Mountain Watercress. Summary. Protection Endangered in New York State, not listed federally.
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1 Mountain Watercress Cardamine rotundifolia Scientific Name Family Name Cardamine rotundifolia Michx. Brassicaceae Mustard Family Did you know? The leaves of mountain watercress can be eaten raw or cooked. They have a hot watercress-like flavor. Being that they are rare in New York, please don't eat our plants. Photo credits: Troy Weldy Summary Protection Endangered in New York State, not listed federally. Rarity G4, S1 This level of state protection means: listed species are those with: 1) 5 or fewer extant sites, or 2) fewer than 1,000 individuals, or 3) restricted to fewer than 4 U.S.G.S. 7 ½ minute topographical maps, or 4) species listed as endangered by U.S. Department of Interior. A global rarity rank of G4 means: This species is apparently secure globally (typically with more than 100+ populations), though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery. A state rarity rank of S1 means: This plant is endangered/critically imperiled in New York because of extreme rarity (typically 5 or fewer populations or very few remaining individuals) or is extremely vulnerable to extirpation from New York due to biological factors. Conservation Status in New York Currently there are only five populations known with a total of less than 1000 plants. Only four additional historical locations have ever been recorded. Trends are stable and threats are low but it is expected that this plant will always be rare in the state. NYNHP Conservation Guide - Mountain Watercress (Cardamine rotundifolia)
2 Short-term Trends Three of the five populations have been resurveyed with little change in the numbers or quality of plants. Long-term Trends The populations will probably remain stable for the foreseeable future since most of them are in areas where little change in the habitat is expected. Conservation and Management Threats Most of the populations occur in areas where little change in habitat is expected. Conservation Strategies and Management Practices Since this species seems to prefer forested areas with springs and seeps an effort should be made to protect their hydrologic regime. Forested areas around the occurrences should remain intact. Research Needs The exact type of wetland system that this species prefers should be studied. This information could be used to help model its expected occurrence in the state. Habitat A plant of sandy or muddy streamsides, beaver wetlands, spring seeps, and oxbows (New York Natural Heritage Program 2006). Springs, seeps, and stream edges (Rhoads and Block 2000). Wet soil, swamps, or running water (Gleason and Cronquist 1991). Springy places and brooksides (Fernald 1970). Associated Ecological Communities Hemlock-northern Hardwood Forest A mixed forest that typically occurs on middle to lower slopes of ravines, on cool, mid-elevation slopes, and on moist, well-drained sites at the margins of swamps. Eastern hemlock is present and is often the most abundant tree in the forest. Oxbow Lake The aquatic community of a small, shallow, usually stagnant lake or pond of fluvial origin that occurs in an old river meander or oxbow that has been cut off from an unconfined river or marsh headwater stream by deposition of a levee. Sedge Meadow A wet meadow community that has organic soils (muck or fibrous peat). Soils are permanently saturated and seasonally flooded. The dominant herbs must be members of the sedge family, typically of the genus Carex. NYNHP Conservation Guide - Mountain Watercress (Cardamine rotundifolia) 2
3 Shallow Emergent Marsh A marsh meadow community that occurs on soils that are permanently saturated and seasonally flooded. This marsh is better drained than a deep emergent marsh; water depths may range from 6 in to 3.3 ft (15 cm to 1 m) during flood stages, but the water level usually drops by mid to late summer and the soil is exposed during an average year. Shrub Swamp An inland wetland dominated by tall shrubs that occurs along the shore of a lake or river, in a wet depression or valley not associated with lakes, or as a transition zone between a marsh, fen, or bog and a swamp or upland community. Shrub swamps are very common and quite variable. Other Probable Associated Communities Intermittent stream Associated Species Red Maple (Acer rubrum var. rubrum) Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum) Yellow Birch (Betula alleghaniensis) Pennyslvania Bittercress (Cardamine pensylvanica) Drooping Sedge (Carex prasina) Rough Sedge (Carex scabrata) American Hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana) American Golden-saxifrage (Chrysosplenium americanum) Gray Dogwood (Cornus racemosa) Field Horsetail (Equisetum arvense) Yellow Trout-lily (Erythronium americanum) Teaberry (Gaultheria procumbens) Canada Manna-grass (Glyceria canadensis) American Water-pennywort (Hydrocotyle americana) Spotted Jewelweed (Impatiens capensis) Blueflag (Iris versicolor) American Bugleweed (Lycopus americanus) Canada May-flower (Maianthemum canadense) Twoleaf Miterwort (Mitella diphylla) True Forget-me-not (Myosotis scorpioides) Sensitive Fern (Onoclea sensibilis) Hooked Crowfoot (Ranunculus recurvatus) Rorippa aquatica Windflower (Thalictrum thalictroides) Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) Broad-leaf Cattail (Typha latifolia) Sessile-leaved Bellwort (Uvularia sessilifolia) American False-hellebore (Veratrum viride) Common Violet (Viola sororia) Identification Comments Mountain watercress is a small, semiaquatic perennial with short trailing stems that NYNHP Conservation Guide - Mountain Watercress (Cardamine rotundifolia) 3
4 sometimes produce runners that root at the nodes. The leaf blades are round to heart-shaped with unevenly wavy edges. The leaf stalks are about as long as the leaves and they often have one or two small lateral lobes below the main leaf blade, especially on the larger leaves. The flowers have four white petals about 1/8 to 1/4" long. The fruiting stalks are about 3/4" long and stick out from the stem. The light tan fruits are very narrow, about 3/4" long and usually infertile. Best Life Stage for Identifying This Species For proper identification, plants should have flowers or be in fruit. To verify the identity, collect a voucher specimen. The Best Time to See This plant flowers May through June and fruits persist until early fruit. Surveys should be conducted during the flowering and fruiting period, which fortunately means surveys can be conducted pretty much any time during the growing season. Vegetative Flowering Fruiting Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec The time of year you would expect to find Mountain Watercress in New York. Conservation Comments The taxonomy of this species may be questioned. It may simply represent a more aquatic form of a more common Cardamine species. Taxonomy Kingdom Phylum Plantae Anthophyta Class Dicots (Dicotyledoneae) Order Capparales Family Brassicaceae (Mustard Family) Additional Common Names Roundleaf Watercress Additional Resources NYNHP Conservation Guide - Mountain Watercress (Cardamine rotundifolia) 4
5 Links USDA Plants Database CARDAMINE+ROTUNDIFOLIA NatureServe Explorer IFOLIA Google Images Best Identification Reference Gleason, Henry A. and A. Cronquist Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York. 910 pp. References Fernald, M.L Gray's manual of botany. 8th edition. D. Van Nostrand, New York pp. Holmgren, Noel The Illustrated Companion to Gleason and Cronquist's Manual. Illustrations of the Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York. Keys, Jr.,J.; Carpenter, C.; Hooks, S.; Koenig, F.; McNab, W.H.; Russell, W.;Smith, M.L Ecological units of the eastern United States - first approximation (cd-rom), Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. GIS coverage in ARCINFO format, selected imagery, and map unit tables. Mitchell, Richard S. and Gordon C. Tucker Revised Checklist of New York State Plants. Contributions to a Flora of New York State. Checklist IV. Bulletin No New York State Museum. Albany, NY. 400 pp. NatureServe NatureServe Central Databases. Arlington, Virginia. USA Newcomb, Lawrence Newcomb's Wildflower Guide: An Ingenious New Key System for Quick, Positive Field Identification of the Wildflowers, Flowering Shrubs, and Vines of Northeastern and North-Central North America. Little, Brown and Company. Boston. Rhoads, Ann F. and Timothy A. Block The Plants of Pennsylvania, an Illustrated Manual. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, PA. Rollins, R.C. 1993a. The Cruciferae of continental North America: Systematics of the mustard family from the Arctic to Panama. Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, California. 976 pp. Weldy, T. and D. Werier New York flora atlas. [S.M. Landry, K.N. Campbell, and L.D. Mabe (original application development), Florida Center for Community Design and Research University of South Florida New York Flora Association Albany, New York Weldy, Troy W. and David Werier New York Flora Atlas. [S.M. Landry, K.N. Campbell, and L.D. Mabe (original application development), Florida Center for Community Design and Research. University of South Florida]. New York Flora Association, Albany, NY. Available on the web at ( New York Natural Heritage Program NYNHP Conservation Guide - Mountain Watercress (Cardamine rotundifolia) 5
6 625 Broadway, 5th Floor, Albany, NY Phone: (518) This project is made possible with funding from: NYNHP Conservation Guide - Mountain Watercress (Cardamine rotundifolia) 6
7 - New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Hudson River Estuary Program - Division of Lands & Forests, Department of Environmental Conservation - New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation Information for this guide was last updated on Aug 11, 2017 This guide was authored by Stephen M. Young NYNHP Conservation Guide - Mountain Watercress (Cardamine rotundifolia) 7
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