EVA LUATION OF JACKFRUIT GENOTYPES FOR YI ELD AND QUALITY ATTRIBUTES UNDER EASTERN INDIAN CONDITION

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1 ~ ~ The Orissa Joural of Horticulture Vol. 31 ( 1) 2003 EVA LUATION OF JACKFRUIT GENOTYPES FOR YI ELD AND QUALITY ATTRIBUTES UNDER EASTERN INDIAN CONDITION Mathura Rai, Vishal Nath, Bikash Das, Ashok Rai ad Maoj Kumar Horticulture od Agro Forestry Research Programme, Pladu, Rachi Abstract Evaluatio of twety oe geotypes of jackfruit was carried out for two cosecutive years durig ad Geotypes varied i their tree morphological characters, bearigg behavior, fruit ad flake characters, maturity period ad yield potetial. Based o overall performace with respect to bearig potetial, maturity period, fruit.ad flake characters, the geotypes HPJS-518 ad HPJS-3110 have bee foud promisig for table purpose, whereas, HPJS-415 ad HPJS-216 have bee foud suitable for culiary purpose. These geotypes have bee recommeded for release by the Istitute Varietal Release Committee. The geotypes HPJS-3110, HPJS- 518, HPJS-819, HPJS-915 ad HPJS-1119 have also bee idelified for pleasat aroma i the ripe flakes. INTRODUCTION Jackfruit (Atrocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) is ative ad beig grow all over the coutry up to the ele~atio of 1500m above msl (Bose ad Mitra, 1996). However, the major areas of cultivatio i Idia lie i the easter ad souther parts of the coutry. This icludes the states of Jharkhad, Bihar, West Begal, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa, Chhatisgarh, Adhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu. Kerala ad Karataka. Apart from Idia, it is also grow i East Idies ad other warmer areas of both hemispheres (Morto, 1965). The jackfruit trees are highly productive ad regular bearer. A well grow up healthy plat produces kg fruits every year. Th e idividual fruit weight geerally varies from SOkg at maturity (Vishal Nath et al ). It is a hardy plat species that ca be grow uder a wide variety of well draied soils of warm humid plais ad hill slopes. The sub humid plateau regio of easter Idia ejoys the mild climate edowed with well draied light soil ad sloppy topography which is best suited for jackfruit. The cotiuous propagatio by seeds has resulted i rich geetic diversity. Visualizig t he potetiality for commercial cultivatio of jackfruit i the regio, the effort was made to collect ad evaluate the geotypes for high yield ad better quality fruits. MATERIALS AND METHODS The major jackfruit growig areas of Bihar, West Begal ad Uttar Pradesh were surveyed ad geotypes possessig desirable horticultural traits wt:re collected durig Seedligs of th ese geotypes are beig maitaied i Field Gee Bak of Horticulture ad Agro Forestr 1 Research Programme {HARP), Rachi. Sice 1986, a total of 101 germplasms have bee augmeted ad maitaied i germplasm repository out of which 21 geotypes havig uiform age ad vigour have bee evaluated for yield ad yield atrributig parameters tor two cosecutive years ( ad ). These geotypes were plated at 10 x 1 Om spacig durig After the age of 14 years few geotypes have atteded ecoomical bearig stage. Idividual ptat has bee marked as geotype. The observatios were recorded o vegetative growth, fruitig performace, fruit ad flake characters from th ese promisig geotypes. The quatitative ad qualitative characters were recorded as described i IPGRI jackfruil descriptor {IPGRI, 2000). The weight of 20 flakes with seed ad without seed was' take ad average value was calculated. The fruit quality was judged by Hedoic ratigs test (Amerie et al. 1965). Tree volume was calculated by usig the formula. 1

2 Tree volume (m') = 4.3 x ;t x spread (East Wcst x North South/ 4 x heighv2. RESULTS ANO DISCUSSION Tree Characters: Data regardig the tree characters of differet jackfruit geotypes have bee preseted i Table 1. It is evidet from the Table that the plat height of difleret geotypes raged from 5.6 to Table 1: Growth ad fruitig characters of jackfruit geotypes. The Orissa Joural of Horticulture Vol. 31(1) m with miimm i HPJS-8/9 ad maximum i HPJS 8/3. The truk circumferece at 30 cm height i differet geotypes raged from 83 cm i HPJS 3/ 10 to cm i HPJS 11 /9. The miimum Est West plat caopy spread w~s recorded i HPJS 819 (5.05m) whereas, the North-South plat caopy spread was the miimum i geotypes HPJS-9/1 (4.85m). The maximum caopy spread (E W) ad (N S) was recorded i HPJS-5/8 (9.30 m ad m, respectively). The geotype HPJS-5/8 also Geotypes Plat height (m) Truk girth (cm) Caopy spread Im\ Tree Date of E-W N-S (ml) Fruit set Fruit maturity No. of Yield fruits per per tree plat (kg) HPJS 1/ h Feb. 15 Jue HPJS-1/9 HPJS-2/ o 'h Ja. 81h Jue " Mar Jue HPJS-2/ '' Mar. 25'h Jue HPJS-3/ "' Mar. 171h Jue HPJS-3/ h Feb Jue HPJS 4/ d Mar Jue HPJS-5/ Feb. 17"' Jue HPJS-5/ "' Feb Jue HPJS 6/ Ja. 51t1 Jue HPJS-7/ h Feb. _ 141t1 Jue HPJS-8/ h Feb Jue HPJS-8/ h Feb. 8.. Jue HPJS-9/ Mar. 12"' Jue HPJS-9/ " Mar Jue HPJS-9/ Feb Jue HPJ.S-9/ "' Mar. 16"' Jue HPJS-9/ "' Feb Jue HPJS-10/ iMar. 17"' Jue HPJS-10/ "' Mar Jue HPJS 11 / st Feb. 18"' Jue

3 ' The Orissa Joural of Horticulture Vol. 31(1) 2003 Table 2: Fruit characters of differet jackfruit geotypes. Geotypes Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit rid Fruit Pulp shape legth diameter weight weight attractiv- aroma (cm) (cm) (kg) (kg) ess HPJS-1/4 Ellipsoid Good Strog HPJS-1/9 Oblog Good Itermediate HPJS-2/1 Oblog Good Itermediate HPJS-2/6 Spheroid Excellet Itermediate HPJS-3/2 Ellipsoid Poor Itermediate HPJS-3/10 Ellipsoid Good Pleasat HPJS-4/5 Oblog Excellet Itermediate HPJS-5/1 Oblog Poor Itermediate HPJS-5/8 Oblog Excellet Pleasat HPJS-6/1 Ellipsoid Itermediate Itermediate HPJS-7/1 Ellipsoid Itermediate Itermediate HPJS-8/3 Oblog Excellet Itermediate HPJS-8/9 Clavate Good Pleasat HPJS-9/1 Oblog Poor Itermediate HPJS-9/2 Ellipsoid Good Itermediate HPJS-9/3 Oblog Good Itermediate HPJS-9/5 Clavate Good Pleasat HPJS-9/6 Ellipsoid Itermediate Strog HPJS-10/1 Oblog Good Ite rmediate HPJS-10/8 Oblog Good Strog HPJS-11/9 Ellipsoid Good Pleasat recorded the maximum tree volume (411.71m 3 ). The geotypes HPJS--5/8 ad HPJS-2/6 are medium tall ad spreadig geotypes, whereas, HPJS-8/9 ad HPJS-10/ 1 are dwarf types ad HPJS--8/3 ad HPJS-2/6 are tall gowig geotypes (Table 1) Jackfruit geotypes eter i floriferous phase from 18th December ad cotiue up to 11th March uder Chotaagpur coditio. I Jackfruit, the fruit is a sorosis where spikes are formed as small fruit. It is a mooecious tree i which about 96% male spikes (Samdar ad Yadav. 1986) ad 3-4% female spikes (Shadeva et al ) are foud. The stigma with short style is preset o the surface of the spike which remars receptive for 36 hrs. (sambaurty ad Ramligam. 1954) The wid polliatio ad fertilizatio of spike ed withi 3-6 days after athesis. Sufficiet ar.d uiform polliatio result i high fruit set per cet ad 3

4 The Orissa Joural of Horticulture Vol. 31 (1) 2003 uiform fruit shape. Date of fruit set i differet as mid seaso ad March.:::et as late, t he geotypes raged from 18th Jauary to 18th geotypes HPJS-1/9 ad HPJS-6/1 ca be March. It was earl iest i HPJS-6/1 ad latest i grouped as early, HPJS-1/4, 3/10, 5/1, 5/8, 7/1, 8/ HPJS-3/2 ad HPJS-9/1 (Table 1) Accordigly 3, 819, 913, 916 ad 1119 as mid seaso ad HPJS geotypes ca be categorized as early, mid saaso 2/1, 216, 312, 415, 9/1, 9/2, 9/5, 10/1 ad 10/8 as ad late type depedig upo the date of fruit set. late. Number of fruits i differet geotypes Cosiderig Jauary fruit set as early, February set depeds upo the growth ad health of the tree. Table 3 : Fla k e chara cte rs of jackfruit geotypes. Geotypes No.of Average Average Flake Flake Total T.S.S. Acidity Pulp flakes flake flake legth width Sugar ( 0 brix) (%) cosiper weight weight (cm) (cm) (%) st ecy fruit with without seed (g) seed (g) HPJS-1 / Medium HPJS-1 / Medium HPJS-2/ Medium HPJS-2/ Medium HPJS-3/ Medium HPJS-3/ Medium HPJS-4/ Soft HPJS-5/ Medium HPJS-5/ Medium HPJS-6/ Medium HPJS-7/ Soft HPJS-8/ Medium HPJS-8/ Medium HPJS-9/ Medium HPJS-9/ Medium HPJS-9/ Soft HPJ S-9/ Medium HPJS-9/ Medium HPJS-10/ Medium HPJS-1 0/ Medium HPJS-1 1/ Medium 4

5 , The Orissa Joural of Horticulture Vol. 31(1) 2003 Data preseted i Table 1 revealed that durig the p;riod uder study the umber of fruits i jackfruit geotypes raged from 4 (HPJS-9/2) to 52 (HPJS- 4/5). The geotypes bearig o a average 25 or more fruits are cos ider~d to the the good bearer (Rai ad Reddy, 2000). The yield per tree raged from 36 kg (HPJS- 9/2) to 378 kg 'HPJS-11/9) i differet geotypes. Fruit Characters: Differet jackfruit geotypes exhibited varyig fruit characters. Data o fruit shape, fruit legth, fruit diameter, fruit weight, fruit attractiveess ad aroma have bee preseted i Table-2. Fruit shape is a importat character for jackfruit. Fruits with uiform ad oblog shape retch high price i market ad cosidered good for processig. The evaluated geotypes had ellipsoid, clavate, spheroid ad oblog shapes. Ge;;'otypes HPJS- 1/9, 2/ 1, 4/5, 5/ 1, 5/8, 8/3, 9/ 1, 9/3, 10/1 ad 10/ 8 had oblog shape. Fruit legth i diffe ret geotypes varied from 30.0 cm i HPJS-3/2 to 49.1 cm i HPJS- 7/1. The miimum fruit diameter was recorded i geotype HPJS 5/1 (29.8cm), whereas, the maximum fruit diameter was recorded i geotype HPJS-2/6 (46.0 cm). The fruit weight i differet geotypes varied greatly. The miimum fruit weight was recorded i HPJS -5/1 (470 kg/fruit), whereas. th e maximum fruit weight was re corded i geotype HPJS-10/8 (16.5 kg/fruit). I the preset study it has bee oticed that the geotypes HPJS- 10/8, HPJS-10/1 ad HPJS-8/3 produced 5, 6 ad 7 fruits with a average fruit weight of 16.0, 15.0 ad 14.0 kg, respectively, whereas, the geo:ypes HPJS-5/4 havig 52 fruits had a fruit weight of 7.2 kg. This shows that the umber of fruit has iverse relatio with the average iruit weight i jackfruit. However, geotype HPJS- 5/8 produced 40 iruits with a average weight of kg which may be due to the geetical character of the germplasm. The rid of jackfruit comprises of fruit ski ad placeta. Perusal of data presete9 i Table 2 revealed that the average rid weight i differet geotypes varied from 1. 5 kg to 6.5 kg/fruit. HPJS-3/2 ad HPJS-5/1 recorded the miimum rid weight, whereas, the maximum value was recorded i geotype HPJS- 10/8. Fruit attractiveess i differet geotypes has also bee preseted i Table 2. Fruit maturity: The fruit maturity i jackfruit geotyopes raged from 5th Jue (HPJS-6/1) to 30th Jue (HPJS-4/5). Cosiderig the maturity up to 10th Jue as early, 20th Jue as mid seaso ad 30th Jue as late. The geotypes has bee grouped ito tree major groups.the geotypes HPJS-1 /9, HPJS- 2/1, HPJS-6/1 ad HPJS-8/9 are early maturig geotypes, whereas, the geotypes HPJS-2/6 ad HPJS-4/5 are late maturig types (Table 1) Flake Characters: Flake is the most importat part of ripe jackfruit. Superiority of ay geotype for table purpose depeds o the quality of flakes. Flake characters of differet jack fruit geotypes have bee preseted i Table 3. Number of flakes ad its average weight without seed directly idicate the edible portio of ripe jackfruit. Number of flakes per fruit depeds upo the size of fruits ad also the geetical characters of the plat. I preset study,.the umber of flakes/ fruit va ried from 48 (HPJS-5/ 1) to 333 (HPJS-8/3). The geotypes havig higher umber of big size flake with desirable appreace with superior quality ad crispy pulp are cosidered good for table purpose. Flake weight (after removig the seeds) i differet geotypes varied from g (HPJS-11/9) to g (HPJS-10/ 8). Legth of flake i these geotypes vaired from 4.5 cm (HPJS-9/3) to 7.4 cm (H PJS- 6/1 ). The flake width i jackfruit geotypes raged from 2.5 cm (HPJS-2/1) to 5.0 cm (HPJS- 10/8). Thick f lakes are geerally preferred for table purpose. Amog the geotypes evaluate d, HPJS-1 /9, 2/6, 5/1, 5/8, 813, 9/1 ad 10/8 had thick flakes. Data o biochemical characters of flake have bee furished i Table 3. The TSS cotet i these geotypes ra ged from 16.0 (HPJS--9/ 1) to 25.0 brix (HPJS-1 1/9). The total sugar cotet i jackfruit geotypes raged from 6.32 (HPJS-2/ 1) to per c :1t (HPJS- 10/1 ). The acidity cotet varied from to per cet. Rich variability was recorded for presece of flavour ad 5

6 The Orissa Joural of Horticulture Vol. 31 (1) 2003 aroma i pulp at ripeig stage which is oe of the most importat decidig character for its suitablity to be used for table purpo se. The most ad desirable aroma was observed i geotypes, HPJS-3/10, HPJS-5/8, HPJS-8/9, HPJS-9/5 ad HPJS-11 /9. Based o overall performace with respect to bearig potetial, maturity period, fruit ad flake characters the geotypes HPJS-5/8 ad HPJS-3/ 1 O have bee foud promisig for table purpose, whereas, HPJS-4/5 ad HPJS-216 have bee foud suitable for culiary purpose ad are recommeded for release by istituie varietal release committee. Large umber of budded plats of these geotypes have also bee raised for distributio ad platatio. REFERENCES Amerie, N. A., R.M. Pagbor ad E.B. Roessler (1965). Pricipal o! sesory evaluatio of food. Academic Press, Lodo. Bose, T.K. ad S.K. Mitra (1996). Fruits- Tropical ad Sub Tropical. Naya Prakash, Calcutta. pp IPGRI (2000). Descreptors for Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus). Iteratioal Plat Geetic Resources Istitute, Rome, Italy. Morto, J. ( 1965). Jackf ruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus). Proc. Fla. Sta. Hort. Sci. 78: Rai, M. ad N.N. Reddy (2000). Jackfruit cultivatio i Idia. Recet Treds i Ho rticultural Research (Eds. (Mathura Rai et al.) CHES, Rachi. pp Sahadeva, P.C.; A. Abdul Samad ad K.C. P. Meo (1950). Flowerig s:udies i Jackfruit. Madras agric Joural. 37: Sambamurti, K. ad V. Ramaligam (1954). Polliatio studies i Jackfruit. Idia J. Hort. 1: V ish a l Nath ; B. Sigh ad M. Rai (2001 ). Horticultural biodiversity i Sa thal Pa rgaa s. Idia. J. Pla t Geetic Resoruces. 14 (1 ): Samaddar, H.N. ad P.S. Yadav (1982). Studies o flora l biology of jacklruit. The Hort. Joural. 1: