Optimization of Water Use in Vineyards in the Okanagan Using Precision Irrigation FINAL REPORT

Transcription

1 Optimization of Water Use in Vineyards in the Okanagan Using Precision Irrigation FINAL REPORT 1

2 Acknowledgments Funding for this project was provided in part by the Governments of Canada and British Columbia through the Investment Agriculture Foundation of BC under Growing Forward 2, a federal-provincial-territorial initiative. The program is delivered by the BC Agriculture & Food Climate Action Initiative. A special thank you goes to Scott Smith at the Summerland Research and Development Centre for his help and guidance. Disclaimer Opinions expressed in this document are those of the author and not necessarily those of the Governments of Canada and British Columbia. The Governments of Canada and British Columbia, and their directors, agents, employees, or contractors will not be liable for any claims, damages, or losses of any kind whatsoever arising out of the use of, or reliance upon, this information. 2

3 INTRODUCTION... 4 Three main objectives:... 5 METHODOLOGY... 5 RESULTS... 8 Soil texture and moisture retention curves... 8 Modification of all 5 irrigations system and first results CONCLUSIONS APPENDICES

4 ABSTRACT With the increasing demand on water resources in the Okanagan Valley, Le Vieux Pin and Lastella Wineries began a project to study and improve their irrigation techniques. The wineries are interested in reducing their water consumption by improving water application and delivery to match the physiological requirements of the vines and soil composition on a fine scale. Using NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) and electroconductivity, in conjunction with GIS mapping, 29 pits were excavated throughout the vineyards and 76 distinct soil samples were analysed. Using this data, the irrigation system was adapted on a vine by vine basis. The final goal is to improve vine health, control plant vigor and thereby improve grape quality. A reduction of labour costs through automation of the system and the resulting reduction in time required to manage the canopy of the vineyards was a secondary benefit that will allow the vineyards to offset the cost of changing the irrigation systems over time. It is expected that the precision irrigation system with also reduce water usage within a few years time, once the vines have adapted to the new system. This report outlines project activities and preliminary findings from the project inception to February INTRODUCTION The changing climate in the South Okanagan, combined with the potential for issues around long term water supply has motivated Enotecca Wineries and Resort to obtain more precise information about their soils (structure, water retention capacity, macro and micro element composition) in order to better manage the irrigation system and fertilization. The project will be accomplished through 4 components: 1. Detailed analysis of both physical and nutrient properties of the soil and mapping these differences across the vineyards. 2. Installation of irrigation equipment for precise and timed delivery of water and nutrients specific to the mapped soil conditions. 3. Monitoring of total volume of water used for irrigation in the vineyard, along with evaluating the quality and quantity of production. 4. Dissemination of the project results through producer visits to the vineyard and through the wine and grape industry via workshops and presentations. 4

5 Three main objectives: The Okanagan valley is the only desert in Canada and is therefore characterized by high temperatures in the summer, low precipitation, and, due to the geological history, the soils contain a lot of sand requiring irrigation of vineyards to produce quality grapes. Enotecca Wineries and Resorts owns and operates Le Vieux Pin and LaStella wineries and 50 acres of prime vineyards, all located in the southern Okanagan. The three main objectives of this project were to: 1) Reduce the amount of water use in the vineyards by enhancing the application and the delivery of irrigation water and by controlling the amount delivered according to the soil/plant requirements in order to adapt better to the climate change. Also, to prepare for the possibility of water shortages and lack of available water for irrigation during droughts by having an irrigation system designed with precision, which can maintain grape quality with far less water. 2) Increase the knowledge within the project leads company and also within the grape growing industry in the Okanagan. The more that is known about the soils, the plants needs and how to improve the overall balance of the plant, the more business productivity can be improved. At the industry level, it is expected that this project will increase growers awareness around the need to manage the available water with precision and adapt to climate change as an industry. 3) Improve water management by understanding how the soil works and by modifying practices. This implies both: Better time management of labour crew on a yearly basis Increased health of each plant in the vineyard by managing the vigor and therefore enhancing the quality of the grapes: Improving the microclimate surrounding the grapes (less use of anti fungicide and insecticide) will also have a financial impact by saving on labour costs, spraying product costs; and will improve the quality of the grapes resulting in better wines. The ultimate goal is to be able to sustain an outstanding grape quality. A good wine is not made in the cellar; it is made in the vineyard. As two boutiques wineries that strive to put BC on the world map as wine producing region, having uniformed vineyards and balanced grapes in terms of flavor and also chemistry, is the number one priority. METHODOLOGY 1) Electroconductivity and NDVI measurements In July 2015, soil electroconductivity and canopy NDVI measurements were taken by the Chilean company AGRO PRECISION. Using GIS technology, maps were generated and compared to identify 29 distinct areas throughout 5 vineyards. See two examples of the Electroconductivity maps below: 5

6 Map#1-Electroconductivity at Selona Vineyard and location of the 5 soil pits. Location of two of the pits for Selona 6

7 Map#2-Electroconductivity at Lastella Vineyard and location of the 5 soil pits. 2) Soil sampling These sites were then excavated, measurements of the different strata were recorded and a total of 76 soil samples were collected. These samples were analyzed in Victoria at the BC Ministry of Environment with help from the Summerland Research and Development Centre in Summerland, BC. See Appendix #1 and Appendix #2 for detailed results. 7

8 RESULTS Soil texture and moisture retention curves Scott Smith from the Summerland Research and Development Centre, Summerland, BC helped to draw some conclusions regarding the vineyard s soils according to the soil analysis. Irrigation management requires an understanding of the water-holding capacity of a soil (particularly in the root zone of the grapevines); of the water-intake rate of the soil; of the root system of the types of vines to be grown; and of the amount of water that the vines require. There are four important levels of soil moisture content that reflect the availability of water in the soil. They are commonly referred to as: saturation, field capacity, permanent wilting point, and plant available water. Saturation: Saturation is the point the soil pores are filled with water. Saturation usually occurs for short periods of time, either during heavy rainfall events or when soil is being irrigated. Filed Capacity: Field capacity defines the amount of water remaining in the soil after downward gravitational drainage has stopped. This value represents the maximum amount of water that the soil can hold against gravity following saturation by rain or irrigation. Permanent Wilting Point: The amount of water a soil contains after vines are wilted beyond recovery is called the permanent wilting point. Plant Available Water: The amount of water held by the soil between field capacity and the permanent wilting point is referred to as plant available water. Plant available water is typically expressed in terms of inches of water per inch of soil depth. Other important concepts for this research are: Management Allowable Depletion (MAD): Only a portion of the water content can be potentially removed from a volume of soil by the vines and, this quantity is called management allowable depletion (MAD). Soil Type: Sandy soils have many large pores and very little clay resulting in little available water. Water applied by drip irrigation tends to move vertically rather than horizontally in these soil types due to gravity pulling the water through the large pores. The following charts summarize the surface soil textures (the proportion of sand, silt and clay sized particles in each sample) and places these into discrete soil texture classes. Individual samples are represented as points on the texture triangle charts. The soil water retention curves for the surface samples collected from each vineyard are also shown below. The curves are generated by saturating each soil sample in the lab then applying suction to the samples to remove excess water. Suction is applied incrementally at set values, referred to a soil tension and measured in kilo Pascals (KPa), to extract water. Because most of the soils in these vineyards are coarse-textured, plant available water is considered to be the volume of water held between 10 and 100 kpa. These limits can be derived from the graphs shown for each vineyard. 8

9 Figures 1 and 2: All the soils sampled in the Stagg vineyard have similar textures and have similar moisture retention patterns. Hence, soil conditions are relatively uniform within this vineyard. Soils do not contain much gravel. The loamy sand texture generates low water holding capacity, only about 4 cm of water in the top 30 cm. 9

10 Figures 3 and 4: All of the soils sampled in the LaStella vineyard have similar texture and have similar moisture retention patterns. Hence, soil conditions are relatively uniform within this vineyard. All soils contain moderate volumes of gravel, which reduce their water holding capacity somewhat. 10

11 Figures 5 and 6: Soil conditions in the Selona vineyard are highly variable, both in terms of the soil texture and the gravel content. Gravelly soils are shown with dashed lines. In general, the non-gravelly soils have moderate water holding capacity, while the gravelly soils have much less water holding capacity. 11

12 Figures 7 and 8: Within the LFO vineyard, coarse fragment content controls the moisture holding capacity. The best water holding capacity is found in soil D11, which is a sandy loam but without significant coarse fragments. The dashed lines show gravelly soils, which have less water holding capacity than non-gravelly soil even though some of these soils contain significant amounts of silt and clay. 12

13 Figures 9 and 10: The soils from the LVP vineyard are all loamy sands and generally without coarse fragments (except soil E11) yet there appears to be significant variability in the water holding capacity of these soils. The range of water holding capacity is most likely a result of the size of the sands within the sand fraction of these soils. It is likely that soils E41 and E61 contain mainly coarse sand particles, which decrease moisture holding capacity. 13

14 Table 1. A summary of soil properties as they influence irrigation management. The interpretations are based on the soil physical data presented in the appendices of this report Vineyard Soil Properties Soil texture class gravel content AWHC Interpretations for Irrigation management Stagg Loamy sand very few low La Stella Gravelly sandy loam common low The moisture holding capacity of these soils is low, meaning that irrigation is best applied often but at low volumes. Excess water will leach from below the root zone. Soils are relatively uniform and can all be irrigated in the same way. These soils contain gravel, which generally occupies 20 to 25% of the soil volume. While the soil texture provides favourable water holding capacity, this capacity is reduced by the volume of soil made up of gravel. Soils are relatively uniform and can all be irrigated in a similar manner. Selona Sandy loam to loamy sand, sometimes gravelly variable variable The soils in this vineyard are highly variable. This variability comes from the range of soil textures and gravel content that exist, as well as topography. This variability will require localized irrigation management to suit specific soil conditions that exist in this vineyard. Le Feuille D'or (LFO) Gravelly sandy loam variable cobbles and boulders variable The soils in this vineyard are variable. This is a result primarily of coarse fragment content and size. The soil volume made up of coarse fragments varies from from 5% to 40%, often cobble and even boulder size. These reduce the water holding capacity proportionately. This variability will require localized irrigation management to suit specific soil conditions that exist in this vineyard. Le Vieux Pin (LVP) Loamy sand isolated, generally absent low While all the soils sampled in the vineyard were of loamy sand texture, there is considerable variation in the moisture holding capacity of these soils. The variation is likely a result of the size of the sand particles in the soil. Irrigation management will have to be block-specific in order to respond to this variability. 14

15 Modification of irrigations systems The irrigation systems at all 5 properties were converted from micro-sprinkler (or maxi-jet) irrigation to drip irrigation and adapted to the soil variation in each block. This was done over two years: spring 2016 (Selona vineyard and Stagg Vineyard) and spring 2017 (Lastella vineyard, Le vieux pin Vineyard and La Feuille d Or Vineyard) Below are the definitions of drip and Micro sprinkler irrigation according to Ted Goldammer in his book: Grape Grower s handbook Drip irrigation: Drip irrigation is sometimes called trickle irrigation and involves dripping water onto the soil at very low rates from a system of small diameter plastic pipes fitted with outlets called emitters or drippers Micro-sprinkler (maxi-jet) Irrigation: Micro-sprinkler irrigation systems are very similar to drip irrigation systems except that, rather than discharging water at discreet points, the water is sprayed out through a small sprinkler device a) Stagg Vineyard: The irrigation was changed to drip irrigation in the spring of 2016 and was automated. The irrigation staff only has to go to that vineyard to turn the filters on and make sure that everything is running properly. Instead of going to the site every 6 hours when a valve has to be closed and another one opened, the irrigation occurs at night over two days and it requires only 0.5 h of labor. See Appendix #3 For this vineyard, a lot of labor time and cost was saved. Each block is now separately irrigated and, with the automation, irrigation is done in shorter and more frequent sets. As per the soil texture described above, this vineyard responds better if irrigated with shorter sets and more often. Irrigation sets have been recorded for the 2016 and 2017 season and will be recorded in the future. See Appendix #3. Conclusions regarding grape quality linked to the amount of water delivered is not available yet, as the plants have to adapt to the new irrigation system. b) Lastella Vineyard: The irrigation was changed to drip irrigation in the spring of 2017 and will be automated in the spring of A lot of labor went into completing the change over for this vineyard as there were previously some maxi jet and small overhead irrigation systems and not every block had their own valve. Before modifications to vineyard irrigation, staff had to go to the vineyard 7 times to turn on the 14 valves at 1 hour to 1.5 hours per change. Now there are still 14 valves but only 4 changes and it takes 0.5 h per change. The whole vineyard can now be irrigated in 1 day. See Appendix #3 15

16 By combining the results from the electroconductivity map and NDVI map, from the soil samples, and from the soil properties, the irrigation system was adapted. For example, in the Sauvignon Blanc block, the top section where the water retention capacity is low is irrigated, the bottom where the electroconductivity is high (red on the map) was not irrigated at all in The total amount of water for the 2017 season for this block was 140 L/plant versus 150 L/plant previously. See Appendix #3. In this block there is already a reduction in water use combined with an increase in quality. At harvest time, the phenolic maturity (appreciated by testing the berries) from the top and bottom of the block were very close. In years prior, there was a huge difference in taste between the top and the bottom: the bottom was less ripe, more acidic and a lot more vigorous. Not irrigating this portion allowed the two sections of the vineyard to ripen at a uniform speed and level. c) Selona Vineyard: Drip tubes were installed in 2016 to counteract the soil variation and to try to even out the heterogeneity and even out the maturity process of the grapes from the bottom and the top portions of the vineyard. The vineyard previously had 18 valves, and after the modification, the vineyard now has 9 valves and is run automatically. As of the 2016 season, this vineyard can be irrigated in full over two nights (which also means that less water is lost to evaporation), versus 4 full days (day and night) before the changes to the system. See Appendix #3. In 2018, the bottom section will be isolated from the top section with valves, so it will be possible to water the top and not the bottom. The bottom section is still really vigorous and does not actually need irrigation at all. 16

17 d) La Feuille d Or vineyard : The irrigation switch from maxi jet to drip irrigation was done in the spring of There used to be 8 valve changes required at 2 hours per change and additional labour to make sure all the emitters were not plugged. Irrigation was done in sets of 6 h. It previously took 8 h of labor to complete the change. Now, the vineyard still has 13 valves but it can be irrigated with only 4 changes and it takes 0.5 h per change. Because it takes less time, shorter and more frequent sets of irrigation were put in place (2 h). The water retention capacity in this vineyard is very variable due to the large amount of rocks and boulders. Therefore, more frequent irrigation allows the plant to profit more from the water delivered. Therefore, it is more efficient. In the peak of the summer, this will allow the plant to be less stressed. The plant will then be able to go through the maturation process more smoothly with no break period due to high stress. Each block now has its own valve and the water can be distributed as per the varietal demand. For example, Sauvignon Blanc is growing beside some Cabernet Franc. Sauvignon Blanc is usually picked at the end of August, while Cabernet Franc is picked in mid-october. When the block is picked, it is heavily watered to help the vines accumulate reserve for the winter. Now the Sauvignon Blanc can be watered without watering the Cabernet Franc. The Cabernet Franc does need 17

18 very much water anymore at the end of August, as that is when it enters the last phase of phenolic maturation. In summary, in this vineyard the amount of water required is reduced combined with an increase in quality. e) Le vieux Pin vineyard: Changing to drip irrigation from maxi jet irrigation allowed for labor savings. This vineyard had 13 valves, 7 on maxi jet and 6 on drip. Previously, it took 6.5 hours to change valves at each irrigation set. After the change, it now takes 1.5 hours to change the valves and 4 valves can run at a time, versus 2 at a time previously. $135.4 is now saved per irrigation set on labor costs. Also, a higher percentage of water distributed via drip can be used by the plant (90% versus 80%) so less water is lost to evapotranspiration. The soil texture is not homogenous at Le vieux pin. To respond to this parameter the vineyard was switched entirely to drip and a valve per block was installed. That way each block can be watered separately and more or less water can be delivered depending on the soil texture. In 2017, the maturity in one of the Viognier blocks, located at the back of the property, was more even and this was achieved by providing the block with more water than the block adjacent to it. Also, with maxi jet irrigation (Micro sprinkler irrigation), the area in between the rows was previously irrigated. A lot more weeds were growing and were growing more quickly due to this factor. By switching to drip, the weed propagation control is easier and faster, and this has also decreased the amount of mowing time by the tractor driver. 18

19 Total installing drip tube LFO, LVP cleaning maxi jet/ removing maxi jet removing maxi jet cleaning maxi jet/ wired all new electric valves at selolna cleaned up in line drip at selona 156 fired up water at new projects selona project selona project installing drip tube, digging trenches, installing sub mains and poly tubing, back filling ditches from March 30th 2017 till April back filing ditches and installing wires for electric valves at Lastella from may 2nd 2017 till May Total labor cost for spring 2017 to finish project Total Table 2: Spring 2016 cost of labor to install drip on 2 vineyards. Table 3: Spring 2017 cost of labor to install drip on the last 3 vineyards. In future years, after the vines have adapted to the new irrigation system, data such as amount of water delivered, fruit quality (brix, ripeness, etc.), all cost savings from labour, and product usage will be compiled and analysed. Initial detailed results are presented in Appendix #3. 19

20 Summary of amount of water delivered per plant At the La feuillle d or vineyard, Lastella vineyard, Le vieux pin vineyard and Selona vineyard, the amount of water delivered has significantly decreased even if the irrigation time has increased. This means that with less water delivered (flow rate of one drip emitter is 2 l/h versus 26.5 L/h for a maxi jet emitter), and shorter but more frequent irrigation sets, the quality objectives are attained. The total amount of water delivered between 2016 and 2017 has increased (+17 %-1333 L). So there is no indication of water saving overall at this point, but this is in part attributed to the weather experienced in The amount of irrigation hours has increased by 69%, with no correlated increase in amount of water delivered. This indicates that the drip tube irrigation system is more efficient. Regarding the labor cost savings, per irrigation set (usually 1or 2 days in 2017 and 3 to 4 days in 2016), the labor cost savings per irrigation set reached $ In irrigation sets took place and in took place. The total cost saving on labor between the 2 years when all vineyards were switched to drip is $ Some cost savings were also recorded in fuel. Selona and Stagg vineyards are fully automated and 0.5 hours is spent at those vineyards once per irrigation set. Prior to the change, the vineyard worker had to drive for every change. This cost saving is hard to quantify as the 5 vineyards are scattered over 25 km from Oliver to Osoyoos and the mileage related to those irrigation changes was not recorded. CONCLUSIONS This study allowed a better understanding of soil structure, chemical composition, and water holding capacity in relation to grapevine vigor at the 5 study sites. Using this new information, the irrigation was modified to drip irrigation and adapted to deliver water in a more precise way. Since the irrigation upgrade, there has been a reduction in labor hours on irrigation management. Counter to expectations, there was a increase in water use, but this is attributed to the transition from under-canopy sprinklers to drip irrigation in relation to grapevine root structure and also due to the weather pattern over the 2 years the data were collected. Visually, there seems to be more consistent vigor within vineyard blocks, which will be verified with further NDVI and grape composition analysis. Labor and cost savings from irrigation, canopy management and pesticide application will be analyzed as a result of these upgrades. More results will be presented at the Enology and Viticulture conference in Constant recording of the amount of water delivered and grape quality parameters will be done over the course of the next 3 years. The project lead will then be able to establish conclusions and transfer the final findings to the sector. 20

21 APPENDICES 21

22 APPENDIX 1: Soil Sample Results Handling Crushing Total C and N ph CaCl2 P04-P available (tbd) Available NH4-N, N03-N Conductivity (sat pst) Mehlich ext CaCO3 equiv OM (LOI) Water Ren Curve Particle size analy Sample # Min Depth (cm) Max Depth (cm) Osoyoos loamy sand A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Sample # Min Depth (cm) Max Depth (cm) Rutland gravely sand B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B Sample # Min Depth (cm) Max Depth (cm) Rutland-Osoyoos C C C

23 C C C C C C C A Sample # Min Depth (cm) Max Depth (cm) Ratnip gravely loam D D D D D D D D D D Sample # Min Depth (cm) Max Depth (cm) Osoyoos (slightly gravelly) E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E

24 APPENDIX 2: Soil Pit Observations Stagg Vineyard - A Location: Southeast Osoyoos, nd Avenue , Area: 8.84 Acres

25 Stagg Vineyard - A Hole 1 Hole cm 10cm of loam Sand and small pebbles +30cm Sand and small pebbles 0-40cm 5 cm of loam Sand (medium grain) No rocks +40cm Sand (medium grain)

26 Stagg Vineyard - A Hole 3 Hole cm 10cm of loam Sand and small pebbles +30cm Sand and small pebbles 0-30cm 5 cm of loam Sand (fine to medium grain) Small pebbles +30cm Sand (medium grain) Tiny pebbles

27 Stagg Vineyard - A Hole 5 Hole cm 5cm of loam Sand (fine to medium grain) +30cm Sand and small pebbles 0-30cm 5 cm of loam Sand (medium grain) +30cm Sand (medium to large grain) Small pebbles

28 Stagg Vineyard - A Hole cm 5cm of loam Sand (fine to medium grain) cm Some clay present Sample cm Sand (fine grain)

29 LaStella Vineyard - B Location: North Osoyoos, nd Avenue Area: Acres

30 LaStella Vineyard - B Hole 1 Hole cm River Rock (5-10cm) Loam 35-50cm River rock (5-10cm) Sand/Clay Sample 3 +50cm Large grain sand River rock (5-10cm) 0-37cm Loam 37-70cm River rock (5-10cm) Large-grain sand Sample cm Clay w/ medium grain sand River rock (5-10cm) Sample 4 +85cm Medium grain sand w/ clay River rock (5-10cm)

31 LaStella Vineyard - B Hole cm River Rock (5-10cm) Clay/loam 35-50cm River rock (5-10cm) Sand/Clay Sample 3 +50cm Large grain sand River rock (5-10cm) 0-45cm River Rock (golf ball) Clay/loam cm River rock (golf ball) Clay dominant Sample cm Medium grain sand River rock (golf ball)

32 LaStella Vineyard - B Hole cm Loamy 35-65cm Clay dominant Some roots Rock layer 65-80cm Ping-pong sized Sample 3 Medium grain sand Small pebbles

33 Selona Vineyard - C

34 Selona Vineyard - C Hole cm Clay/loam River rock (3-5cm) 30-75cm Fine sand River rock (5-10cm) Sample 3 +75cm Fine sand to small rocks 0-20cm Clay/loam River rock (variable sizes) +20cm Sand (Fine to medium grain) River rock (variable sizes) Hole 2

35 Selona Vineyard - C Hole 3 Hole cm Mostly loam, few rocks +15cm Clay 0-15cm Loam Few rocks +15cm Sand (medium grain) Multicolour

36 Selona Vineyard - C Hole cm Clay/loam Rocky (3cm) +25cm Sand (medium grain) Multicolour River rock (5-10cm)

37 LFO Vineyard - D

38 LFO Vineyard - D Hole 1 Hole cm Rocks (variable in size) Clay 75-81cm Organic layer Rusty in colour From mudslide (old Chardonnay) Sample 3 +81cm Clay/rocks 0-80cm Clay/rocks Wood throughout 80-95cm Sand/loam Sample 3 +95cm Clay Small pebbles

39 LFO Vineyard - D Hole 3 Hole cm Clay/loam Rocky +35cm Sand (fine to medium grain) Rocks of varying size 0-10cm Loam Rocky Abundant earthworms +10cm Clay dominant Many rocks of varying sizes

40 LVP Vineyard - E

41 LVP Vineyard - E Hole 1 Hole cm Loam +30cm Sand (medium grain) Pea gravel River rock (5-10cm) 0-20cm Clay/loam/sand 20-35cm Clay/sand Sample 3 +35cm Sand (medium to large) Rocks (pea-sized and up)

42 LVP Vineyard - E Hole 3 Hole cm Sand/Loam 25-35cm Sand (fine grain) Sample cm Sand/loam (compact) Sample 4 +55cm Sand (fine) Round small rock at 2m 0-25cm Sand/loam +25cm Sand (medium grain) Multicolour

43 LVP Vineyard - E Hole 5 Hole cm Sand/loam 30-50cm Sand/Clay Sample 3 Sand (fine grain) Multicolour 0-25cm Sand/loam 25-55cm Sand (fine grain) Rock Layer 55-65cm River rocks (3-5cm) Sample 3 +65cm Sand (medium grain) Multicolour

44 LVP Vineyard - E Hole cm Sand/loam Evidence of past fire (charcoal evident) 35-70cm Sand (fine to medium grain) River-rock Layer 70-80cm River rock (3-5cm) Sample 3 +80cm Sand (medium grain) Multicolour

45 APPENDIX 3: Preliminary Irrigation Results Vineyard Varietal years of planting Map number Acreage type of irrigation amount of irrigation hours amount of water per plant in liter for 2017 type of irrigation amount of irrigation hours amount of water per plant in liter for 2016 amount of irrigation hours amount of water per plant in liter for 2015 La Feuille d'or Cab Franc drip Maxi Jet La Feuille d'or Cab Franc upper drip Maxi Jet La Feuille d'or Merlot drip Maxi Jet La Feuille d'or Muscat a petit grain drip drip La Feuille d'or Muscat Ottonel drip drip La Feuille d'or Roussane drip drip La Feuille d'or Sauvignon blanc drip drip La Feuille d'or Sauvignon blanc drip drip La Feuille d'or Syrah drip drip La Feuille d'or Viognier drip drip Lastella Merlot drip Over Head Lastella Merlot drip Over Head Lastella Merlot drip Over Head Lastella Merlot drip drip Lastella Muscat Ottonel bis 0.13 drip drip Lastella Orange Muscat drip drip Lastella Sangiovese bis 0.12 drip Maxi Jet Lastella Sangiovese bis 0.2 drip drip Lastella Sangiovese drip Maxi Jet Lastella Sangiovese drip drip Lastella Sauvignon blanc drip drip Le Vieux pin Marsanne drip Drip Le Vieux pin Roussane drip Drip Le Vieux pin Syrah drip Maxi Jet Le Vieux pin Syrah drip Maxi Jet Le Vieux pin Viognier drip Drip Le Vieux pin Viognier drip Drip Selona Cab Franc vigorous drip Drip Maxi Jet Selona Cab Franc vigorous drip Drip Maxi Jet Selona Cab Sauv bottom drip Drip Maxi Jet Selona Cab Sauv bottom drip Drip Maxi Jet Selona Merlot drip Drip Maxi Jet Selona Muscat Ottonel drip Drip Maxi Jet

46 Selona Muscat Petit Grain drip Drip Maxi Jet Selona Sangiovese drip Drip Maxi Jet Stag Cab Franc drip Drip Stag Merlot drip Drip Stag Syrah drip Drip Stag Syrah drip Drip

47 Vineyard valve type of type of type of time to irrigation run 2 valve hourly rate cost valve time to irrigation time to run 2 valve hourly rate cost valve irrigation hourly rate run 2 valve per valve per valve per valve cost savings LFO 1 MJ drip MJ drip 0 3 MJ drip 0 4 MJ drip 0 5 MJ drip MJ drip 0 7 MJ drip 0 8 MJ drip 0 9 drip drip drip drip 11 drip drip 12 drip 0 12 drip 13 drip 0 13 drip Selona 1 MJ drip MJ drip 3 MJ drip 4 MJ drip 5 MJ drip 6 MJ drip 7 MJ drip 8 MJ drip 9 MJ drip 10 MJ MJ MJ MJ MJ MJ MJ MJ MJ LVP 1 MJ drip MJ drip MJ drip MJ drip MJ drip MJ drip MJ drip drip drip drip drip

48 Vineyard valve type of irrigation per valve type of type of time to run 2 valve hourly rate cost valve irrigation time to run 2 valve hourly rate cost valve irrigation per valve per valve time to hourly rate cost savings run 2 valve 10 drip drip drip drip drip drip drip 13 drip Lastella 1 Over head drip Over head drip Over head drip Over head drip Over head drip Over head drip Over head drip Over head drip MJ drip MJ drip MJ drip drip drip drip drip drip drip Stagg 1 drip drip drip drip drip drip drip drip drip drip Total saving per irrigation set for all vineyards combined Total costs all vineyard combined per irrigation set : 14 irrigation set-2017: 18 irrigation set : total saving between 2016 and 2017 is $