Developing Long Term Management Options for Pierce s Disease

Transcription

1 Developing Long Term Management Options for Pierce s Disease Jim Kamas Associate Professor & Extension Specialist Texas A&M Agrilife Extension Viticulture & Fruit Lab Fredericksburg, TX Jim Kamas Texas A&M Agrilife Extension All Rights Reserved How Did We Get to Where We Are? 1974 Ron Perry s Grape Feasibility Study 1

2 Historical Perspective 1997 Pierce s Disease Outbreak in the Hill Country Present in Every Vineyard in the Hill Country 1000 s of Vines Killed Future of Wine Industry in Jeopardy 2

3 2005 First Federal Funding for Texas Disease Range in U.S. Now Known to Be Much Greater than Originally Thought 3

4 STATE WIDE INSECT MONITORING PROGRAM Vineyards monitored 2007 Insect Vectors of PD in Texas Oncometopia orbona Paraulacizes irrorata 12 mm 10mm Cuerna costalis Graphocephala coccinea 10 mm Draeculacephala navicula Homaldisca vitripinens Clastoptera lineatocollis 10 mm Lepyronia quadrangularis 8 mm 5 mm 10mm 4

5 These Two Subfamilies have Very Different Flight Patterns Cicadellini Proconiini And on the High Plains.. 5

6 Maps of Disease Progress in a Viognier Vineyard Over a Three Year Period Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Diversity of Response to PD Pruned Weight (grams) Pruned Weight (g)

7 Diversity of Rootstock Response to PD PD symptom scores in 2007: 1 lowest 5 dead 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Use Neonicotenoid Insecticides Imidacloprid is Best Option in Vineyards Keys to Effective Management of Pierce s Disease 7

8 Putting it All Together- What Have We Learned from Our Work? For Most Texas Growers, PD Now Appears to Be Manageable, But. Now, the But.. Pierce s Disease Has Always Been A Cyclic Disease Cold Events in 2010 and 2011 Most Probably Were Quite Curative Drought of 2010/2011 Was Devastating to Sharpshooter Populations We Are In Danger of Losing Imidacloprid Because of Beehive Colony Collapse Mild Winters and Wet Growing Seasons Have Reversed the Trend We Are Still In Need of a Long Term Solution 8

9 Plant Responses to Pierce s Disease Susceptibility the lack of resistance mechanisms. V. labrusca, V. vinifera, Fr./Am. Hybrids. Great differences in field longevity Resistance the ability of the host to limit colonization by the pathogen. V. arizonica, V. smallii and others? Tolerance the ability of host to sustain infection by the pathogen with no reduction in yield. Black Spanish, Blanc du Bois, MissBlanc, most wild Vitis species native to Gulf Coast and S.E. United States ELISA 490 nm) Blanc du Bois Black Spanish Cynthiana variety ELISA assays for Xylella fastidiosa were run on leaf sinus tissue sampled on August 18, 2003 at Austin County Vineyard. Tissue from 3 leaves per vine were used in each assay. Twenty-seven vines were sampled for each variety. Infected Norton Grapevine in Northwest Arkansas Graphs Courtesy Lisa Morano 9

10 Transgenic Grapevines 5 Labs in California (Lincoln, Labavitch, Dandekar, Kirkpatrick & Lindow) Have Developed Independent Modes of Action to Inhibit Xylella Growth Conventional Breeding Andy Walker & Others Are Using Resistant or Tolerant Parents to Backcross with Vinifera to Produce New Selections Via Traditional Breeding Techniques Grape Options for PD Hot Zone Herbemont Grown Commercially in Texas & Mexico Since 1830 Black Spanish Grown Commercially in Texas Since 1889 Blanc du Bois John Mortensen s 1988 Release Complex lineage: V. vinifera, smalliana, simpsoni, and perhaps lincecumi 10

11 Evaluation of T.V. Munson s Most Promising Varieties Carmen Lomanto Delicatessen Bailey Wine King M.H. White Ben Hur Wapanuka Nitodal T. Volney Munson Andy Walker s New Selections 87.5% V. vinifera Genotype % Vinifera Berry Color Brix ph U Black U Black U Black Selected Progeney with the PdR1 Resistance Source 11

12 PD/X. index Resistance of Olmo s Mexico Collections 4R/4S 8R,0I,0S 3R 4S 5R 4I 1S 3R2S 4R,2I,1S 9R 7I 8S 7R 20S Slide A. Walker, 2010 Jiang Lu Florida A&M Breeding Program A D C C A D O D

13 Other Varieties Under Evaluation Ark 1475 (Victoria Red) Miss Blanc Miss Blue Mortensen Hardy Edsal Phoenix ( Bacchus x Villard Blanc ) Orion ( Optima x Villard Blanc ) Sirius ( Bacchus x Villard Blanc ) The Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof Phoenix Victoria Red Orion Texas grapevine evaluations Focus on traditional breeding 13

14 Data Collection PD tolerance: symptoms & bacterial titer Vigor: pruning weights Phenology: budbreak, flowering & veraison Yield: No. clusters, harvest weight Fruit chemistry: degrees Brix, ph & TA (g/l) Wine quality: wine sensory panel Additional observations: other disease sensitivities, viticultural considerations etc. PD VARIETY TRIAL Industry 4/9/2012 First Bloom 14

15 2012 Harvest Data for Industry, Texas Experimental Vineyard Variety Harvest Date Brix ph TA (g/l) Berry weight (g) Cluster weight (kg) Berries / Cluster Tons / Acre U / * 0.08 * 1.18 Phoenix 6/ * 0.11 * 2.28 Orion 6/ * 0.11 * 2.33 Blanc du Bois 7/ U / U / / Victoria Red 7/ U / A / Edsal 7/ Bailey 7/ Carmen 7/ U / * Lomanto 7/ MH White 7/ D / Miss Blanc 7/ Brenham, Texas Summer Precipataion (inches) Precip Mean Temp 0 0 June 3 June 9 June 10 June 16 June 17 June 23 June 24 June 30 July 1 July 7 July 8 July 14 July 15 July 21 July 22 July 28 July 29 August 4 Max Temp 15

16 Red Varieties Max Brix ph TA U U U Carmen U D O Lomanto (own) Delicatessen Ben Hur Bailey O C Miss Blue Lomanto C Wine King D Red Varieties Max Brix ph TA U U U Carmen U D O Lomanto (own) Delicatessen Ben Hur Bailey O C Miss Blue Lomanto C Wine King D

17 Carmen Breeder: T.V. Munson (1904) Parentage: Premier (V. aestivalis) x Triumph (Concord x Muscat of Alexandria) Lomanto Breeder: Munson (1902) Parentage: Salado (V. champinii, V. labrusca, V. bourquiniana) x Pense (V. vinifera?) 17

18 U Breeder: Dr. Andy Walker (UC Davis) Parentage: A x Chardonnay U June 15, 2012 Industry, Texas U Breeder: Dr. Andy Walker (UC Davis) Parentage: A x Cabernet Sauvignon U June 15, 2012 Industry, Texas 18

19 U Breeder: Dr. Andy Walker (UC Davis) Parentage: A x Chardonnay U Harvest 2012 U June 11, 2012 Industry, Texas U June 3, 2012 Industry, Texas 19

20 A Breeder: Dr. Jiang Lu (Florida A&M University) Parentage: Unknown Table Grapes Victoria Red Ark

21 PD Variety Trial Leakey, Texas Planted June 2011 Winemaker Test Panel Tasted Through Selections 21

22 Expansion of Walker Selections 88% U Beautiful Wine, very downy susceptible U Excellent color, tannin structure U Excellent color, tannin structure U Modest yield, marginal quality U V. soft tannin structure, garnet color U dog U bigger dog 2013 Variety U U U U U Parentage Color Vineyard Date Brix ph TA 50% Chardonnay 50% Chardonnay 50% Cabernet Sauvignon 50% Chardonnay 50% Chardonnay White Red Red Red Red Leakey 7/26/ Hye 7/29/ Industry 8/6/ Leakey 7/26/ Hye 7/25/ Industry 8/6/ Leakey Hye 7/29/ Industry 7/28/ Leakey 7/26/ Hye 7/29/ Industry 8/19/ Leakey 7/28/ Hye Industry 8/19/

23 Variety Trial Harvest 2014 Variety Parentage Color Vineyard Date Brix ph TA U % Chardonnay White U U U U % Chardonnay 50% Cabernet Sauvignon 50% Chardonnay 50% Chardonnay Red Red Red Red U % Syrah Red U % Chardonnay Red Leakey 7/26/ Hye 7/29/ Industry 8/6/ Leakey 7/26/ Hye 7/25/ Industry 8/6/ Leakey Hye 7/29/ Industry 7/28/ Leakey 7/26/ Hye 7/29/ Industry 8/19/ Leakey 7/28/ Hye Industry 8/19/ Leakey Hye 8/19/ Leakey 8/5/ Hye 8/6/ % Walker Selections Excellent of course Beautiful straw colored white Fantastic golden colored white dog 23

24 2014 Harvest Hill Country Merlot Sangiovese U U U U U Fruit Chemistry % & 88% Selections ⁰B 3.51 ph ⁰B 3.61 ph ⁰B 3.57 ph U ⁰B 3.66 ph U ⁰B 3.81 ph U ⁰B 3.47 ph 24

25 First Releases from Andy Walker First Releases from Andy Walker 25

26 First Releases from Andy Walker First Releases from Andy Walker 26

27 First Releases from Andy Walker And the Orphans..? U.C. Patent Attorneys are Open to Releasing a Few 88% (and perhaps 94%) Into Public Domain Timing? 27