faba L. a Orobanche crenata sis, Spain. Studies on the Vicia faba to Orobanche crenata in the Symposium on asitic S. and (1985): A technique faba beans (Vicia faba L.) to Orobanche. 12: A.A. and S.A. (1982): to Orobanche. in Faba bean and. ation to in Vicia faba. 20: (1986): A method vitro testing to Orobanche in faba bean and lentil in on biologyand Orobanche ed.). Wageningen, lands. to 100~ (1988a): Selection in faba bean Orobanche crenata in faba bean lines to accessions Orobanche crenata 101: J., (1987):A test to lentil conditions susceptibility to Orobanche. LENS 14: SUSO, Studies on quantitative in Vicia faba major de la Casa de Campo. 10 vols. Valencia, Spain. VAN demic 206 pp. in al