Answer Keys History and Geography Daily Work

Transcription

1 Answer Keys History and Geography Daily Work Contents History and Geography Textbook...57 History and Geography Lesson Manual...62 History and Geography Activities...64

2 Answer Keys History and Geography Textbook Note: The answers listed herein that follow a page number are from the textbook Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance ( Holt McDougal). Page 379 You Try It!: 1 cause-effect; Productivity caused the villages to have more than they needed. The effect of a surplus was the development of trade with buyers who lived far way. 2 chronological order; The ideas are told in time order of what happened first, Sundiata as a boy, through what happened last, Sundiata took over and gold trades and improved agriculture 3 listing: the information is a list of the four regions that surround the Niger River. Page 381 Interpreting Maps: 1 West Africa 2 Ethiopian Highlands Page 382 Reading Check: land; minerals, such as gold and salt Page 383 Reading Check: Many West Africans believed that the spirits of their ancestors stayed nearby. Section 1 Assessment: 1a eastern Africa 1b Salt came from the Sahara, and gold came from the forests. 2a extended family and age-sets 2b Iron tools made farming easier; they helped farmers clear land and grow crops. 3 possible answer: The grasslands of the savannah provide the people with good hunting and farming. 4 Notes might include the following: daily environment river, Sahel, savannah, farms, animals; challenges possible droughts in hot, dry regions and heavy rain in rain forests; family sacred ancestor spirits; technology use of iron made farming easier. Page 385 Interpreting Maps: 1 gold, salt, ivory, silk, spices 2 Salt was used to preserve and flavor food. Page 387 Interpreting Maps: 1 Senegal and Niger 2 salt, ceramics, and glass Reading Check: As trade in gold and salt increased, Ghana s rulers gained power, aiding the growth of their military, which in turn helped them take over others trade. Page 388 Biography: Inheritance was handed down to the king s son. Reading Check: They taxed traders coming and leaving Ghana, and they used their armies to protect trade routes. Focus on Reading: listing categories; it lists a first factor, second factor, and so on. Page 389 Reading Check: invasion, overgrazing, and internal rebellion Section 2 Assessment: 1a gold and salt 1b Traders exchanged goods without contacting each other directly, and business was peacefully conducted. 2a a king of Ghana 2b The rulers built a powerful army. 2c to ensure the king was richer than his subjects 3a the Almoravids 3b Overgrazing kept the soil exposed to hot desert winds, making it worthless for farmers. 4 Rise location, silent barter, trade from the north and south, and control of trade routes; Fall invasion, overgrazing, and internal rebellion 5 Student notes will vary but should reflect knowledge of the causes of Ghana s rise and fall and the impact on individual lives. Page 391 Interpreting Maps: 1 Niger River; 2 Mali Page 392 Reading Check: Sundiata built a powerful army, conquered many neighboring kingdoms, took control of gold and salt trade routes, took power away from local chiefs, and took the authority of a mansa. Page 393 Biography: because his rule was marked by many achievements Reading Check: possible answer: his support of education, because it increased learning throughout the Songhai Empire Page 394 Reading Time Lines: 300 years Reading Check: Zimbabwe was also a trading center with powerful leaders; like Songhai and Ghana, when trade weakened, the empire also weakened. Section 3 Assessment: 1a ruler of the empire of Mali 1b Niger; its fertile soil helped Mali grow; people could control trade along the river. 1c He spread Islam and supported education. 2a Sunni Ali 2b Timbuktu flourished, with universities, schools, libraries, and mosques. 3a gold mining and being a trading center 3b Gold trade declined in 1400s, taking away Zimbabwe s main source of wealth. 4 Sundiata won back Mali s independence; conquered Ghana and took over salt and gold trades; improved agriculture 57

3 in Mali; Askia supported education and learning; encouraged growth of Islamic influence; set up five provinces in Songhai 5 possible answers: differences Mali fell in the 1400s and Songhai fell in the late 1500s, Songhai took over Mali lands; similarities made wealthy by trade, spread Islamic influence; specific rulers Mali reached its height under Mansa Musa; Songhai had its greatest development under Askia the Great. Page 395 Identifying Points of View: possible answers: Mansa Musa spread new knowledge that West Africa had great wealth. This caused European and African interest in West Africa, which brought new trade and even more wealth for Mali. Page 398 Analyzing Information: Over time, the musical traditions of Africans brought to the Americas by enslaved people have developed into new, modern styles. Reading Check: They were the only forms of recording or remembering West African history. Page 399 Reading Check: through the arts, such as sculpture, the making of masks and cloth, music, and dance Section 4 Assessment: 1a a spoken record of past events 1b The griots helped keep history alive for each new generation. 1c possible answer: because people sometimes confuse and embellish facts 2a sculpture, masks, cloth 2b possible answer: Statues were personalized and holy gifts to the gods. 2c Music and dance were used to honor and celebrate people and events. 3 griots helped preserve history and traditions through oral history; epics Dausi tells the history of Ghana and Sundiata tells the story of Mali s first great ruler; sculpture has lasted through the ages and has influenced contemporary artists 4 Students notes will vary, but should reflect knowledge of Western African oral and written history, art, music, and dance. Page 402 Focus on Writing: 18 Rubric: Students journals should: be written from the perspective of an early African character accurately reflect life in the time and place appropriate to their chosen characters include vivid detail employ proper spelling, grammar, and usage Pages Chapter 13 Review Reviewing Terms and People: 1 b 2 a 3 d 4 d 5 b 6 b 7 c 8 a Comprehension and Critical Thinking: 9a Niger River 9b because people needed it to survive and to preserve food 9c possible answer: West African families would benefit by working together in farming hunting, and everyday activities. Extended families would also be able to pass on knowledge, culture, and religious practices. 10a Gold from the south and salt from the Sahara in the north. 10b possible answers: because the traders might mine the gold for themselves; Ghana would lose its opposition of power and control. 10c possible answers: people of Ghana they rebelled in about 1200, taking over but also weakening Ghana, then invaders took over; outsiders invaders called Almoravids attacked and weakened Ghana and overgrazed their lands. 11a Arabic became a major language; many mosques were built; schools were built to teach Muslims to read the Qur an. 11b similar Both were great rulers of Mali; both increased the wealth of the country. different Mansa Musa was Muslim and he stressed Islam and the importance of learning; his death began the decline of the Mali empire, Sundiata was not Muslim; his rule marked the beginning of Mali s power. 11c warriors The warriors or professional army kept the peace; traders They helped keep the nation s economy strong. 12a history and the deeds of people s ancestors 12b Visitors, such as Ibn Battutah, give details in their writings about political and cultural lives of West Africans; unlike oral histories, writings are not open to changes over time. 12c possible answer: music and dance, which helped people celebrate their history and were central to many religious celebrations Reviewing Themes: 13 Gold came from the forests, and salt came from the Sahara. 14 Iron technology improved farming, hunting, and fighting. Reading Skills: 15 cause-effect: Memorizing stories resulted in stories being passed on to future generations. Confusion caused some facts in the stories to become distorted. Using the Internet: 16 Go to your e-textbook for this activity. Social Studies Skills: 17 Songhai Focus on Writing: 18 Rubric: Students journals should: be written from the perspective of an early African character. accurately reflect life in the time and place appropriate to their chosen characters. include vivid detail. employ proper spelling, grammar, and usage. Page 403 Standardized Test Practice 1 B 2 C 3 C 4 A 5 D 6 A 7 B Page 405 Explore the Art: possible answer; Writing was important, and women knew how to write. Page 409 You Try It!: 1 They may have carried water or dug canals to move water 58

4 from rivers to fields. 2 it may have led to more crops, which in turn led to population growth; irrigation makes it possible to have higher crop yields, more crops allow people to live longer, healthier lives, thus leading to population growth. 3 warm, wet conditions; wheat needs cooler, drier climates 4 wheat; because the Great Wall is in the north. Page 410 Reading Check: New types of art, music, food and clothing styles developed as a result of the mixing of cultures. Page 411 Interpreting Maps: Tang Page 412 Biography: She ruled with an iron fist. Reading Check: reunified in 589 by Sui dynasty; not unified from during Five Dynasties and ten Kingdoms Page 413 Interpreting Maps: from Nepal to Afghanistan to China Reading Check: People took comfort in the Buddhist teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace. Section 1 Assessment: 1a a period when China was split into several competing kingdoms, ruled by military leaders 1b Northern and southern Chinese cultures mixed to develop new art, music, food, and clothing styles. 2a the only woman ever to rule China; she brought stability and prosperity to China 2b possible answer: The common people felt more at peace throughout the land without having to fear so many wars. 3a about 400 to about 845 3b People took comfort in the Buddhist teaching that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace. 3c It influenced many aspects including art, literature, and architecture. 4 Period of Disunion, ; Age of Buddhism, about ; Sui dynasty, ; Tang dynasty, ; Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, ; Song dynasty, possible answers: Tang dynasty golden age of Chinese civilization; Buddhism influenced culture Page 415 Reading Check: Due to agricultural advances, food became abundant, which led to population growth. Page 416 Focus on Reading: Trade on the canal probably led to the growth of the size and economy of cities located along the canal. Page 417 Reading Check: as far as India and Southwest Asia, into Korea and Japan Page 419 Analyzing Information: It is easier to carry than coins. Reading Check: paper, porcelain, woodblock printing, gunpowder, moveable type, magnetic compass, paper money Section 2 Assessment: 1a dragon backbone pump, cultivation of cotton, fast-ripening rice 1b The population grew. 2a bustling trade centers, with a mix of cultures and religions and large populations 2b Rivers and canals were used to connect major cities and deliver trade goods. 3a a poet during the Tang dynasty 3b Woodblock printing allowed identical printings, so paper money could be produced. 3c Answers will vary, but students should demonstrate an understanding of the invention and its impact on Chinese society. 4 Agriculture Tang: new methods invented, Song: cultivated land increased, farmed cotton, rice, used more irrigation; Cities Tang: huge trade centers; Song: many cities with population of half a million; Trade Tang: trade along the Grand Canal expanded; Song: sea trade important; Art Tang: writers and artists celebrated Buddhism and nature; Song: Li Qingzhao was a famous female poet; Inventions Tang: woodblock printing, gunpowder, compass; Song: moveable type, paper money 5 Answers will vary but might include poetry, porcelain, or other achievements from previous answer. Page 422 Reading Check: Neo-Confucianism emphasized both spiritual matters and proper behavior, whereas Confucianism focused on ethical behavior. Page 423 Reading Check: It improved the bureaucracy, which created stability in government. Section 3 Assessment: 1a ren, concern for others, and li, appropriate behavior 1b the Song dynasty s new version of Confucianism that blended proper behavior and spiritual matters 1c It included spiritual matters and ethics. 2a an educated member of the government who had passed a test about the knowledge of Confucianism and related ideas 2b considerable respect, reduced penalties for breaking the law, many became wealthy 2c Student answers will vary, but students should be familiar with the idea of civil service examinations. 3 Confucianism official philosophy of the Han dynasty; Neo- Confucianism combined Confucianism with spiritual ideas; Government bureaucracy public officials were tested on the ideas of Confucianism 4 Possible responses might include the renewal of Confucian ideas mixed with spiritual 59

5 matters, and scholar-officials added stability to the Song government. Page 425 Interpreting Maps: to the Danube River in Eastern Europe Page 426 Analyzing Primary Sources: that it is a beautiful and very wealthy city Reading Check: Kublai Kahn conquered all of China after his grandfather, Genghis Kahn, began the conquest. Page 427 Analyzing Visuals: Sailors grew vegetables and herbs and brought livestock on board the ship. Page 429 Analyzing Visuals: possible answer: elaborate buildings, large size Reading Check: by promoting China across the world, great building projects Page 430 Reading Check: Over time, China was technologically outpaced by the world and as a result was weakened and controlled by other countries. Section 4 Assessment: 1a leader of the Mongols who conquered a large part of Asia 1b by attacking and terrorizing Chinese towns 1c possible answer: Statement is valid; attack on Japan contributed to the Yuan dynasty s failure. 2a the greatest sailor of the Ming dynasty; led voyages of exploration to Asia and Africa 2b possible answers: that the emperor was divine; emphasized power of the emperor 2c The Great Wall protected the Chinese, but it was costly to build. 3a removing, or isolating, a country from contact with other countries 3b building projects, instituted isolationism. 3c advantages protection, safety; disadvantages lack of trade, development 4 Yuan foreign rule, Mongol and Chinese customs, trade by sea; Both great building projects; Ming Chinese rule, stable dynasty, great sea voyages, isolationism 5 Possible responses might include the Forbidden City, restoration of the Great Wall, and voyages of exploration. Page 431 Generalizing: He made internal improvements in China and welcomed foreign visitors to serve and write about the empire. Page 432 Practice and Apply the Skill: Students answers will vary, but should be well-reasoned. Pages Chapter 14 Review Reviewing Vocabulary, Terms, and People: 1 d 2 b 3 i 4 e 5 h 6 g 7 j 8 a 9 l 10 f 11 c 12 k Comprehension and Critical Thinking: 13a the period of disunion; the Sui dynasty 13b possible answer: because many laws, reforms, poems, and other cultural achievements during the dynasty led to the growth and prosperity of China. 13c Buddhism would not have become a major religion in China, and missionaries would not have spread Buddhism to other Asian lands. Also, much of the art and architecture might not exist because Buddhism inspired so much of it. 14a Wu Daozi painted murals that celebrated Buddhism and nature; Li Bo and Du Fu wrote many beautiful poems that are still enjoyed; Li Qingzhao is perhaps China s greatest female poet. 14b The growth of agriculture. Increased food production, and trade led to the growth of cities. Most were large, prosperous, and had people from many cultures. 14c possible answers: the compass because it helped sailors find their way; gunpowder because it changed warfare forever 15a a set of two basic principles that would allow society to function in an orderly manner, created by Confucius; became Neo- Confucianism, which emphasized spiritual matters 15b possible answer: to ensure that only the most qualified officials ran the government and to improve government efficiency 15c The scholar-official was a very elite member of society, so they had to prove that they were worthy of the position. The exams filtered out people who may not have been suited for the position. 16a conquests by Genghis Kahn s and Kublai Kahn; most of China, Mongolia, Persia, parts of northern Arabia, eastern Europe, and western Russia 16b Both Marco Polo and Zheng He helped expose the beauty and wonder of China to a world that had never heard of China and helped spur demands for Chinese goods. 16c to protect China from northern invaders, like the Mongols; so that outsiders never ruled them again Using the Internet: 17 Creating a Mural Rubric: Students murals should: clearly present the many achievements made during the Tang and Song dynasties be appropriate to the audience the mural is targeted at: citizens of a city use vivid designs, illustrations, and words that are appropriate for showing Tang and Song achievements Reviewing Themes: 18 Paper and movable type helped people spread new ideas long distances. The compass allowed explorers to travel far in greater safety. Gunpowder changed how wars were fought, making warfare much more destructive. 19 The strong economy allowed some people to concentrate their talents and skills on the arts and inventions, instead of working constantly just to survive. Reading Skills: 20a yes 20b no 20c yes 20d no 60

6 Social Studies Skills: 21 Charts will vary but should include both costs and benefits and a reasoned conclusion. Focus on Writing: 22 Rubric: Students magazine articles should: include the main idea in an introduction describe three major accomplishments and explain their importance conclude with a summary. use proper capitalization, spelling, punctuation, and grammar 61

7 History and Geography Lesson Manual Answer Key Answer Keys History and Geography Lesson Manual LESSON 101 What event occurred around the same time that Mansa Musa went on a hajj to Mecca? The Hundred Years War began in France. LESSON 102 Based on what you know about other ancient civilizations, where do you think people were most likely to settle in West Africa? Students should conclude that people likely settled near the rivers. Students may also state that people were unlikely to settle in the deserts. What evidence do you see in this picture of modern life? Students may notice that some children are wearing Western clothing. They may notice that one of the girls is carrying a bag with print on it. They may notice that some of the children are wearing sandals which were probably made in a factory. How might the different climates change life for people living in different regions? Answers will vary but should be based on realities of climates. LESSON 103 What reasons might the Almoravids have had for conquering the empire of Ghana? Accept all reasonable answers. Students may recall that during this time many Muslim empires tried to expand their boundaries and bring more people under Muslim rule. Students may also conclude that the Almoravids wanted to control the lucrative gold-salt trade. LESSON 105 Which area did both empires include? What conclusions can to make about this area? Both empires contained the area about the northern bend of the Niger River. Students may conclude that this land was the most valuable or easier to conquer. Accept all reasonable answers. In what other ways was Askia similar to Mansa Musa? Students may note that he promoted education like Mansa Musa. LESSON 106 What are the advantages and disadvantages of using oral history to transmit the past s events? Possible answer: A griot could decide to focus on different parts of a story based on the lessons he wanted to share with his audience. However oral history could change over time and might become distorted or mixed with fictional events. Application Essential Question: What factors shaped early African Civilizations? Students may mention factors such as location on trade routes (especially gold-salt trade routes), location along rivers, religion, military might, resources such as gold. Accept all reasonable answers that the student can support with evidence from the text or other resources. LESSON 110 What world event happened around the same time that China was reunified under the Sui dynasty? Muhammad began to teach the basic beliefs of Islam. LESSON 111 Why do you think the northern and southwestern boundaries were similar to each other? What might have limited Chinese expansion further north or southwest? Students should note that the Great Wall runs near to the northern boundary and that the foothills of the Himalayas run near the southwestern boundary. Students may note that the Chinese may have been reluctant to settle beyond the protection of the Great Wall and may have found it difficult to expand into the tall and rugged Himalayas. LESSON 113 Chose another Chinese innovation and explain to your Learning Guide how this innovation affects our lives today. Answers will vary. Students may make connections between movable type and modern printing, gunpowder and modern fireworks and guns. Accept all reasonable answers. Enrichment Watch the DE film Time Warp Trio: Wushu Were Here and think about which parts of the video are fact and which ones are fiction. 62

8 History and Geography Lesson Manual Answer Key Answers will vary. Students may note the influence of Buddhism on the culture as a fact but note that the actions of Anna, Fred and Joe are fiction. LESSON 116 What physical feature probably prevented the Mongols from conquering India? The Himalayas LESSON 117 How might the occupation of the Mongols during the Yuan Dynasty have influenced those decisions? Possible answer: The Chinese might have wanted to isolate themselves to keep Chinese culture pure after the imposition of Mongol culture during the Yuan Dynasty. Ming emperors may have wanted to gain more power in order to be strong enough to defend China against future invasions. Application Essential Question: How did China change after the fall of the Han dynasty? Answers will vary. Students should mention the Period of Disunion, the achievements of the Tang and Song dynasties, the Mongol occupation of the Yuan dynasty and the stability of the Ming dynasty 63

9 History and Geography Activities Answer Key Answer Keys History and Geography Activities ACTIVITY 13 The Geography of West Africa (History and Geography Lesson 105) Map: Atlanic Ocean Sengal River salt Taghaza gold salt Niani Fez Timbuktu Gao Djenné Volta River SAHARA DESERT THE SAHEL Niger River Gulf of Guinea Mediterranean Sea Gahana Empire Mali Empire Songhai Empire Trade routes Trade goods Questions: 1 The Mali Empire was slightly larger than the Songhai Empire. However, accept if students say the Songhai Empire was larger. 2 The Niger River 3 Students may note Timbuktu s location on the Niger River, which allowed scholars to travel to and from Timbuktu. Students may also notice that Timbuktu is at the northern-most bend of the Niger River, which made it closer to North Africa and the Muslim centers of learning there. 4 Students should note that this area of the Sahara contained the salt mines of Taghaza which the Songhai rulers might have wanted to control. ACTIVITY 14 Identify Cause and Effect (History and Geography Lesson 117) Cause China divided into smaller kingdoms during the Period of Disunion. Chinese farmers developed new methods of farming, including new irrigation techniques. The compass was invented. The Mongols tried to invade Japan and failed. Chinese people resented the Mongol rulers and rebelled against the Mongols. The Ming emperor isolated China from the rest of the world. Effect Northern and southern cultures blended. Buddhism increased in popularity. China s population grew during the Tang and Song Dynasties. Sailors and merchants could travel long distances with accuracy. The Yuan Dynasty ended. China did not benefit from technological advances developed by the rest of the world. Page numbers 410;