Family: Malvaceae. Synonym(s): Status: Assessor Approved

Transcription

1 Taxo: Chirathodedro Family: Malvaceae Commo Name(s): devil's had tree Mexica hadplat Syoym(s): Cheirostemo plataoides Humb. & Bopl. mokey had tree Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved Ed Date: 5 Dec 2016 WRA Score: -4.0 Desigatio: L Ratig: Low Risk Keywords: Tropical Tree, Orametal, Medicial, Bat-Polliated, Arillate Seeds Optio Aswer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, =0 102 Has the species become aturalized where grow? 103 Does the species have weedy races? 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If islad is primarily wet habitat, the substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2-high) (See Appedix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2-high) (See Appedix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (evirometal versatility) y=1, = Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? y=1, =0 High y=-2,?=-1, =0? 301 Naturalized beyod ative rage y = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2), = questio Garde/ameity/disturbace weed =0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed =0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 304 Evirometal weed =0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 305 Cogeeric weed =0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 401 Produces spies, thors or burrs y=1, =0 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, =0 404 Upalatable to grazig aimals 405 Toxic to aimals y=1, =0 406 Host for recogized pests ad pathoges 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas y=1, =0 408 Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosystems y=1, =0 409 Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life cycle y Page 1 of 14

2 Optio Aswer 410 Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios (or limestoe coditios if ot a volcaic islad) 411 Climbig or smotherig growth habit y=1, =0 412 Forms dese thickets 501 Aquatic y=5, =0 502 Grass y=1, =0 503 Nitroge fixig woody plat y=1, = Geophyte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat y=1, =0 y=1, =0 602 Produces viable seed y=1, =-1 y 603 Hybridizes aturally 604 Self-compatible or apomictic 605 Requires specialist polliators 606 Reproductio by vegetative fragmetatio y=1, = Miimum geerative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 >3 701 Propagules likely to be dispersed uitetioally (plats growig i heavily trafficked areas) y=1, = Propagules dispersed itetioally by people y=1, =-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce cotamiat y=1, = Propagules adapted to wid dispersal y=1, = Propagules water dispersed y=1, = Propagules bird dispersed 707 Propagules dispersed by other aimals (exterally) 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut 801 Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2) 802 Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 yr) 803 Well cotrolled by herbicides y=1, = Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire y=1, =-1 y 805 Effective atural eemies preset locally (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets) Page 2 of 14

3 Supportig Data: 101 Is the species highly domesticated? Stadley, P.C. (1920). Trees ad Shrubs of Mexico, Volume 23. Smithsoia Istitutio, Washigto, D.C. [No evidece of domesticatio] "The had-flower tree is oe of the most celebrated of Mexica plats, ad was well kow to the early ihabitats. It is restricted i its distributio. ad for a log time the oly tree kow to the residets of the Valley of Mexico was oe growig at Toluca." 102 Has the species become aturalized where grow? WRA Specialist Persoal Commuicatio NA 103 Does the species have weedy races? WRA Specialist Persoal Commuicatio NA 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If islad is primarily wet habitat, the substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network, Natioal Plat Germplasm System [Olie Database]. [Accessed 4 Dec 2016] High "Native: Norther America Souther Mexico: Mexico - Oaxaca Souther America Cetral America: Guatemala" 202 Quality of climate match data High USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network, Natioal Plat Germplasm System [Olie Database]. [Accessed 4 Dec 2016] "Native: Norther America Souther Mexico: Mexico - Oaxaca Souther America Cetral America: Guatemala" 203 Broad climate suitability (evirometal versatility) Gozález-Espiosa, M., Meave, J.A., Lorea-Herádez, F.G., Ibarra-Maríquez, G. & Newto, A.C. (eds.). (2011). The Red List of Mexica Cloud Forest Trees. Faua & Flora Iteratioal, Cambridge, UK "Elevatioal rage: 1,830 2,740 m" Page 3 of 14

4 Dave's Garde. (2016). Mokey Had Tree, Had Plat, Devil's Had, Mexica Had Tree - Chirathodedro petadactylo. [Accessed 4 Dec 2016] Vivero, J. L. S., Gordo, M., & Magi, J. (2006). The Red List of Trees of Guatemala. Faua & Flora Iteratioal, Cambridge, UK "Hardiess: USDA Zoe 9b: to -3.8 C (25 F) USDA Zoe 10a: to -1.1 C (30 F) USDA Zoe 10b: to 1.7 C (35 F) USDA Zoe 11: above 4.5 C (40 F)" "Tree measurig m growig i pie-oak forests ad mesophyllic moutai forests at elevatios of m." 204 Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network, Natioal Plat Germplasm System [Olie Database]. [Accessed 4 Dec 2016] y "Native: Norther America Souther Mexico: Mexico - Oaxaca Souther America Cetral America: Guatemala" 205 Does the species have a history of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? "Regioal? Dave's Garde. (2016). Mokey Had Tree, Had Plat, Devil's Had, Mexica Had Tree - Chirathodedro petadactylo. [Accessed 4 Dec 2016] Radall, R.P The itroduced flora of Australia ad its weed status. CRC for Australia Weed Maagemet, Gle Osmod, Australia "This plat has bee said to grow i the followig regios: Gree Valley, Arizoa Fremot, Califoria Hayward, Califoria Los Ageles, Califoria Orage, Califoria Sa Diego, Califoria Sa Leadro, Califoria" Cultivated 301 Naturalized beyod ative rage Radall, R.P A Global Compedium of Weeds. 2d Editio. Departmet of Agriculture ad Food, Wester Australia Wager, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Lorece, D.H Flora of the Hawaiia Islads. Smithsoia Istitutio, Washigto, D.C. [Accessed 4 Dec 2016] No evidece No evidece to date 302 Garde/ameity/disturbace weed Page 4 of 14

5 Radall, R.P A Global Compedium of Weeds. 2d Editio. Departmet of Agriculture ad Food, Wester Australia No evidece 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed Radall, R.P A Global Compedium of Weeds. 2d Editio. Departmet of Agriculture ad Food, Wester Australia No evidece 304 Evirometal weed Radall, R.P A Global Compedium of Weeds. 2d Editio. Departmet of Agriculture ad Food, Wester Australia No evidece 305 Cogeeric weed Kubitzki, K. & Bayer, C. (eds.) The Families ad geera of vascular plats. Volume V. Flowerig Plats. Dicotyledos: Capparales, Malvales ad No-betalai Caryophyllales. Spriger Verlag, Berli, Heidelberg, New York Radall, R.P A Global Compedium of Weeds. 2d Editio. Departmet of Agriculture ad Food, Wester Australia "A sigle species, C. from Mexico ad Guatemala" No evidece 401 Produces spies, thors or burrs Kubitzki, K. & Bayer, C. (eds.) The Families ad geera of vascular plats. Volume V. Flowerig Plats. Dicotyledos: Capparales, Malvales ad No-betalai Caryophyllales. Spriger Verlag, Berli, Heidelberg, New York [No evidece] "Tall tree. Leaves cordate, simple to slightly 5 7- lobed. Flowers leaf-opposed; sepals 5, dark reddish, fused for about a quarter, saccate at base, keeled, i bud with spreadig tips, somewhat imbricate; petals abset; stamial tube uilaterally split, athers 5, sessile o tube, log, dithecal, coective prologed; ovary 5-locular, ovules umerous; style taperig, almost etire." 402 Allelopathic WRA Specialist Persoal Commuicatio Ukow 403 Parasitic Page 5 of 14

6 Kubitzki, K. & Bayer, C. (eds.) The Families ad geera of vascular plats. Volume V. Flowerig Plats. Dicotyledos: Capparales, Malvales ad No-betalai Caryophyllales. Spriger Verlag, Berli, Heidelberg, New York "Tall tree. Leaves cordate, simple to slightly 5 7- lobed." [Malvaceae. No evidece] 404 Upalatable to grazig aimals Wiersema, J.H. & Leó, B World Ecoomic Plats: A Stadard Referece. CRC Press, Boca Rato, FL [Palatability ukow. This referece icludes fodder as a potetial use of plats, but does ot list fodder amog the uses of Chirathodedro petadactylo] "ECON: Medic. (folklore)" 405 Toxic to aimals Quattrocchi, U CRC World Dictioary of Medicial ad Poisoous Plats: Commo Names, Scietific Names, Epoyms, Syoyms, ad Etymology. CRC Press, Boca Rato, FL No evidece 406 Host for recogized pests ad pathoges Gibso, A. K., Mea-Ali, J. I., & Hood, M. E. (2010). Loss of pathoges i threateed plat species. Oikos, 119(12), WRA Specialist Persoal Commuicatio "Table 3. Details of survey of North America edagered plats. Listed are the 47 plat species with federal listig as edagered ad phylogeetically-paired o-threateed species icluded i Wilcoxo siged-rak test aalysis. Parethetical values represet the umbers of fugal pathoges ad the umber of literature citatios per species, respectively." [Chirathodedro petadactylo (2, 5). With two fugal pathoges ot specified i this publicatio] Ukow Page 6 of 14

7 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas Gozález-Espiosa, M., Meave, J.A., Lorea-Herádez, F.G., Ibarra-Maríquez, G. & Newto, A.C. (eds.). (2011). The Red List of Mexica Cloud Forest Trees. Faua & Flora Iteratioal, Cambridge, UK Vivero, J. L. S., Gordo, M., & Magi, J. (2006). The Red List of Trees of Guatemala. Faua & Flora Iteratioal, Cambridge, UK Quattrocchi, U CRC World Dictioary of Medicial ad Poisoous Plats: Commo Names, Scietific Names, Epoyms, Syoyms, ad Etymology. CRC Press, Boca Rato, FL Wagstaff, D.J Iteratioal poisoous plats checklist: a evidece-based referece. CRC Press, Boca Rato, FL "Flowers used as a remedy for some heart diseases i folk medicie, bark used as rope ad leaves used to wrap food. A tree with religious sigificace to pre-columbia Aztec people." "It is a very attractive mixed raiforest tree due to its abudat red flowers, which ca be used medicially to treat a variety of coditios." [Used medicially[ "(Flowers atisecretory, atibacterial, atiprotozoal, astriget, to treat gastroitestial disorders, diarrhea, dysetery. Flowers ifusio sedative ad cardiac toic, used to treat high blood pressure." No evidece 408 Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosystems [No evidece. Ulikely give habitat] "Abudat at may places i wet mixed forest high o the moutais; ofte growig also i fields from which forest has bee cleared," 409 Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life cycle SelecTree (2016). "Chirathodedro petadactylo Tree Record." [Accessed 5 Dec 2016] Dave's Garde. (2016). Mokey Had Tree, Had Plat, Devil's Had, Mexica Had Tree - Chirathodedro petadactylo. [Accessed 5 Dec 2016] Strage Woderful Thigs. (2016). Devil's Had Tree - Chirathodedro petadactylo. "Exposure Full Su to Partial Shade" "Su Exposure: Full Su" [Possibly] "It appreciates some humidity, ad prefers full su ad well-draiig soil. I warmer areas, some afteroo shade may be eeded." 410 Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios (or limestoe coditios if ot a volcaic islad) Trade Wids Fruit. (2016). Mexica Had Tree - Chirathodedro petadactylo. [Accessed 5 Dec 2016] "Plat i well-draied soil." Page 7 of 14

8 Dave's Garde. (2016). Mokey Had Tree, Had Plat, Devil's Had, Mexica Had Tree - Chirathodedro petadactylo. [Accessed 5 Dec 2016] "Soil ph requiremets: 7.6 to 7.8 (mildly alkalie)" 411 Climbig or smotherig growth habit Kubitzki, K. & Bayer, C. (eds.) The Families ad geera of vascular plats. Volume V. Flowerig Plats. Dicotyledos: Capparales, Malvales ad No-betalai Caryophyllales. Spriger Verlag, Berli, Heidelberg, New York "Tall tree. Leaves cordate, simple to slightly 5 7- lobed." 412 Forms dese thickets [Forms dese growth with a thick layer of uderstory vegetatio. Not a mooculture] "O the Volca de Agua ad Volca de Acateago Chirathodedro forms very dese forest belts that exted up to about 3,000 meters. This forest belt is dese ad wet, with may falle truks ad i some places a dese udergrowth of shrubs ad coarse herbs." 501 Aquatic Gozález-Espiosa, M., Meave, J.A., Lorea-Herádez, F.G., Ibarra-Maríquez, G. & Newto, A.C. (eds.). (2011). The Red List of Mexica Cloud Forest Trees. Faua & Flora Iteratioal, Cambridge, UK [Terrestrial] "Although it is a typical cloud forest tree, this species is ot restricted to this vegetatio type as it also occurs i oak ad pie-oak forests. Specimes have bee reported from a umber of other states i cetral Mexico..." 502 Grass USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network, Natioal Plat Germplasm System [Olie Database]. [Accessed 4 Dec 2016] Family: Malvaceae Subfamily: Bombacoideae 503 Nitroge fixig woody plat USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network, Natioal Plat Germplasm System [Olie Database]. [Accessed 4 Dec 2016] Family: Malvaceae Subfamily: Bombacoideae Page 8 of 14

9 504 Geophyte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Stadley, P.C. (1920). Trees ad Shrubs of Mexico, Volume 23. Smithsoia Istitutio, Washigto, D.C. "Tree, 12 to 15 meters high, the truk ofte 40 cm. i diameter; leaves log-petiolate, 12 to 30 cm. log, acutish to acumiate, deeply cordate at base, irregularly ad shallowly 3 to 7-lobate or early etire, glabrate above, stellate tometose beeath; peducles short, 1-flowered, opposite the leaves" 601 Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat Gozález-Espiosa, M., Meave, J.A., Lorea-Herádez, F.G., Ibarra-Maríquez, G. & Newto, A.C. (eds.). (2011). The Red List of Mexica Cloud Forest Trees. Faua & Flora Iteratioal, Cambridge, UK Vivero, J. L. S., Gordo, M., & Magi, J. (2006). The Red List of Trees of Guatemala. Faua & Flora Iteratioal, Cambridge, UK "A large tree, up to 30 m tall ad 200 cm i diameter. Although it is a typical cloud forest tree, this species is ot restricted to this vegetatio type as it also occurs i oak ad pie-oak forests. Specimes have bee reported from a umber of other states i cetral Mexico but they are most probably from cultivated trees." "Naturally restricted i distributio, direct exploitatio of the species ad loggig of its habitat are cotributig to its declie." 602 Produces viable seed y Gozález-Espiosa, M., Meave, J.A., Lorea-Herádez, F.G., Ibarra-Maríquez, G. & Newto, A.C. (eds.). (2011). The Red List of Mexica Cloud Forest Trees. Faua & Flora Iteratioal, Cambridge, UK "Seeds must be collected from slightly ope fruits o the distal parts of the braches of the tree. The seeds may remai viable for up to seve moths at 4 C ad less tha 12% relative humidity. Seedligs ca be obtaied from seeds placed o damp soil beds with a thi litter cover." "the seeds appear to germiate readily, sice quatities of seedligs have bee observed i some places." 603 Hybridizes aturally Kubitzki, K. & Bayer, C. (eds.) The Families ad geera of vascular plats. Volume V. Flowerig Plats. Dicotyledos: Capparales, Malvales ad No-betalai Caryophyllales. Spriger Verlag, Berli, Heidelberg, New York Kelma, W. (1991). A Revisio of Fremotodedro (Sterculiaceae). Systematic Botay, 16(1), 3-20 "A sigle species, C. from Mexico ad Guatemala; ca be crossed with Fremotodedro." "Natural hybridizatio has ot bee recorded." Page 9 of 14

10 604 Self-compatible or apomictic Rocca, M. A., & Sazima, M. (2010). Beyod hummigbirdflowers: the other side of orithophily i the Neotropics. Oecologia Australis, 14(1), "Appedix 2. Features of plat species polliated or co-polliated (*) by perchig birds i the Neotropics." [Breedig system for Chirathodedro petadactylo Ukow] 605 Requires specialist polliators Flemig, T. H., Geiselma, C., & Kress, W. J. (2009). The evolutio of bat polliatio: a phylogeetic perspective. Aals of Botay, 104: Kubitzki, K. & Bayer, C. (eds.) The Families ad geera of vascular plats. Volume V. Flowerig Plats. Dicotyledos: Capparales, Malvales ad No-betalai Caryophyllales. Spriger Verlag, Berli, Heidelberg, New York Strage Woderful Thigs. (2016). Devil's Had Tree - Chirathodedro petadactylo. "APPENDIX 2 New World bat-polliated species listed by plat family" [Icludes Chirathodedro petadactylo] "Flowers leaf-opposed; sepals 5, dark reddish, fused for about a quarter, saccate at base, keeled, i bud with spreadig tips, somewhat imbricate; petals abset; stamial tube uilaterally split, athers 5, sessile o tube, log, dithecal, coective prologed; ovary 5-locular, ovules umerous; style taperig, almost etire." "Iside each cup-shaped blossom is a glossy, red & yellow iterior that almost looks like a porcelai goblet. Water collects i the upward-facig blooms ad birds like to sit ad drik the ectar. I the wild, the tree is said to be polliated by bats! " [Possibly requires specialized polliatio] 606 Reproductio by vegetative fragmetatio "Cut stumps of the tree ofte sed up ew shoots, ad the seeds appear to germiate readily, sice quatities of seedligs have bee observed i some places." [Regeerates from stumps, but o evidece of vegetative spread] 607 Miimum geerative time (years) >3 Trade Wids Fruit. (2016). Mexica Had Tree - Chirathodedro petadactylo. [Accessed 5 Dec 2016] "A fairly fast-growig medium or large sized tree growig to 40ft." Chilter Seeds. (2016). Chirathodedro petadactylo - "Although you will have to wait for five years or so for your first Mokey's Had Tree. flowers, from the o it will bloom cotiuously from April to October." dro_petadactylo_seeds. [Accessed 5 Dec 2016] 701 Propagules likely to be dispersed uitetioally (plats growig i heavily trafficked areas) Page 10 of 14

11 [No evidece. Capsules & seeds lack meas of exteral attachmet] "capsule oblog-ellipsoid, very hard ad woody, cm. log, deeply 5-lobate, the agles arrow ad blut-edged; aril of the seeds orage."... "The seeds are large ad heavy, ad ot readily dispersed to much distace." 702 Propagules dispersed itetioally by people y Strage Woderful Thigs. (2016). Devil's Had Tree - Chirathodedro petadactylo. Trade Wids Fruit. (2016). Mexica Had Tree - Chirathodedro petadactylo. [Accessed ] "This is a very hard to fid plat, ad fresh seeds are rarely see for sale." "Uses Plated as a orametal." 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce cotamiat "A large tree, meters"... "The seeds are large ad heavy, ad ot readily dispersed to much distace." [No evidece. Ulikely that a large tree with relatively large seeds would become a iadvertet seed cotamiat] 704 Propagules adapted to wid dispersal "The seeds are large ad heavy, ad ot readily dispersed to much distace." 705 Propagules water dispersed "capsule oblog-ellipsoid, very hard ad woody, cm. log, deeply 5-lobate, the agles arrow ad blut-edged; aril of the seeds orage."... "The seeds are large ad heavy, ad ot readily dispersed to much distace." [No evidece. Distributio, fruit & seed type suggest seeds are ot water-dispersed] 706 Propagules bird dispersed "capsule oblog-ellipsoid, very hard ad woody, cm. log, deeply 5-lobate, the agles arrow ad blut-edged; aril of the seeds orage." [Arillate seeds may be bird or at dispersed] Page 11 of 14

12 Kelma, W. (1991). A Revisio of Fremotodedro (Sterculiaceae). Systematic Botay, 16(1), 3-20 [Related geus may be at-dispersed] "With may populatios of Fremotodedro separated by log distaces, dispersal is a importat cosideratio, but oe for which little published iformatio is available. Two of the species have caruculate seeds. The presece of carucles has bee associated with at dispersal i F. decumbes (Boyd 1988)..." 707 Propagules dispersed by other aimals (exterally) Kelma, W. (1991). A Revisio of Fremotodedro (Sterculiaceae). Systematic Botay, 16(1), 3-20 "capsule oblog-ellipsoid, very hard ad woody, cm. log, deeply 5-lobate, the agles arrow ad blut-edged; aril of the seeds orage." [Arillate seeds may be at dispersed] [Related geus may be at-dispersed] "With may populatios of Fremotodedro separated by log distaces, dispersal is a importat cosideratio, but oe for which little published iformatio is available. Two of the species have caruculate seeds. The presece of carucles has bee associated with at dispersal i F. decumbes (Boyd 1988)..." 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut "capsule oblog-ellipsoid, very hard ad woody, cm. log, deeply 5-lobate, the agles arrow ad blut-edged; aril of the seeds orage." [Ukow. Possible that Arillate seeds may be igested] 801 Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2) "capsule oblog-ellipsoid, very hard ad woody, cm. log, deeply 5-lobate, the agles arrow ad blut-edged; aril of the seeds orage."... "The seeds are large ad heavy, ad ot readily dispersed to much distace." [Ulikely, but seed desities ukow] 802 Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 yr) García-Fraco, J. G., & Perales Rivera, H. R. (1990). Note o the propagatio ad loss of viability of seeds of Chirathodedro petadactylo Larr. Boletí de la Sociedad Botáica de México, 50, Trade Wids Fruit. (2016). Mexica Had Tree - Chirathodedro petadactylo. [Accessed 5 Dec 2016] Royal Botaic Gardes Kew. (2016) Seed Iformatio Database (SID). Versio [Accessed 5 Dec 2016] "Abstract : A ote o germiatio ad storage experimets o seed from 5 trees i Chiapas, Mexico. Germiatio was 39% i soil ad 74% i vermiculite. The seed lost viability rapidly durig storage at 4 C ad at ambiet temperatures, ad o germiatio at all was obtaied after storage for >2 moths." "Propagatio By seeds, which should be plated fairly soo after harvest. They geerally take a miimum of 6-8 weeks for germiatio, but ofte loger. " "Storage Behaviour: Recalcitrat? Storage Coditios: Viability lost after 2 moths storage at 4 C or at ambiet temperatures (García-Fraco & Rivera, 1990)" Page 12 of 14

13 Gozález-Espiosa, M., Meave, J.A., Lorea-Herádez, F.G., Ibarra-Maríquez, G. & Newto, A.C. (eds.). (2011). The Red List of Mexica Cloud Forest Trees. Faua & Flora Iteratioal, Cambridge, UK "The seeds may remai viable for up to seve moths at 4 C ad less tha 12% relative humidity." 803 Well cotrolled by herbicides WRA Specialist Persoal Commuicatio Ukow. No iformatio o herbicide efficacy or chemical cotrol of this species 804 Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire y "Cut stumps of the tree ofte sed up ew shoots," 805 Effective atural eemies preset locally (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets) WRA Specialist Persoal Commuicatio Ukow Page 13 of 14

14 Summary of Risk Traits: High Risk / Udesirable Traits Thrives i tropical climates Forms dese (but ot pure) stads i ative rage Reproduces by seeds & resprouts from cut stumps Arillate seeds may be dispersed by birds or ats (ucertai) Cut stumps of the tree ofte sed up ew shoots Low Risk Traits No reports of ivasiveess or aturalizatio, but limited evidece of widespread itroductio outside ative rage Uarmed (o spies, thors, or burrs) No-toxic Orametal Not reported to spread vegetatively May require specialized polliators (bats ad possibly birds) Reaches maturity i 5+ years Seeds lose viability i <12 moths & are ulikely to produce a persistet seed bak Page 14 of 14